NAME: Sapnil Vernekar

ROLL NO: SU190299

COURSE TITLE: SELECTED TOPIC IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
SEMESTER: VI
CLASS: TY BSc CHEMISTRY
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 26TH MAY 2022
Q1) S4N4 is used as a precursor to others sulphur-nitrogen compounds.
Explain with examples.

Tetrasulphur tetranitride was prepared by the method described by Jolly, in which

chlorine gas was passed through a carbon tetrachloride solution of disulphur
dichloride until saturated, followed by ammonia gas. The solid was washed with
water, then ether and extracted with 1,4-dioxan finally being recrystallised from
benzene.

Sulfur-nitrogen compounds have structures that can be related to the polycations

discussed above. The oldest known, and easiest to prepare, is the pale yellow-
orange tetrasulfurtetranitride, S4N4 which is made by passing ammonia through a
solution of SCl2

6SCl2 + 16NH3 → S4N4 + 1/4S8 + 12NH4Cl

Disulfurdinitride, S2N2 , is formed (together with Ag2S and N2) when S4N4 vapour
is passed over hot silver wool. It is even more sensitive than its precursor and
explodes above room temperature. When allowed to stand at 0⁰C for several days,
disulfurdinitride transforms into a bronze- colored zig-zag polymer of composition
(SN)n which is much more stable than its precursor, not exploding until 240⁰C. The
compound exhibits metallic conductivity along the chain axis and becomes
superconducting below 0.3 K. The discovery of this superconductivity was
important because it was the first example of a superconductor that had no metal
constituents. Halogenated derivatives have been synthesized that have even higher
conductivity. For example, partial bromination of (SN)n produces blue black single
crystals of (SNBr0.4)n, which has room temperature conductivity an order of
magnitude greater than (SN)n. Treatment of S4N4 with ICl, IBr, and I2 produces
highly conducting, non stoichiometric polymers with conductivities greater by 16
orders of magnitude than (SN)n. The compound S4N2 can be prepared by heating
S4N4 with sulfur in CS2 at 120⁰C and increased pressure:

S4N4 + 4S → 2S4N2

It forms dark red, needle-like crystals that melt to a dark red liquid at 25⁰C. It
decomposes explosively at 100⁰C.
S4N4 adopts an unusual “extreme cradle” structure, with D2d point group symmetry.
It can be viewed as a derivative of a hypothetical eight-membered ring of
alternating sulfur and nitrogen atoms. The pairs of sulfur atoms across the ring are
separated by 2.586 Å, resulting in a cage-like structure as determined by single
crystal X-ray diffraction. The nature of the "transannular" S–S interactions remains
a matter of investigation because it is significantly shorter than the sum of the van
der Waal's distances but has been explained in the context of molecular orbital
theory. The bonding in S4N4 is considered to be delocalized, which is indicated by
the fact that the bond distances between neighboring sulfur and nitrogen atoms are
nearly identical. S4N4 has been shown to co-crystallize with benzene and
the C60 molecule

Many S-N compounds are prepared from S4N4.[10] Reaction

with piperidine generates [S4N5]−:
3 S4N4 + 4 C5H10NH → (C5H10NH2)+[S4N5]− + (C5H10N)2S + ⅜ S8 + N2
A related cation is also known, i.e. [S4N5]+. Treatment
with tetramethylammonium azide produces the heterocycle [S3N3]−:
S4N4 + NMe4N3 → NMe4[S3N3] + ⅛ S8 + 2 N2
Cyclo-[S3N3]− has 10 pi-electrons: 2e−/S plus 1e−/N plus 1e− for the negative
charge.
In an apparently related reaction, the use of PPN+N3 gives a salt containing the blue
[NS4]− anion:
2 S4N4 + PPN(N3) → PPN[NS4] + ½ S8 + 5 N2
The anion NS4− has a chain structure described using the resonance [S=S=N–S–S]
−
 ↔ [S–S–N=S=S]−.
S4N4 reacts with electron-poor alkynes. Chlorination of S4N4 gives thiazyl chloride.
Passing gaseous S4N4 over silver metal yields the low
temperature superconductor polythiazyl or polysulfurnitride (transition temperature
(0.26±0.03) K), often simply called "(SN)x". In the conversion, the silver first
becomes sulfided, and the resulting Ag2S catalyzes the conversion of the S4N4 into
the four-membered ring S2N2, which readily polymerizes.
S4N4 + 8 Ag → 4 Ag2S + 2 N2
S4N4 → (SN) x
Q2) Write a summary on ferromagnetism and ferromagnetic
materials.
 Ferromagnetism is a physical mechanism where certain materials attract
each other, for example, iron. 
 When ferromagnetic materials are put in a magnetic field, all the domains
get oriented in the direction of the magnetic field which creates a powerful
magnetic effect. 
 When we withdraw the magnetic field, then those materials become a
permanent magnet. 
 Ferromagnetism is the strongest form of magnetism among all other forms
and it is also responsible for the widespread occurrence of magnetism in
magnets that we experience in our everyday life.
 Ferromagnetism refers to a physical phenomenon in which certain materials
like iron strongly attract each other. 
 Ferromagnets occur in rare earth materials and gadolinium. 
 Ferromagnetic substances show permanent magnetism even in the absence
of a magnetic field.
  The main cause of ferromagnetism arises due to the interaction between the
alignment of permanent dipoles in atoms and the neighboring atomic
dipoles.
 There are numerous applications of Ferromagnetic materials for magnetic
storage, electrical, and electromechanical equipment.
 Magnetite is a ferromagnetic material that is formed by the oxidation of iron
into an oxide

PROPERTIES OF FERROMAGNETISM  
 A ferromagnetic material rod can quickly regain itself in the direction of the
magnetic field.
 Ferromagnetic substances show permanent magnetism even in the absence
of a magnetic field.
 When ferromagnetic substances are heated at high temperatures, the
ferromagnetic substances get to transform into paramagnetic substances.
 Ferromagnetic materials have Permeability greater than 1.
 The mechanism of ferromagnetism is absent in gases and liquids.
 The intensity of magnetization (M), magnetic susceptibility (χm), relative
permeability (µr), and magnetic flux density (B) of ferromagnetic material
will be positive always.
Χm = M/H
µ r= 1 + Χ m
B = µ0(H+M)
What Causes Ferromagnetism?
 The main cause of ferromagnetism arises due to the interaction between the
alignment of permanent dipoles in atoms and the neighboring atomic
dipoles.
  Domains are oriented in the same direction in a ferromagnetic substance
without the presence of an external magnetic field that exhibits a net
magnetic moment. 
 The neighboring domain magnetic moments are geared in opposite
directions. So they cancel out each other and hence, the material's net
magnetic moment is zero. 
 Those domains align themselves in the direction of the external magnetic
field
 The material is strongly magnetized in this way in a parallel direction to the
magnetizing field.

Applications of Ferromagnetism 
There are numerous applications of Ferromagnetic materials for magnetic storage,
electrical, and electromechanical equipment.
 Permanent Magnets: Ferromagnetic materials are often used for making
permanent magnets because their magnetization lasts longer. 
 Transformer Core: Ferromagnetic materials are suitable for making the
transformer core and choke which is subjected to very rapid cyclical changes
because of its strong magnetic induction.
 Magnetic Tapes and Memory Store: It will serve the purpose of a memory
storage unit as The magnetization of a magnet depends on the magnetization
field and the magnetization cycle it has undergone. Therefore, the
magnetization cycles that it has undergone are recorded as the specimen's
magnetization value.
Examples of Ferromagnetism
 Rare earth magnets are also classified as ferromagnetic materials Besides
metallic alloys. 
 Magnetite is a ferromagnetic material that is formed by the oxidation of iron
into an oxide.
 A very common example of ferromagnetism is a refrigerator magnet that is
used to hold notes on a refrigerator door.’
Ferromagnetic Materials
In some materials, the permanent atomic magnetic moments have a strong
tendency to align themselves even without any external field. These
materials are said to be ferromagnetic materials. Some of the examples of
ferromagnetic materials are cobalt, iron, nickel, gadolinium, dysprosium,
permalloy, awaruite, wairakite, magnetite, etc

1). Un-magnetized Ferromagnetic Material

In every un-magnetized ferromagnetic material, the atoms form domains inside the
material. The different domains have different directions of the magnetic moment.
Hence the material remains un-magnetized. The un-magnetized ferromagnetic
material shown in the below figure

  2). Magnetized Ferromagnetic Material

By applying an external magnetic field to the domains of un-magnetized

ferromagnetic, the domains will rotate and aligns in the direction of the magnetic
field, because of the domain character of ferromagnetic material even if a small
magnetic field is applied gives rise to large magnetization. The magnetic field is
much larger than the magnetic field in such material. The magnetic moments of
domains are parallel to the magnetic field in ferromagnetism because these
domains are also aligning in the same direction

REFERENCES
1) https://WWW.Vedantu.com
2) https: WWW.byjusstudymaterial.com
3) https://collegedunia.com/exams/ferromagnetism-definition-application-examples-
physics-articleid-882
4) Shriver and Atkins' Inorganic Chemistry, 5th Edition ( PDFDrive ).pdf