Liquid Penetrant Testing Method Questions & Answers Book Second Edition Supplement to Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A Book D Levels |, I and Ill Review QuestionsContents Acknowledgments Recommended References Reference Usage Level I Questions Level I! Questions Level III Questions iv 17 27~ Recommended References Liquid Penetrant Testing Method The following references were used in formulating the questions contained in this book. The following references were used in formulating the questions contained in this book. A* Moore, David G., technical ecitor, Patrick 0. Moore, editor, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, fourth edition: Volume 4, Liquid Penetrant Testing, Columbus, OH, American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc., 2016. 8.* Badger, Duane, Liquid Penetrant Testing Classroom Training Book, Columbus, OH, American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2008. C.* Metals Handbook, ninth edition, Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control, Volume 17, Metals Park, OH, American Society for Metals. 1989. * Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, nc. Each question found in this book is followed by letter(s) and page number(s) indicating the specific recommended reference where the answer may be found. For example: 28. The term used to define the tendency of certain liquids to penetrate into small ‘openings such as cracks or fissures i a. saturation ’. capillary action ©. blotting 0. wetting agent c2t. In this example, the letter *C” refers to Reference C in the list above and “21” is the specific page in Reference C where the answer to the question is located. * Avaliable om The American Society fr Nondestructive Testing IneReference Usage Liquid Penetrant Testing Method Reference A: Total = 207 Reference C: Total = 4 Level | 94 Level | 1 Level it 61 Level Il ° Level Il 54 Level I 0 Reference B: Total = 24 Level | Level i! 8 Level ill 1Level | Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 1. Level I Questions Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 1, Which one of the following conditions will affect the rate and the extent aliquid penetrant will enter cracks, fissures and ‘other small openings? 4 the hardness ofthe specimen being tested b, the surface condition of the specimen being tested the color of the penetrant 4, the conductivity of the specimen being tested As9, 485 2. Which of the following is a commonly used classification for penetrant? post-emulsifiable penetrant nonferrous penetrant chemical etch penetrant nonaqueous penetrant 3, A generally accepted method for removing excess nonwater-washable penetrant is: 4. repeatedly dipping the test specimen ina cleaner soaking the test specimen in hot detergent water blowing the excess penetrant off the surface of the part with compressed. 4. wiping and cautiously cleaning the test specimen with a cleaner All of the following parts can be tested by the liquid penetrant method except a. an iron casting b. an aluminum forging © apart made from a porous plastic material apart made from a nonporous material Att.49 Which of the following discontinuities ‘can be found by the penetrant test ‘method? a surface crack a subsurface crack an internal inclusion none of the above Aas Which of the following is generally the ‘more acceptable method for cleaning parts prior to penetrant testing? sand blasting brushing grinding vapor degreasing 49, 187, 191 All of the following methods are commonly used to clean parts prior to penetrant testing except: dampened cloth a. vapor degreasing Aso b. liquid solvent c. power wire brushing alkaline cleaner A191, 194 PS SOSCOESSCSCSupplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 10, UL Cutting oils may be effectively removed 12. from parts before penetrant testing by: preheating vapor degreasing washing with water all of the above pepe A198 The most common type of contaminant in fluorescent penetrant fluid is: 13, a. metal flings b. oil detergents (from cleaning) water A320 Ultraviolet li with @ proper functioning filter in place, used for fluorescent penetrant inspection can 14, cause permanent damage to: a. human tissues b. human eyes human blood cells . none of the above 21, 268, 280 All of the following basic inspection principles apply to the visible penetrant methods except: a the penetrant must enter the 15, discontinuity in order to form an indication D. indications glow when illuminated with an ultraviolet light allonger penetration time is required for smaller discontinuities 4d. ifthe penetrant is washed out of the discontinuity, an indication will not Subsurface discontinuities can be best detected by: the post-emulsification penetrant method, b. the visible dye penetrant method . the fluorescent, water-washable penetrant method none of the above aaa Water-washable penetrants may be applied by: a, brushing b. spraying c. dipping. 4. allof the above eas ‘The first step in conducting a liquid Penetrant test on a surface that has been painted is to: carefully apply the penetrant over the surface . completely remove the paint . thoroughly wash the surface with a detergent dd. wire brush the surface to roughen the smooth surface coating of paint aso When using a post-emulsification penetrant, itis necessary to apply the emulsifier: a. before applying the penetrant b. after the water-wash operation © after the dwell time has elapsed 4. after the development time has elapsed be formed by that discontinuity 50, 57 Ana749 cat Gyr OCRET|OPREOCGE SOPOTLevel | Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 16. When conducting a water-washable Usually, the most desirable method of liquid penetrant tes, the wet developer removing excess water-washable is applied: penetrant after the dwell time is by using 4. immediately after the penetrant has been applied a. alow pressure coarse water spray b, immediately before the penetrant is . water and brush applied © asolid stream of water after removal ofthe penetrant <4. water and clean rags 4. after removal ofthe emulsifier 56,65 Ase ‘When conducting a liquid penetrant test 17, The term used to describe the action of a using a post-emulsifiale visible dye particular developer in soaking up the penetrant, the generally accepted penetrant ina discontinuity, so as to ‘method for applying the wet developer is cause the maximum bleedout of the by: liquid penetrant for increased contrast and sensitivity, is known as: a brushing ». swabbing a. blotting, ©. dipping b. capillary action . spraying © concentration Bas 4. attraction ast ‘Which ofthe following characteristics does not apply to liquid penetrant 18, Using an ultraviolet light lamp with a testing? cracked filter or without the filter in place can cause damage to human eyes 1. this method can accurately measure because the lamp emit: the depth of a crack or discontinuity ». this method can be used for on-site a. black light testing of large parts b. ultraviolet light €. this method can be used to find © infrared light shallow surface discontinuities 4. none of the above 4. this method ean be made more or ast less sensitive by using different penetrant materials 228 19, The term used to define the period of time in which the test part is covered with penetrant is: Which of the following discontinuities is ‘most likey to be missed due to improper a. waiting time rinse techniques? b. soak time (drain time) ©. penetration time (dwell time) a. a forging lap 4. bleed in time ». deep pitting Aar €. shallow and broad discontinuities . the rinse technique will not affect the detection of discontinuities Ass a a a a CdLLL Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TO-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 24, Which ofthe following surface 28 Fxcess penetrant (all penetrant except conditions could have a detrimental that which isin discontinuities) is efiect on aliquid penetrant test? removed from the specimen: 2. a wet surface 8 afier the required penetrant dell b. a rough weld time has elapsed & anil surface b, before the application of an 4. allof the above emulsifier if a post-emulsifer Asse penetrant is used ©. by means ofa steam cleaner 4. only when water-washable 25. Liquid penetrant testing is capable of penetrants are used detecting Aso a. subsurface intergranular stress corrosion cracking discontinuities 29, When using a post-emulsfiable '. discontinuities open tothe surface Penetrant, the emulsifier time should be: subsurface discontinuities 4. lack of fusion (subsurface) a, as long as the penetrant dwell time aan b, half the penetrant dwell time ¢. the same as the developer time 4. only as long as necessary to remove 26. Ultraviolet light equipment is required the interfering background ‘when penetrant testing by Ast a. the fluorescent penetrant method the visible dye penetrant method 30. When an inspector is working in a the nonfluorescent penetrant method darkened area, he/she should become &. all of the above adjusted to the dark before inspecting 149,75 parts. The generally accepted minimum time period for becoming accustomed to the darks: 27. The term used to define the tendency of certain liquids to penetrate into small 4 min to 5 min ‘openings such as cracks or fissures i: b. 5 minto 10min © 10min to 15 min a. saturation «no waiting period is necessary b. capillary ation 23, 269270 «© blotting 4. wetting agent 44,98 31. Liquid penetrant inspection cannot find 2. surface porosity bi. surface cracks © an internal cavity 4. a surface forging lap 83 ME BOE PGESCwESCLESSCwaE SCELevel | Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 5 32. All of the following materials can be 36. Which ofthe statements below best tested by the usual liquid penetrant tests states the danger of sandblasting except (without subsequent chemical etching) for cleaning surfaces to be penetrant a. unglazed porous ceramic, tested? titanium ©. high alloy steel a. the discontinuities may be peened . cast iron over and closed 8,198 ». oil contaminants might be sealed in the discontinuities . the sand used in the sandblasting 33. Liquid penetrant testing can be used to ‘operation may be forced into the detect: discontinuity 4 the sandblasting operation may a. discontinuities 1.6 mm (0.06 in.) introduce discontinuities below the surface As94 ». internal discontinuities €. discontinuities open to the surface 4. all discontinuities 37, ‘The penetrant applied to the surface of a Asso, 102 test specimen: 34. Which of the following are commonly b. accepted methods for applying © penetrant? capillary action 4. is drawn into discontinuities by 4. dipping the part in penetrant gravity dipping) Ae ». pouring the penetrant over the test specimen (flowing) spraying the penetrant on the test 38 Which of the following statements specimen (spraying) concerning liquid penetrant testing is 4. allofthe above correct? Bas a, fluorescent penetrants will produce red against white discontinuity 35. A solvent used to clean the surface of a indications test specimen must possess all of the . nonfluorescent penetrants require following characteristics except that the: the use of ultraviolet lights «© fluorescent indications will be seen a. cleaner must be capable of dissolving when exposed to ultraviolet light oils and greases commonly found on 4, nonfluorescent discontinuities glow the surface in the dark for easy viewing and . cleaner must not be flammable interpretation €. leaner must be free of excessive ao 4. cleaner must leave a minimal residue oon the surface 197-198 mE CLECUESCSE:C*C«i‘ :C«étRESC*«C& Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 39. When removing excess penetrant from 42. Which of the following is an advantage the surface of atest specimen: of visible dye penetrants over fluorescent penetrants? 4. the penetrant removal operation ‘must not remove the penetrant from a. visible dye penetrants do not require discontinuities ultraviolet light b. sufficient excess penetrant must be . visible dye penetrants are more removed to eliminate an interfering sensitive than fluorescent penetrants background . visible dye penetrants are superior in ©. the use of a solvent-dampened cloth penetrating characteristics is a common method of penetrant 4. visible dye penetrants are not toxic removal while fluorescent penetrants are toxic 4. allof the above 33 As02, 174. 43. The terms dry, aqueous wet and 40, ‘The most widely accepted method for nonaqueous wet are used to describe removing excessive water-washable three different types of: penetrant from the surface of atest specimen is by: a. emulsifiers b. cleaners a. using a wet rag developers b. using a water spray rinse 4 penetrants washing the part directly under water asis2 running from a tap 4. immersing the part in water 845 44. Which of the following is not a generally accepted method for applying penetrants? 41, ‘The final inspection of atest specimen. for discontinuities should take place: a, rubbing the penetrant over the surface a. immediately after the developer has b. brushing the penetrant on the part been applied © spraying the penetrant on the part ’. any time after the developer has been 4. dipping the part in the penetrant applied cE . after the developer has been on the test specimen for the proper development time 45. Which of the following is the most d. immediately after the rinse operation commonly used method for removing eas nonwater- washable visible dye penetrant from the surface of atest specimen? a. dipping in a solvent . spraying hand wiping d. blowing sas osrObh (RY eh COT «OY RSE.Level | Questions ~ Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 7 46. Which of the following isan acceptable 50, Before conducting a liquid penetrant. method for applying wet developers? test, itis important to ensure that the surface of the parti free of ‘application with a soft brush b. application with a hand powder bulb a. oillor grease rubbing with a saturated cloth b. acids or chromates 4. spraying or dipping traces of water B47 4. all ofthe above asz0421 47, When using solvent removable Penetrants, the excess penetrant may be 51. When performing a penetrant test using removed by: « post-emulsification penetrant, which ofthe following is the most critical with, a dipping the part in solvent respect to proper timing? b. spraying the part with water and a solvent a. dwell time rubbing the part with a wet rag b. developing time 4. wiping the past with a rag or cloth emulsification time that has been lightly moistened with 4. drying time solvent A664 Bas 52. Which ofthe following is the most likely 48, While conducting a penetrant test, all of result of an excessive emulsification time the following health precautions should when penetrant testing with post- be applied except: emulsification penetrants? ‘a. washing any excess penetrant from a, a large number of nonrelevant skin using gasoline indications could appear on the part ». washing any penetrant from skin b. shallow discontinuity indications with soap and water as soon as could be lost possible © excess penetrant could remain after ©. keeping penetrant off clothes the wash operation 4. Keeping the work area clean 4. the emulsifier could harden, 89 preventing the developer from blotting the penetrant in discontinuities 49. Which of the following surface ner contaminants cannot be removed by cleaning parts in a vapor degreaser? 53, In penetrant testing, developers should a. grease be able to perform al ofthe following b. rust functions except: heavy oil 4. soluble oil ‘blotting penetrant from As95 discontinuities b. aiding in providing an image of a discontinuity €. adding fluorescence to penetrants, 4. helping control bleedout aro %eGWS~—«OTS:~=«OSSCMGY=SCRRY SCL CPO8 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 54, 57. Which of the following isthe primary 58, limitation of liquid penetrant testing? a. penetrant testing cannot locate subsurface discontinuities ’b. penetrant testing cannot locate shallow surface discontinuities & penetrant testing cannot be used on nonmetallic surfaces, dd. penetrant testing cannot be used on ferromagnetic material 59, aaa In penetrant testing, the time period from developer application to inspection is often referred to as the: a. emulsification time b. development time dwell time d. none of the above ast 60, Liquid penetrant testing is a nondestructive test that can be used for: a. locating and evaluating all types of discontinuities in a test specimen locating and determining the length, width, and depth of discontinuities in atest specimen © determining the tensile strength of a test specimen 4. locating discontinuities open tothe 61. surface aaa ‘When conducting a penetrant test using uorescent penetrant, ultraviolet light ‘equipment is required to: 4 cause the penetrant to fluoresce . aid the normal capillary action characteristics of a penetrant © neutralize excess penetrant on the surface 4. decrease the surface tension of the part aso ‘Which of the following isa type of developer used in penetrant inspection? a dry . aqueous particulate nonaqueous particulate all ofthe above Bas ‘When penetrant testing parts, the temperature of the parts should be near room temperature. Ifthe partis at alow ‘temperature when tested, the: ‘a. penetrant may become viscous . penetrant may evaporate very rapidly ©. color intensity of the penetrant will decrease 4. penetrant will tend to adhere to the surface of the past ass If a part to be penetrant tested is hot, the penetrant: a may become viscous b. may reduce sensitivity to small detects may lose some of its color brilliance dL may evaporate Asse Penetrants may be classified or subdivided by the method used to remove excess penetrant. Which of the following is a proper classification in accordance with this statement? nonsolvent removable vapor degreased water-washable brush removable Aso 9 ~POoe6S pes 8S pes acGS,Level | Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 9 (62. The problem with retesting a test 65, specimen with fluorescent penetrants that has been previously tested using visible dye liquid penetrant is that: 4. the penetrant may form beads on the surface b. the penetrant left in discontinuities ‘may be misleading when the specimen is retested © the penetrant will lose a geeat deal of its color brilliance 4. residue can diminish or destroy fluorescent indication brightness As9 66. 63, Which of the following conditions will decrease the life ofan ultraviolet light bulb a. line voltage fluctuations 'b. dust om the face of the bulb © changes in room temperature 4. all of the above A282 64. Which of the following statements does not apply to developers used during penetrant testing? 67. a. developers are normally highly fluorescent b. developers often furnish a contrasting background during inspection developers absorb or blot the penetrant that remains in Aiscontinuities after the rinse ‘operation has been completed 4. developers may be either wet or dry At Which of the following statements is, true? a. sandblasting is generally accepted method for cleaning a surface that is to be penetrant tested ». parts should be heated prior to the application of a penetrant ifthe dryer is too high, the heat may degrade the effectiveness of water ‘washable penetrants 4. development time should be at least twice the penetration time ast ‘When using a wet developer: a. a thick layer of developer is better than a thin layer for showing very fine cracks b. compressed air should be used to remove excess developer &. ablack developer will show better contrast than a white developer 4. a thin layer of developer is better than a thick layer for showing very fine cracks aaa Which of the following statements is false? a. sandblasting isnot a recommended ‘method for preparing for a penetrant test b. itis not necessary to remove a film of oil from a part prior to penetrant testing because the penetrant is basically an oil vapor degreasing isa very good ‘method for removing oil from the surface of the part to be penetrant tested 4. a voltage regulator should be used with an ultraviolet light ifthe line voltage fluctuates A185:186 Cr a a sr)Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 68. A red against white background 72. Which of the following is generally discontinuity image is most likely to be accepted as the most important seen when: precaution when using solvent removable penetrants? a. dry developers are used b. visible dye penetrants are used. 4 do not apply an excessive amount of fluorescent post-emulsification emulsifier penetrants are used b. do not apply an excessive amount of wet developers are used solvent nag . do not use an insufficient rinse pressure 4. be sure to use an ultraviolet light to 69. The purpose for using a developer on a determine if the excess penetrant has test specimen is to: been rinsed away Bas 4. promote penetration of the penetrant b. absorb emulsifier residues ©. provide a blotting action to draw 73. Insufficient rinsing of fluorescent penetrant from discontinuities and to Penetrants will result in: provide a contrasting background 4. help to dry the surface for better subsequent corrosion of the surface observation . difficulty in the application of asa developer excessive bleedout . excessive background fluorescence 70. Which one of the following statements is aso aan incorrect use of erack panels (blocks)? a. toestablish a standard size of crack 74. Which of the following safety that can be reproduced as needed precautions does not apply when b. to determine the relative sensitivities handling penetrant materials? of two different penetrants to determine ifa penetrant has lost prolonged contact of penetrant with ‘or has reduced brilliance on fluorescent skin should be avoided because the penetrants because of contamination cil or solvent base may cause skin 4. to determine the degree or method of invitation cleaning necessary to remove b. excessive amounts of developer penetrant on the surface without Powders should not be inhaled ‘removing it from the cracks . airline respirators and complete a67s8 protective clothing must be worn at all times 4. because the solvents used with the 71. Which of the following is generally visible penetrant process are accepted as the most important flammable, this material should be precaution when using water-washable ‘kept away from open flames penetrants? As990 be sure that the partis washed thoroughly during the rinse operation b, be sure that the recommended dwell time is not exceeded ©. avoid over-rinsing the part 4. avoid over-application of emulsifier 55, WL PEL CZL~SCOTLSCOLSSCt.Level | Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 14. 75, Which ofthe following factors will affect 79. The failure to completely remove acid resolution of penetrant indications? materials from a part before fluorescent penetrant is applied will result in athe sensitivity ofthe penetrant materials used 4. contamination of the penetrant the surface condition of the part materials the temperature ofthe part and/or ». anced to double the penetrating time penetrant ©. a permanent stain on the part 4. allofthe above 4. allof the above Ass6357 As80 76, A serious loss of water ina wet 80. When drying parts during a penetrant developer mix or an excessive test, the parts ‘overconcentration of developer powder can cause: a. are normally dried at room temperature a. alloss of fluorescence during the Db. are normally died by a circulating inspection operation hot-air dryer b. nonrelevant indications should be dried in an oven set ata © cracking ofthe developer coating temperature of 54°C (130°F) ‘uring the drying operation 4. should be dried by coo! forced air 4. none ofthe above azar Aaa 81. ‘The contamination ofa water-washable 77. What could happen ifa person looks penetrant with an excessive amount of directly into an ultraviolet ight? water will: a. it will use permanent damage to a. reduce the penetrating quality ofthe the eyes penetrant b. itwill possibly cloud the vision of the b. adversely affect the washabilty of the person looking into the light for a penetrant short period of time & botha and are correct & it will eause temporary total 4. neither a nor b are correct blindness As20 4. none ofthe above A268 82. Which ofthe following penetrant rethods is generally used for portable 78. When using dry developer, the drying field inspections? operation is performed: athe water-washable fluorescent a. immediately after removal of excess penetrant method penetrant b. the post-emulsiication fuorescent b. before the inspection step penetrant method c. thoroughly the solvent removable penetrant 4. allofthe above method A657 4. none of the above As we FS«WOSGL~SCRLSSCLL SCOOP L32 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 83, 84, 85, When using a fluorescent penetrant, the actual inspection must be performed: a ima brightly lighted room ». with the part at a temperature between 10 °C and 79 °C (50°F and 175°R) ©. immediately after the developer has been applied ina darkened area under an ultraviolet light Bas Which of the following penetrants can be used when inspection must take place under ordinary lighting conditions? a. visible dye penetrant water-washable fluorescent penetrant © post-cmulsification fluorescent enetrant 4. any of the above as07 Which of the following is a disadvantage of using the liquid penetrant testing method? . the liquid penetrant test method is, adaptable to production inspection of small parts . liquid penetrant testing can locate fine cracks © the liquid penetrant test method is a relatively simple test method 4. the liquid penetrant test method is not effective at all temperatures Asse A good penetrant must do all of the following except: be able to readily penetrate very fine openings b. evaporate very rapidly © be able to remain in relatively coarse 87, Which of the following is not a property ofa developer used in liquid penetrant testing? a. the material must be absorbent b. the material must form a thin and uniform coating over a surface © the material must be fluorescent if used with fluorescent penetrants 4. the material must not contain ingredients harmful of toxic to the operator ast 88. Developer coatings of excessive thickness: a. may obscure indications b. may be beneficial while observing small indications for fluorescent penetranis| ‘© may be beneficial while observing small indications for visible penetrants 4d. do not effect the inspection am 89. Color contrast penetrants are commercially available in which of the following variations? ‘normal solvent clean type water wash type post-emulsification type all of the above aaosa 90. Which of the following could be a source of false indications on a test specimen? residue from previous liquid penetrant testing ‘machining oil scale, rust and corrosion d. all ofthe above openings ass 4. be easily removed from the surface after testing Asza P06 Pee HE OLBR~«pGE Cera eeLevel | Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 91. Cleaning ofthe part prior to penetrant 95. A good commercial penetrant should inspection is: havea: not required alow flash point ’. important because ifthe partis not b. high flash point clean the developer cannot be . medium flash point improperly applied 4. flash point is nota factor to be essential because surface considered contaminants may prevent penetrant A20 from gaining access to discontinuities 4. required to eliminate possibilty of showing nonrelevant indications 96, A material that is applied over the flm asso of the penetrant on the surface ofa part, ‘mixes withthe penetrant, and enables the penetrant to be washed off the 92, When using fluorescent water-washable surface is called: penetrant, adequate rinsing of the partis assured by a. anemulsifier b. a penetrant a timing of rinse cycle ©. adeveloper b scrubbing of part surface 4. anisomer rinsing under ultraviolet ight Aso 4. using igh pressure air with water As 97. The time allowed forthe penetrant to enter discontinuities that may be present 93. What can happen ifa part processed by isthe: visible dye penetrant inspection is reprocessed by the fluorescent penetrant a. emulsification time method? b. application time dwell time 4. developer may remain on the surface 4. drain time «causing background Ase b. most visible dyes diminish or destroy fluorescence © penetrants are not compatible 98 Which ofthe following penetrant 4. interpretation will be difficult systems is generally considered to be the ass? most sensitive? a. water-washable ~ visible dye 94, A suitable filter must be used at all times b. solvent removable - visible dye over an ultraviolet light bulb because: c. water-washable~ fluorescent dye 4. post-emulsification ~ fluorescent dye 400 much white light will be present ‘Av, 5058 ifthe filter is notin place b. the human eye may be damaged without it © the iter filters out undesired wave lengths 4. allof the above zee Pe 6 GCEGSCPGSCMEGSSCGSCOT14 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 99. The best choice ofa developer for use on 104. Which of the following processes would avery smooth surface when using a bbe most sensitive to detecting very fine gy fluorescent penetrant would be: defects? a. dry fluffy & oiland-whiting process b. dry regular ». water-washable process ce. wet © post-emulsification process 4. none of the above 4. water emulsifiable visible dye auto penetrant process Aso 100. ‘The purpose of an emulsifier isto 105. When using the post-emulsification combine withthe penetrant to make fluorescent process, which of the the resultant mixture removable by a following methods cannot be used? water rinse bassist the blotting action ofthe a dipping the pat in the emulsifier developer b. spraying the part with emulsifier increase the penetration of the ¢. pouring emulsifier over the part penetrant into fine discontinuities Level | Questions ~ Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 15 108. 108. Liquid penetrants become sluggish at temperatures: a. above 38 °C (100 °F) b. between 10°C and 38 °C (50°F and 100 °F) . below 10°C (50°F) d. below 21 °C (70° ‘A58; 8.60 ‘Why is it possible to flush a surface with «a coarse water spray to which a water- ‘washable penetrant was applied, remove the excessive penetrant, and not remove the penetrant that is in the defects? 4 the liquid will not wash the penetrant from the defects because the penetrant has to be drawn out by the developer b. the nature of a water-washable penetrant is such that water will not dissolve the penetrant; it has to push the penetrant off the surface, which is why a spray is used the water droplets are relatively large and will not enter most defect openings d._awater spray should not be used the penetrant should be removed by a cloth dampened with water Actes 110, Which of the items listed below is a disadvantage of using the liquid penetrant test method? a the method cannot find discontinuities that are not opened to the surface b. the method is simple in principle and relatively easy to understand the method is essentially simple in application 4, there are few limitations on the size and shape of the article that can be treated by this method. Aas. eorr ‘260r 980r16 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing MethodLevel II Questions ~ Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 47 Level II Questions Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 1, Which of the following physical properties, more than any other, determines what makes a material a good penetrant? viscosity surface tension wetting ability no one single property determines if «a material will or will not be a good penetrant As4, 97-401, 2. The speed with which a penetrant penetrates a surface flaw is influenced to the greatest extent by which of the following properties? capillary action surface tension and wettability viscosity density aso 3. Which of the statements below applies to the liquid penetrant method of testing? the penetrant test method is less flexible than the eddy current test method be. the penetrant test method is less reliable than the magnetic particle ‘method for finding surface defects in ferromagnetic materials c. the penetrant test method will not Which of the following types of discontinuities cannot be detected by the liquid penetrant test method? surface laminations internal forging bursts surface cracks surface laps Aas, 149 Which of the following types of discontinuities could be classified as a primary processing discontinuity often found in cast material? fatigue crack stress corrosion crack porosity lack of penetration peep see, 178 Which of the following discontinuities could be classified as a finishing processing discontinuity? fatigue crack stress corrosion crack lamination heat-treat crack epee 76,497 Which of the following discontinuities could be classified as a service induced discontinuity? detect fatigue cracks a. fatigue crack 4. the penetrant test method is more b. porosity reliable than radiographic testing machining tear ‘when attempting to detect minute 4. lap surface discontinuities Aas ast a pe 8S) SCOESCS*«éi18 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 10. 1. 2. All ofthe following methods are 13. recommended to remove grease from the surface ofa penetrant test specimen except: vapor degreasing alkaline cleaning cleaning with solvent type material hot water rinsing As96 ¥4 ‘The penetrant indication for a cold shut ‘on the surface of a casting will be a: dotted or smooth continuous line cluster of small indications rough deep indication large bulbous indication a2a ‘The penetrant indication of a forging lap 15. will normally be a: round or nearly round indication .- cluster of indications continuous line dotted line 2a ‘When conducting a penetrant test, 16 spherical indications on the surface of a part could be indicative of: fatigue cracks porosity weld laps hot tears 23 Penetrant developer is commonly available in al ofthe following forms Which of the following is a possible cause for false penetrant indications? a. excessive washing b. inadequate application of developers . penetrant or part too cold during Penetration time 4. lint or dirt 820 Developer assists in the detection of penetrants retained in discontinuities by aiding the: a. post-cleaning process b. emulsification process ©. bleedout process drying process A175 Developer assists in the detection of the visible dye penetrant test indications by: providing a clean surface providing a contrasting background providing a dry surface emulsifying the penetrant bleedout Aro When using post-emulsification penetrants, difficulties incurred during the washing operation can be overcome by: 4. reapplying a coating of emulsifier increasing the water pressure used during the washing operation © completely reprocessing the part from surface preparation on and by using a longer emulsifier time, if allowed 4. dipping the part in boiling water except: aso a. dry developer b. nonaqueous developer wet developer high viscosity developer asis2 oor GST —OPTOETCeT«S TTTLevel II Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 17. Which of the following methods for 21, When performing a liquid penetrant test applying nonaqueous developer is using solvent removable visible dye normally considered the most effective? penetrant, there are several ways to remove excess penetrant from the a. spraying, surface ofthe part. Which of the b. swabbing methods listed below is generally brushing regarded as most suitable for giving . dipping accurate test results? ars a. squirting solvent over the surface with no more than 276 kPa (40 psi) 18, Ofthe methods listed below, the most pressure cffective means of precleaning a test b. wiping with a soaking wet cloth, then item to remove organic contaminants wiping with a dry cloth stich as grease prior to a penetrant test ‘wiping with a solvent dampened cloth, then wiping with dry cloths 4. wiping with dry paper wipes, then a. vapor degreasing wiping with a solvent dampened b, detergent cleaning cloth, and finally wiping with dry © hot water rinse loth 4. solvent wiping Aso A986 22, Prior to the penetrant testing of 19. Fluorescent materials used in fluorescent previously machined soft metal part, penetrants respond most actively to Which of the cleaning methods listed radiant energy with a wavelength of below would best remove any smeared approximately: ‘metal that could mask discontinuities? 700 nm a etching b. 250kV b. shot peening © 365 nm alkaline cleaning 1 lx (100 fe) 4. water cleaning with detergents A276, 279, 289 ‘849, 187-188 20. Emulsifer time: 23. Why i the drying process used in ppenetrant testing? ais important but not normally critical, », is the time needed to rinse the a. the drying process is used to ensure ‘emulsifier and excess penetrant from that all excess penetrant will the surface evaporate «. is extremely important and will , the drying process ensures the greatly affect test results uniform drying of dry developer 4. should be as long as economically applied over a wet emulsifier practical the drying process reduces, 67 penetration time 4. after the application of a wet developer, the drying process aids in securing a uniform developer coating ATa74 Pez ece prea20 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 24, 25. 26. 27, ‘Which of the following reasons best 28, describes why excessive drying of a part should be avoided? a. the extra time required is wasted b. the developer may lose its blotting ability & areduction in fluorescent brilliance may result the excess developer may be difficult to remove ara Which of the following variables must be considered to use the time required for an indication to develop as a measure of the extent of the discontinuity? 1a. the type of penetrant and sensitivity of technique 29, . the type of discontinuity c. the temperature of the material being tested 4. allof the above 159159 ‘When using a fluorescent, post- emulsifiable penetrant, the length of time the emulsifier is alowed to remain ‘on the partis critical when detecting shallow scratchlike discontinuities. The actual length of time should be: 10s 2t03s determined by experimentation Aceea Water-washable liquid penetrants differ {from post-emulsifiation penetrants in that water-Wwashable penetrants: a. can only be used on aluminum test specimens b. donot need to be removed from surfaces prior to development have a soapy base do not need the application of an emulsifier before rinsing Ass 5s 30, ‘Which of the following statements concerning contaminating materials on the surface of a penetrant test specimen is false? 4 the contaminant may be of a ‘composition that attacks the penetrant and reduces the fluorescence or color of the penetrant b. the contaminant may reduce or even prevent capillary action by the penetrant the contaminant may retain the ppenetrant and thus increase the sensitivity of the inspection 4. the contaminant may completely fill the crack and thus prevent the entry of penetrant Ass ‘The function of the emulsifier in the post-emulsification penetrant method is, a. more rapidly drive the penetrant into deep, tight cracks b. react with the surface penetrant to ‘make the penetrant water-washable ©. add fluorescent dye or pigment to the penetrant provide a coating to which dry powder developer can adhere aso ‘When penetrant testing for shallow discontinuities using a post- emulsification penetrant, the emulsification time should be long. enough to: a. mix the emulsifier with the excess surface penetrant only b. mix the emulsifier with all the penetrant on the surface and in discontinuities ‘¢ mix the emulsifier with penetrant in the discontinuities 4. allow the emulsifier to dry out to a white powder a7 e0r az. a (ple CPOZSCiPSEC(OE,Level I Questions ~ Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 24 31. Which of the following practices should 35. Which of the following characteristics be avoided when performing a penetrant are normally considered when selecting lest? the type of penetrant to be used in a enetrant test a. applying emulsifier by dipping the part in emulsifier a. removal characteristics of the . applying developer by spraying the penetrant part with developer . sensitivity level 6. removal of water-washable penetrant the cost of the penetrant with a water spray 4d. allof the above 4. applying emulsifier with a brush Ast 850 36. Which materials should be avoided in 32, A commonly used method of checking the penetrant system when testing ‘on the overall performance of a liquid titanium alloys? penetrant system is by: a. carbon or oil 4, determining the viscosity of the b. halogenated solvents penetrant emulsifier or oil measuring the wetabilty of the fluorescent agents penetrant As95 comparing sections of artificially cracked specimens . all of the above 37. Which of the following is a discontinuity ass that might be found in sand castings? a. incomplete penetration 33. An important difference between b. undercut nonwater-washable penetrants and © pipe ‘water-washable penetrants is that: 4. shrinkage asa748; 063 a. water-washable penetrants contain an emulsifier while nonwater- ‘washable penetrants do not 38. Which of the following is a discontinuity Db. the viscosity of the two penetrants is that might be found in a welded different fabrication? c. the color of the two penetrants is different a. shrinkage d._nonwater-washable penetrants are b. center bead crack, cracks in heat= more easily removed than water- affected zone, or crater eracks ‘washable penetrants seams Aso d. laps cass 34. Which of the following is a discontinuity that might be found in rolled bar stock? 39. Which of the following is a discontinuity that might be found in rolled plate? a. shrinkage b. bleedout a. laminations c. laps b. shrinkage d. undercut lack of fusion As49; 0.550 4. undercut aaa SE age PLESCGE:SCGE:SCECSCREECSCESC«é22 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 40. Which of the folowing contaminants 44. Which ofthe following i an advantage could affect the sensitivity of a of visible dye penetrants over fluorescent penetrant? penetrants? a. acid 4. small indications are more easily seen b. water ', they can be used on anodized and salts chromate surfaces 4. allofthe above they make less background on rough Asse surfaces 4. no special lighting is required ass 41. Which ofthe following is a discontinuity that might be found in a forging? 45. Which ofthe following is an advantage shrinkage cracks ‘of solvent wipe methods over water b. laps washing? cold shuts 4. insufficient penetration a no special lighting is necessary Asse during inspection b. they provide a quicker penetration of small openings 42. Which ofthe following isa discontinuity «small indications are more easily seen that might be found in rolled plate 4. they can easily be carried out in the stock? field and remote areas Ags 4 inclusions b. laminations forging laps 46. The tendency ofa liquid penetrant to 4. blow holes enter a discontinuity is primarily related Asso to the: 4. viscosity ofthe penetrant 43. Which ofthe following is an advantage b. capillary forces of fluorescent penetrants over visible «chemical inertness of the penetrant type penetrants? 4. specific gravity of the penetrant 99 a the inspection can be carried outin a wel lighted area b. small indications are more easly seen 47, ‘The emulsifier is used: they can be used where contact with water is objectionable 4 to wash the penetrant out of 4. they are less sensitive to discontinuities contamination of discontinuities b. to aid in washing off the surface of 460 parts when using either the water or oil soluble penetrants © to-emulsity the oil soluble penetrant, thereby making it water washable 4. to preclean parts before applying penetrant aso yh PSY Phy ey Gey ate POF 4Level I Questions ~ Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 48. The prime purpose of the ultraviolet light 53, When improper processing causes for fluorescent penetrant inspection is to: inspection difficulties, what should the inspector do? a. magnily indications '. make the indications visible a. swab parts with a solvent develop indications b. use a correct bleedback procedure 4. speed up inspection erase nonrelevant fluorescence 60, 276 dd. reprocess the part aam 49. Why is it advisable to have an ultraviolet light installed at the wash station? 54, Which of the following is most likely to render the post-emulsification test a. to check the effectiveness of the wash ineffective? gycle b. to speed the bleeding of penetrant a. the penetrant time is too long out of defects b. the developing time is too long . so inspection can be done without the emulsifying time is too long drying parts| none of the above 4. to determine if parts have been as? covered with penetrant 65, 66 58. Dry developer should be applied: 50. Developer powder should always be: a. s0 that a heavy coat of developer covers all surfaces, a. highly fluorescent b. so thata light dusting covers all . applied wet surfaces to be inspected & colorless with a dry paint brush, 4. evenly applied 4. by dipping am AT, 234 51. When viewing parts, fluorescent 56. Which factor would apply in background may indicate: determining the dwell time required for the penetrant to be effective? a. poor washing b, insufficient emulsifying time (post- a. type of discontinuity sought emulsification method) b. shape of part © porous material and coating c. size of part d. allofthe above surface roughness nessa A57-158 52. Inthe absence of a written acceptance 57. The part is an aluminum forging. criteria, rejection or acceptance of parts Description — the indication is sharp, should be based on the: halfmoon shaped, not deep. Its called: 8. inspector's education a. alap b. design of the part and its intended . centerline porosity application © abeat treat crack appropriate penetrant standard da false indication 4. selection of the penetrant aser asta Pus eoG GS SSCPES «CEG PTS COS SCY24 ‘Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 58 ‘The part isa 13 mm (0. in.) thick 62, Which of the following is a discontinuity aluminum plate with a V fusion wel. that might be found in rolled bar stock? Description — the indication appears as a straight line. The indication is: a. blow hole b. shrinkage lap a. shrinkage . crack or seam ». nonrelevant 4. lack of penetration & aquench crack asa 4. lack of fusion Assa 63, The term nonrelevant indication is used to describe certain types of penetrant 59, ‘The part isan aluminum casting. testing indications. Which of the Description — the casting has a very following would be atypical nonrelevant complex design. In one section, there is indication? a flat area having a thickness of 32 mm (13 in). In the center of this area isa a. indications due to part geometry or round section, 51 mm (2 in.) thick and part design configurations 25 mm (1 in.) in diameter. There are b. nonmagnetic indications linear indications about one-half the . multiple indications distance around the base where it joins 4. nonlinear indications into the thin section. The indication is Bat called: a dross 64, Which of the statements below best b. hot tear states the danger of using sandblasting © microshrinkage for cleaning surfaces to be penetrant 4. porosity tested? 147-248, 500; 8.63 a. the discontinuities may be closed b. oil contaminants might be sealed in 60. Shrinkage cracks are usually found in the discontinuities ‘what areas of a casting? the sand used in the sandblasting operation may be forced into the a. thin sections only discontinuity b. heavy sections only . the sandblasting operation may ©. at abrupt changes in thickness Introduce discontinuities in the part 4. no longer a problem Bist ats2 65. A continuous linear indication can be 61. Which of the following isa discontinuity caused by which ofthe following that might be found in a forging? discontinuities? a. shrinkage crack a. porosity b. lap b slag inclusions hot tear casting. c. pitting 4 lamination cracks asso Asse peo era—ED«DSCTSSC«ODSCGSSC RSLevel II Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 28 Which of the following could be a 68, source of false indications on a test specimen? a. penetrant on the test table . penetrant on the hands of the inspector © contamination of dry or wet developer with penetrant 4. all of the above as7sa72 Accrack type discontinuity will generally appear as: a. around indication D. a continuous line, either straight or jagged astraight, single solid line 4. random round or elongated holes Ass Which of the following discontinuities ‘would be impossible to detect using a liquid penetrant test? a forging lap ‘crater crack ‘grinding cracks nonmetallic internal inclusions A153, 162-463, 167 Peo a9 pao26 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing MethodLevel Ill Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 27 > Level Ill Questions Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 1. Chemical cleaners are often used for 4. With all other factors the same when very dirty, greasy part. If used: removing penetrant from the surface by spray water wash, penetrant in a crack the surface must be subsequently would be harder to remove ifit has: cleaned with a solvent cleaner the surface must be thoroughly low viscosity rinsed free of any residue high viscosity & heat must be used to ensure the medium viscosity removal of any detergents from viscosity is not important surface openings A100 4 the surfaces must be subsequently cleaned with a volatile solvent cleaner A485 5. The most desirable objectives governing thecleaning operations when removing surface penetrant ae to remove: 2. Generally, vapor degreasing is 4 considered to be one of the best methods 4. little penetrant from defects and of preparing a part for liquid penetrant leave a minimal of residual penetrant inspection because: remaining on the surface >. little penetrant from a defect and . the solvent vapor removes all leave no residual penetrant petroleum based materials remaining on the surface b. it totally removes all surface ¢ no penetrant from defects and leave a contaminants ‘minimal of residual penetrant on the . the method is easily adapted to part surface virtually any size ofthe part 4. no penetrant from defects and leave 4. the solvent vapor removes all no residual penetrant on the part inorganic soils surface A187, 195 ass 3. When penetrant is applied to parts by 6, The best method of removing the excess dipping, the parts should be: ‘water-washable penetrant is to: a left in the tank during the entize 4. immediately immerse the part in the dwell time water rinse tank b. set aside until the dwell time is up . use water running directly from a tap . using cracked aluminum blocks 4. chemical inertness ofa liquid measuring the contact angles in a 99 wetting test 4. the meniscus test A308 39. Viscosity has a considerable effect on some ofthe practical aspects ofthe use ofa penetrant, It isan important factor 43. For post-emulsifable penetrants, a good in the method for establishing emulsifying time is by: a. solubility of contaminants ad . washabilty ofa penetrant a. experimentation &. degree of fluorescence emitted b. the water drop through test 4. rate with which a penetrant will the water tolerance test drain off smooth surface 4. using published book values A100 Ass 40. One ofthe two most important 44. A newly mixed batch of wet developer properties ofa good penetrant i wetting shoul: ability. Wetting ability is: a be checked by a hydrometer a measured by contact angle and is not b. be agitated fora least 30 min related to surface tension be checked for evenness of coating b. a function of viscosity and increases 4. allof the above as surface tension decreases aaa measured by contact angle and decreases as surface tension increases 44. measured by surface tension and increases as contact angle decreases 9798 we Pry ey «eye «CSESCRESCLE,45. The test used to measure the sensitivity 48, of a penetrant to water contamination based on the amount of water is the: water drop through test hydrometer test photofluorometer test water tolerance test aaar 46. A method for evaluating quantitative values for the emitted light of fluorescent materials is the use of a: fluorometer 9. fitermeter refractometer spectrometer A4z0130 49, 47. When performing an evaluation of the uorescent ability of a penetrant, the value that is normally sought is the: 8. amount of actual light emitted by indications . amount of ultraviolet light necessary to cause the material to fluoresce 50, © relative amount of light emitted by the fluorescent material compared to other penetrants 4. relative amount of light emitted by the fluorescent material compared to the light emitted by the background A129 51 Level Ill Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 33 ‘The ability of an indication to be seen can be assigned a value called the contrast ratio. This ratio is based on the amount of: ‘white light present as opposed to the amount of light absorbed by the dye b. light reflected by the background as opposed to the amount of light absorbed by the dye © light absorbed by the background as ‘opposed to the amount of light reflected by the dye light reflected by the background as ‘opposed to the amount of light reflected by the dye A716, 272 ‘The contrast ratio of a red dye penetrant to a white developer is normally about: 100 to 1 33t01 10to1~20to1 9to2 ars ‘The test object and standard penetrant ‘materials should be within a particular temperature range, One of the reasons an excessively cold penetrant is undesirable is that as the temperature becomes lower: the viscosity increases . the viscosity decreases fewer volatile materials will be lost the dyes degrade Aas6 Ifthe surface temperature of the test part is excessively hot, the: 4. viscosity of the penetrant may be too high b. surface tension of the penetrant . penetrant may lose fluorescent brightness as the dyes are degraded 4. contact angle increases asa ors 80S «GY PRD Oly eo Psy34 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 52. Which of the following isa criterion for 54 1 good dryer? a. ithas the ability to dry the surface slowly b. thas the ability to heat the pact to an ‘optimum temperature in a minimum, ‘of time so that the partis both dry and warm as promptly as possible . it has the electrical heating elements so that there is a guarantee that no contaminants can be introduced into the inspection process 4. it isa warm air blast system 203, 238 What are two very important properties 55, that determine whether aliquid will have high penetrating ability? a. surface tension and cosine of the contact angle b. viscosity and cosine of contact angle © cosine of the contact angle and density d. surface tension and viscosity as7 ‘Where precleaning is necessary and a residue free solvent is used, which of the following is observed? a. the solvents are not suitable for removing grease b. the solvents are not suitable for removing oil ‘c. the solvents should never be used for removing grease and oils 4. the solvents are suitable for removing grease and oils, but are generally not adequate if solids are embedded in void areas A194 When utilizing the fluorescent post emulsifiable penetrant method and performing the rinse cycle, which of the following will prevent averrinsing? ‘a rinse before the penetrant is completely emulsified b. rinse after the penetrant is completely emulsified discontinue the rinse as soon as the surface penetrant is removed from the part 4. rinse only with water hotter than 43°C (10°F) Asses ogg PySESCaeg