Pre Calc - Module 4 - Unit 2

ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Analytic Geometry
Basics of a Circle
General and
Conic Sections
Standard Form
Examples
Parabolas
Basics of a Parabola Department of Mathematics
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Saint Louis University
Ellipses
Basics of an Ellipse
General and
Standard Form 1st Semester, 2020 - 2021
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1 1 Introduction
- Module 6 -
Unit 2 Defining Conic Sections
Mathematics
Dept. 2 Circles
Basics of a Circle
Introduction
Defining Conic General and Standard Form
Sections
Circles
Examples
Basics of a Circle
General and
3 Parabolas
Standard Form
Examples Basics of a Parabola
Parabolas General and Standard Form
Basics of a Parabola
General and
Examples
Standard Form
Examples
4 Ellipses
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
General and Standard Form
Examples
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
5 Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Basics of a Hyperbola
Examples
Examples
- Module 6 -
Mathematics
Dept. 2 Circles
Basics of a Circle
Introduction
Sections
Circles
Examples
Basics of a Circle
General and
3 Parabolas
Standard Form
General and
Examples
Standard Form
Examples
4 Ellipses
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
5 Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Definitions
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic The curves formed by the intersection of a plane with an
Sections
Circles
infinite right-circular cone are called conic sections.
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Based on the orientation of the plane, the resulting curves have
Parabolas
four basic shapes, called circles, parabolas, ellipses, and
General and
hyperbolas.
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Definitions
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic The curves formed by the intersection of a plane with an
Sections
Circles
infinite right-circular cone are called conic sections.
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Based on the orientation of the plane, the resulting curves have
Parabolas
four basic shapes, called circles, parabolas, ellipses, and
General and
hyperbolas.
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses The general form of the equation of any conic section can be
General and
derived from:
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Ax 2 + Bxy + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
- Module 6 -
Mathematics
Dept. 2 Circles
Basics of a Circle
Introduction
Sections
Circles
Examples
Basics of a Circle
General and
3 Parabolas
Standard Form
General and
Examples
Standard Form
Examples
4 Ellipses
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
5 Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Parabolas
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Definitions
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples
A circle is the set of all points in a plane that are a fixed
Parabolas
Basics of a Parabola distance from a fixed point called its center. The fixed
General and
Standard Form distance is called the radius of the circle.
Examples
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
- Module 6 -
Mathematics
Dept. 2 Circles
Basics of a Circle
Introduction
Sections
Circles
Examples
Basics of a Circle
General and
3 Parabolas
Standard Form
General and
Examples
Standard Form
Examples
4 Ellipses
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
5 Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Equation of a Circle
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form The general form of an equation of a circle follows from the
Examples
general form of a conic section where A = C and B = 0. Thus,
Parabolas
Basics of a Parabola the general form of a circle is:
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Ax 2 + Ay 2 + Dx + Ey = 0
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle Let (h, k) be the center of a
General and
Standard Form
Examples
circle and let (x , y ) be a point
Parabolas on the circle.
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Let r be the radius of the circle,
Ellipses which is equal to the distance
General and
between a point on the circle
Standard Form
Examples
(x , y ) and the center at (h, k).
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections The distance formula provides:
Circles
Basics of a Circle
q
General and
Standard Form
r= (x − h)2 + (y − k)2
Examples
Parabolas Squaring both sides of the equation gives:

General and
Standard Form
Examples
r 2 = (x − h)2 + (y − k)2
Ellipses
General and
Rearranging the terms gives the standard form of the equation
Standard Form
Examples
of a circle:
Hyperbola (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r 2
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
- Module 6 -
Mathematics
Dept. 2 Circles
Basics of a Circle
Introduction
Sections
Circles
Examples
Basics of a Circle
General and
3 Parabolas
Standard Form
General and
Examples
Standard Form
Examples
4 Ellipses
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
5 Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Example
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction Determine the center and radius of the circle whose equation is
Defining Conic
Sections (x − 4)2 + (y − 1) = 9. Draw the circle afterward.
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Solution:
Standard Form
Examples Compare the given equation from the standard form of the
Parabolas equation of a circle. Note that the center is at (h, k) and the
General and radius is r .
Standard Form
Examples (x − 4)2 + (y − 1) = 9
Ellipses
Basics of an Ellipse Expressing the constant term on the right side as a perfect
General and
Standard Form square, we have:
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a (x − 4)2 + (y − 1) = 32
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples Thus, the center is at (4, 1) and has a radius of 3.
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Example (cont’d)
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Parabolas
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Example
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Determine the center and radius of the circle whose equation is
Circles
Basics of a Circle
x 2 + y 2 − 2x + 4y = −1, then graph.
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Solution:
Parabolas
Basics of a Parabola Observe that the equation is not in its standard form.
General and
Standard Form Begin by transforming the equation into standard form by
Examples
completing the squares.
Ellipses
Basics of an Ellipse First, group the x and y terms together.
General and
Standard Form
Examples
(x 2 − 2x ) + (y 2 + 4y ) = −1
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Example (cont’d)
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections Complete the squares. Note that whatever constant is added to
Circles one side of the equation must be added on the other side as
Basics of a Circle
General and well.
Standard Form
Examples
(x 2 − 2x ) + (y 2 + 4y ) = −1
Parabolas
(x 2 − 2x +1) + (y 2 + 4y +4) = −1+1+4
(x − 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 4
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses Express the resulting equation into standard form.

General and
Standard Form
Examples
(x − 1)2 + (y − (−2))2 = 22
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
Thus, the center is at (1, −2) and has a radius of 2.
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Example (cont’d)
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Parabolas
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
- Module 6 -
Mathematics
Dept. 2 Circles
Basics of a Circle
Introduction
Sections
Circles
Examples
Basics of a Circle
General and
3 Parabolas
Standard Form
General and
Examples
Standard Form
Examples
4 Ellipses
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
5 Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Parabolas
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Definitions
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
A parabola is the set of all points in a plane that are
Examples
equidistant from a fixed point, called the focus, and a fixed
Parabolas
line, called the directrix.
General and
Standard Form
Examples
The ratio of the distance of any point on the parabola from the
Ellipses
focus and from the directrix is called the eccentricity.
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
- Module 6 -
Mathematics
Dept. 2 Circles
Basics of a Circle
Introduction
Sections
Circles
Examples
Basics of a Circle
General and
3 Parabolas
Standard Form
General and
Examples
Standard Form
Examples
4 Ellipses
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
5 Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Equation of a Parabola
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
The general form of an equation of a parabola follows from the
Standard Form
Examples general form of a conic section where B = 0 and one between
Parabolas A and C is also 0. Thus, the general form of a parabola is one
General and of the two:
Standard Form
Examples
Ax 2 + Dx + Ey = 0
Ellipses
Cy 2 + Dx + Ey = 0
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Equation of a Parabola
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
A parabola, with vertex at (h, k) may open on 4 different
Basics of a Circle
General and
directions. Based on this, the standard form of the equation of
Standard Form
Examples
a parabola are the following:
Parabolas • (x − h)2 = 4a(y − k)
General and Parabola opening upward when a > 0;
Standard Form
Examples Parabola opening downward when a < 0
Ellipses
• (y − k)2 = 4a(x − h)
General and
Standard Form Parabola opening to the right when a > 0;
Examples
Parabola opening to the left when a < 0
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Basic Graphs of Parabolas
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Parabolas
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Basic Graphs of Parabolas
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Parabolas
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Parabolas
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Parabolas
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Parabolas
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Parabolas
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
- Module 6 -
Mathematics
Dept. 2 Circles
Basics of a Circle
Introduction
Sections
Circles
Examples
Basics of a Circle
General and
3 Parabolas
Standard Form
General and
Examples
Standard Form
Examples
4 Ellipses
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
5 Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Example
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Determine the vertex of the parabola defined by the equation
Circles y = x 2 − 4x + 9, then graph.
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Solution:
Parabolas Begin by expressing the equation in standard form. Observe
General and
that the squared term contains the variable x . Perform the
Standard Form
Examples necessary operations to have the x -terms isolated on one side
Ellipses of the equation while the other terms are on the other side.
General and
Standard Form
Examples
y = x 2 − 4x + 9
Hyperbola y − 9 = x 2 − 4x
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Example (cont’d)
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Complete the square on the right side by adding 4 on both
Circles sides of the equation. Afterwards, factor the perfect square on
Basics of a Circle
General and
the right side.
Standard Form
Examples
y − 9+4 = x 2 − 4x +4
Parabolas y − 5 = x 2 − 4x + 4
General and
Standard Form y − 5 = (x − 2)2
Examples
Ellipses Switching the sides of the equation, we get the standard form
General and
of the equation of the parabola as:
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola (x − 2)2 = y − 5
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Example (cont’d)
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction The equation follows the form (x − h)2 = 4a(y − k) where

Defining Conic
Sections (h, k) = (2, 5) and 4a = 1.
Circles Solving for a, we have a = 41 .
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples Using these information, determine the relevant points on a
Parabolas parabola such as the focus, the ends of the latus rectum, and
General and
Standard Form
the equation of the directrix.
Examples
Ellipses
• Focus: (h, k + a) = (2, 5 + 0.25) = (2, 5.25)
General and
Standard Form • Ends of Latus Rectum:
Examples
Hyperbola
(h ± 2a, k + a) = (2 ± 2(0.25), 5 + 0.25) = (2 ± 0.5, 5.25)
Basics of a
Hyperbola • Equation of directrix:
General and
Standard Form y = 5 − 0.25 = 4.75
Examples
- Module 6 -
Mathematics
Dept. 2 Circles
Basics of a Circle
Introduction
Sections
Circles
Examples
Basics of a Circle
General and
3 Parabolas
Standard Form
General and
Examples
Standard Form
Examples
4 Ellipses
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
5 Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Parabolas
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Definitions
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples An ellipse is the set of all points in a plane for which the sum
Parabolas of the distances from two fixed points is a constant.
General and
Standard Form
Examples The value of the eccentricity is less than 1.
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Parts of an Ellipse
Mathematics
Dept. Any point on an ellipse is a constant distance from two fixed
Introduction
points, each of which is called a focus of an ellipse. Midway
Defining Conic
Sections
between the foci is the center of the ellipse.
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Parabolas
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Other Parts of an Ellipse
Mathematics
Dept. The points V1 and V2 are called the vertices of the ellipse.
The line segment joining the vertices is called the major axis,
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
and its midpoint is called the center of the ellipse.
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
The line segment whose endpoints are on the ellipse and that is
Standard Form
Examples
perpendicular to the major axis at the center is called the
Parabolas minor axis of the ellipse.
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
- Module 6 -
Mathematics
Dept. 2 Circles
Basics of a Circle
Introduction
Sections
Circles
Examples
Basics of a Circle
General and
3 Parabolas
Standard Form
General and
Examples
Standard Form
Examples
4 Ellipses
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
5 Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Equation of an Ellipse
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and The general form of an equation of a parabola follows from the
Standard Form
Examples general form of a conic section where B = 0, A 6= C but both
Parabolas A and C have the same signs. Thus, the general form of a
General and parabola is:
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses Ax 2 + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle An ellipse, with center at (h, k), and a > b, has the following
General and
Standard Form standard forms based on the orientation of its major axis:
Examples
(x − h)2 (y − k)2
Parabolas • + =1
a2 b2
General and
Standard Form An ellipse whose major axis is parallel to the x -axis;
Examples
(x − h)2 (y − k)2
Ellipses • + =1
b2 a2
General and
Standard Form An ellipse whose major axis is parallel to the y -axis;
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Important Points on an Ellipse
Mathematics
Dept.
Consider the standard form of an ellipse with major axis parallel
Introduction (x − h)2 (y − k)2
to the x -axis, given by: + =1
Defining Conic
Sections a2 b2
Circles √
Basics of a Circle The eccentricity, e, is given by e = ca where c = a2 − b 2 .
General and
Standard Form It follows that c = ae.
Examples
Parabolas
In addition, keep note of the following important points:
General and
• Center - C (h, k)
Standard Form
Examples • Foci - F1 (h − c, k), F2 (h + c, k)
Ellipses
• Vertices - V1 (h − a, k), V2 (h + a, k)
General and
Standard Form • Co-vertices (along minor axis) -
Examples
Hyperbola
CV1 (h, k + b), CV2 (h, k − b)
Basics of a
Hyperbola • Ends ofLatera Recta (ELR) -
General and 2 b2
Standard Form
Examples
ELR1,2 h − c, k ± ba2 , ELR3,4 h + c, k ± a2
• Directrices - x = ae , x = − ae
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Parabolas
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Parabolas
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
- Module 6 -
Mathematics
Dept. 2 Circles
Basics of a Circle
Introduction
Sections
Circles
Examples
Basics of a Circle
General and
3 Parabolas
Standard Form
General and
Examples
Standard Form
Examples
4 Ellipses
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
5 Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Example
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction Graph the equation x 2 + 4y 2 = 1.

Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
Solution:
General and
Standard Form
Begin by expressing the equation in standard form. The
Examples
coefficient (on the numerator) of x and y must be 1. Hence,
Parabolas
express the coefficients in the denominator instead.
1
General and
Standard Form Use 4 = 1/4 .
Examples
Ellipses (x − 0)2 (y − 0)2

+ 1 =1
General and
Standard Form
1 4
Examples
Hyperbola Since 1 > 14 , the equation is in the form

Basics of a
Hyperbola (x − h)2 (y − k)2
General and + = 1 and the major axis is along the x -axis.
Standard Form
Examples
a2 b2
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Example (cont’d)
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction Identify the value of c knowing that a2 = 1, b 2 = 41 .

Defining Conic
Sections
s
Circles
1
Basics of a Circle
c= 1−
General and
Standard Form 4
Examples s
Parabolas 3
=
General and
4
Standard Form √
Examples
3
Ellipses =
2
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Find the value of a and b.
Hyperbola
1 1
Basics of a
Hyperbola a2 = 1, a = 1 b2 = , b =
General and 4 2
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Example (cont’d)
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections Determine the important point using the values of a, b, c and
Circles with the knowledge that the center is at (0, 0).
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form √ √
• Foci - F1 − 3 3
2 ,0 , F2 2 ,0
Examples
Parabolas
Basics of a Parabola • Vertices - V1 (−1, 0), V2 (1, 0)
General and
• Co-vertices - CV1 0, 21 , CV2 0, − 12
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses
• Ends ofLatera Recta
(ELR) - √
√
ELR1,2 − 2 , ± 4 , ELR3,4 23 , ± 41
3 1
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola Use these points as a guide on graphing the given equation.
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Parabolas
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Parabolas
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
- Module 6 -
Mathematics
Dept. 2 Circles
Basics of a Circle
Introduction
Sections
Circles
Examples
Basics of a Circle
General and
3 Parabolas
Standard Form
General and
Examples
Standard Form
Examples
4 Ellipses
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
5 Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Parabolas
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Definitions
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples A hyperbola is the set of all points in a plane for which the
Parabolas difference of the distances from two fixed points is a constant.
General and
Standard Form
Examples The value of the eccentricity is greater than 1.
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Pats of a Hyperbola
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Parabolas
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Parabolas
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
- Module 6 -
Mathematics
Dept. 2 Circles
Basics of a Circle
Introduction
Sections
Circles
Examples
Basics of a Circle
General and
3 Parabolas
Standard Form
General and
Examples
Standard Form
Examples
4 Ellipses
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
5 Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Equation of a Hyperbola
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
The general form of an equation of a parabola follows from the
General and
Standard Form general form of a conic section where B = 0, A 6= C but both
Examples
A and C have the different signs. Thus, the general form of a
Parabolas
Basics of a Parabola parabola is either of the two:
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Ax 2 − Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
−Ax 2 + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
A hyperbola, with center at (h, k), has the following standard
Sections
forms based on the orientation of its transverse axis:
Circles
Basics of a Circle (x − h)2 (y − k)2
General and • − =1
Standard Form
a2 b2
Examples
A hyperbola whose transverse axis is parallel to (or on) the
Parabolas
x -axis;
General and
Standard Form (y − k)2 (x − h)2
Examples • + =1
Ellipses
a2 b2
A hyperbola whose major axis is parallel to the y -axis;
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
The clue here is the sign of the x or y terms. Whichever has
Basics of a
Hyperbola
the positive sign, the transverse axis is parallel to (or on) the
General and
Standard Form
axis of that variable.
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Important Points on a Hyperbola
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Consider the standard form of a hyperbola with transverse axis
Sections
(x − h)2 (y − k)2
Circles parallel to the x -axis, given by: − =1
Basics of a Circle
a2 b2
General and √
Standard Form
Examples
The eccentricity, e, is given by e = ca where c = a2 + b 2 .
Parabolas In addition, keep note of the following important points:
General and • Center - C (h, k)
Standard Form
Examples
• Foci - F1 (h − c, k), F2 (h + c, k)
Ellipses
Basics of an Ellipse • Vertices - V1 (h − a, k), V2 (h + a, k)
General and
Standard Form
Examples
• Transverse Axis: y = k
Hyperbola • Conjugate Axis: x = h
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
• Equations of Asymptotes: ± ba (x − h) + k
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Parabolas
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Important Points on a Hyperbola
Mathematics
Dept.
Consider the standard form of a hyperbola with transverse axis
Introduction
(y − k)2 (x − h)2
Defining Conic
Sections parallel to the y -axis, given by: − =1
Circles
a2 b2
√
The eccentricity, e, is given by e = ca where c = a2 + b 2 .
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples In addition, keep note of the following important points:
Parabolas
• Center - C (h, k)
General and
Standard Form • Foci - F1 (h, k − c), F2 (h, k + c)
Examples
Ellipses • Vertices - V1 (h, k − a), V2 (h, k + a)

General and • Transverse Axis: x = h
Standard Form
Examples
• Conjugate Axis: y = k
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
• Equations of Asymptotes: ± ba (x − h) + k
General and
Standard Form Note: The asymptotes can be drawn by extending the
Examples
diagonals of the central box.
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Parabolas
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
- Module 6 -
Mathematics
Dept. 2 Circles
Basics of a Circle
Introduction
Sections
Circles
Examples
Basics of a Circle
General and
3 Parabolas
Standard Form
General and
Examples
Standard Form
Examples
4 Ellipses
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
5 Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Example
Mathematics
Dept.
Draw the graph corresponding to the equation
Introduction 9x 2 − 4y 2 − 36 = 0.
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
Solution:
General and
Standard Form
Express the given equation into its standard form by first
Examples
adding 36 on both sides, before dividing both sides by 36 to
Parabolas
make the constant term equal to 1.
General and
Standard Form
Examples 9x 2 − 4y 2 = 36
Ellipses
Basics of an Ellipse 9x 2 − 4y 2 36
General and =
Standard Form 36 36
Examples
x2 y2
Hyperbola − =1
Basics of a
Hyperbola
4 9
General and
x2 y2
Standard Form
− 2 =1
Examples
22 3
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Example (cont’d)
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Since the x -term is positive, the transverse axis of the
Circles
Basics of a Circle
hyperbola must be parallel to the x -axis.
General and
Standard Form Identify the value of c knowing that a2 = 4, b 2 = 9.
Examples
Parabolas
√
c = 4+9
General and
√
Standard Form
Examples
= 13
Ellipses
Basics of an Ellipse Find the value of a and b.
General and
Standard Form
Examples
a2 = 4, a = 2 b 2 = 9, b = 3
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Example (cont’d)
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction Determine the important point using the values of a, b, c and

Defining Conic
Sections
with the knowledge that the center is at (0, 0).
Circles
Basics of a Circle √ √
General and
Standard Form
• Foci - F1 (0, − 13), F2 (0, 13)
Examples
• Vertices - V1 (0, −2), V2 (0, 2)
Parabolas
Basics of a Parabola • Transverse Axis: x = 0
General and
Standard Form
Examples
• Conjugate Axis: y = 0
Ellipses • Equations of Asymptotes: ± 23 x
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Begin by creating the central box, then proceed with sketching
Hyperbola
Basics of a the graph of the hyperbola.
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Make sure that the curve approaches the asymptotes but does
Examples not touch them.
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Parabolas
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 2
Mathematics
Dept.
Introduction
Defining Conic
Sections
Circles
Basics of a Circle
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Parabolas
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Ellipses
General and
Standard Form
Examples
Hyperbola
Basics of a
Hyperbola
General and
Standard Form
Examples

Pre Calc - Module 4 - Unit 2

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ENGGMATH1

Parabolas Squaring both sides of the equation gives:

Ellipses Express the resulting equation into standard form.

Introduction The equation follows the form (x − h)2 = 4a(y − k) where

Introduction Graph the equation x 2 + 4y 2 = 1.

Ellipses (x − 0)2 (y − 0)2

Hyperbola Since 1 > 14 , the equation is in the form

Introduction Identify the value of c knowing that a2 = 1, b 2 = 41 .

Ellipses • Vertices - V1 (h, k − a), V2 (h, k + a)

Introduction Determine the important point using the values of a, b, c and

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