Calculus 2

Lesson 1: Integration
Concept and Formulas
Introduction:
This unit will entirely focus on Anti-differentiation and Indefinite Integrals, Constant
of Integration, Chain Rule for Integration, Power Integration and Trigonometric Integration
Essential Questions?
1. How to correctly name and label a function’s anti-derivative?
2. How to solve the constant of integration of a function?
3. What are the basic concepts of algebraic, transcendental, and other types of
functions that will help in determining the integrals of these functions?
Antiderivative
• An antiderivative is a function that yields to a derivative of the related function
• For example, if 2x is the derivative of x2, then x2 is the antiderivative of 2x
• The method of obtaining of such terms is called anti-differentiation
Given a function, f(x), an anti-derivative of f(x) is any function F(x) such that
𝐹′(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
If F(x) is any anti-derivative of f(x) then the most general anti-derivative of f(x) is called an
indefinite integral and denoted as

∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶

where ∫ is called the integral symbol, f(x) is called the integrand, x is called the integration
variable and C is called the constant of integration.

Integration
• Process of identifying the integral of a function.
• It is the reverse process of differentiation.
• Though it has the same method for anti-differentiation, integration works with the
limits bounded from each end of a given function
• An integration with no defined limits is called Indefinite Integration

1|Integral Calculus:
Integration Concepts and Formulas
The process of finding the indefinite integral of a function is called integration or
integrating the function with respect to the integration variable. The integral sign ∫ is an
elongated “S”, standing for the sum of an infinite number of infinitely small variables.
Frequently Asked Questions:
Can an integral of a function have more than 1 answer?
• Yes, and all of it are considered correct
What happens if the equation has a different letter with its dx
• We consider the whole equation as a constant
How can I check if my answer is correct?
• You can check it using derivatives. You will end up with the equation you’re trying
to solve
Techniques in Integration
Unlike the rest of formulas, techniques are learned as the topic progresses. These
techniques are used especially on more technical integration.
List of Techniques in Indefinite Integral

∫ 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 → 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒

∫(𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 → 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒

𝑑
(∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) → 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒
𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))(𝑔′ (𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 , 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) → 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒

∫ 𝑓(𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑓(𝑦) + 𝐶, 𝑦 ∄ 𝑥 → 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑

∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 → 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠

2|Integral Calculus:
Integration Concepts and Formulas
 List of Indefinite Integral
Group A: Polynomials
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑛+1
∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 𝑛
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
2 𝑛+1
Group B: Basic Trigonometric Functions

∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶

∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 + 𝐶

Group C: Derived Trigonometric Functions

∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|sec 𝑥| + 𝐶 ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥| + 𝐶

∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|sin 𝑥| + 𝐶 ∫ csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥| + 𝐶

Group D: Transcendental Functions

𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑥
∫ = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑥
∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑥 ln 𝑎
Group E: Inverse Trigonometric Functions
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
∫ = arcsin +𝐶 2
∫= arctan +𝐶
√𝑎 − 𝑥 2 √𝑎 𝑎+𝑥 √𝑎 √𝑎
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
∫ = arcsec | | + 𝐶
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 𝑎 √𝑎 √𝑎
Group F: Hyperbolic Functions

∫ sinh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ sech2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tanh 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ sech 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − sech 𝑥 + 𝐶

∫ cosh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ csch2 𝑥 = − coth 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ csch 𝑥 coth 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csch 𝑥 + 𝐶

Group G: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
∫ = arcsinh +𝐶 ∫ = arccosh +𝐶
√𝑥 2 − 𝑎 √𝑎 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎 √𝑎
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 1 𝑥
∫ = arctanh + 𝐶 & arccoth +𝐶
𝑎 − 𝑥 2 √𝑎 √𝑎 √𝑎 √𝑎
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
∫ =− arcsech +𝐶 ∫ = arccsch +𝐶
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 𝑎 √𝑎 √𝑎 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 𝑎 √𝑎 √𝑎

3|Integral Calculus:
Integration Concepts and Formulas
Power Rule: Example 3: Integrate:
Power Rule is used when we have a
∫(2𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥
defined polynomial in our integration.
Example 1: Integrate: Methods 1:
There are two methods in answering this
∫ 6𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
question. For now, we shall use first
what we knew; Expanding
The first we need to work is to “Factor
out” the constant
= ∫(4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
= 6 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
Using technique of addition/subtraction,
we can integrate each term one by one
Then, we can use the power rule, by
adding 1 on the exponent, and then 𝑥3 𝑥2
divide it to its new exponent. DON’T = 4 ( ) + 4 ( ) + 1(𝑥) + 𝐶
3 2
FORGET the +C
4
𝑥 3+1 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝐶
= 6( )+𝐶 3
3+1
Method 2:
Then, we simplify the term
The other method is using substitution.
4 We let the equation inside as u, then
𝑥
= 6( ) +𝐶 replace all x and dx with u and du.
4

3𝑥 4 2𝑥 + 1 = 𝑢
= +𝐶
2 𝑑𝑢
2𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢, 𝑑𝑥 =
Example 2: Integrate: 2
No, we can replace the variables
∫ 𝑥 2/3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
∫(2𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢2 ( )
Even though it is a fraction, power rule 2
still works 1 𝑢3 1
= ( ) + 𝐶 = 𝑢3 + 𝐶
2 2 3 6
𝑥 3+1
= +𝐶 But wait! We need to return it back in
2
3+1 terms of x. So, we substitute it back
5
𝑥3 1
= +𝐶 (2𝑥 + 1)3 + 𝐶
5 6
3
3 5
= 𝑥3 + 𝐶
5
4|Integral Calculus:
Integration Concepts and Formulas
Trigonometric Integrals: Powers of
sines and cosines
There are numerous methods in
simplifying the integral of a trigonometric
functions. One of the most powerful tools
in solving these types of problems is
substitution rule, and also, knowing the
basic trigonometric identities.
Trigonometric Identities mostly used:
2 2
sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = 1
tan2 𝑥 + 1 = sec 2 𝑥
1 + cot 2 𝑥 = csc 2 𝑥
cos2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥 = cos 2𝑥
1 + cos 2𝑥
cos 2 𝑥 =
2
2
1 − cos 2𝑥
sin 𝑥 =
2 ∫ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
We will also try to remember some cases
in which these identities are useful
Integrals of sines and cosines with
odd exponents:
Sines and cosines work by checking the
power it possesses. There are two cases
for this type of problem.
Example: Simplify:
∫ sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The first case we have is sines and
cosines of odd exponents. To solve this,
we need to obtain a sine or cosine with
exponent of 1. Since our given has cos x
having 1 as exponent, we can proceed to
the next step: Substitution.
Pro tip:
Integration Concepts and Formulas
Let u be the function that you didn’t work
out. In this example, you worked out with
cosines, so let u be sin x.
𝑢 = sin 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Now both sides are replaceable with u
and du
∫ sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
Now, we ended up with a more simpler
and understandable integral. Use power
rule for this case. DON’T FORGET the
+C and returning u to normal
𝑢3
= +𝐶
3
sin3 𝑥
= +𝐶
3
Example: Define the integral of
Now we have two functions with odd
exponents. We can deduce that this
integral will have two solutions,
depending on which substitution we work
on.
Solution 1: Let u = sin x
𝑢 = sin 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢2 sin2 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶 = +𝐶
2 2
Solution 2: Let u = cos x
𝑢 = cos 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢2 cos2 𝑥
= ∫ −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − + 𝐶 = − +𝐶
2 2
But wait! There is another solution which
involves this trigonometric identity:
sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
5|Integral Calculus:
Substituting this identity to our formula, 𝑢3 𝑢5
we get: = − +𝐶
3 5
sin 2𝑥 sin3 𝑥 sin5 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − +𝐶
2 3 5
Pro tip: Integration of powers of sines and
If you see ONLY a constant after a cosines with even exponents:
defined function, such as sin 2x, we can Example: Integrate
quickly deduce that this constant will be
divided later. This only works if you don’t ∫ sin2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
use substitution rule of integration.
1 1 sin2 2𝑥 sin2 2𝑥 This is an example of sines and cosines
= ( )( )+𝐶 = +𝐶 with both even exponents. There are
2 2 2 8
numerous methods in simplifying these
And ye, all of them are valid answers for types of problem, but for now, we will use
this integral. But we are not done yet with the most used method.
odd exponents.
In order to solve this problem, we need to
Example: Integrate decided whether we want only sines, or
only cosines. In this case, we will have
∫ sin2 𝑥 cos3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 two solutions, but we will just cover one
of those.
As I said earlier, we need to work out the cos 2 𝑥 = 1 − sin2 𝑥
odd exponent function into having only 1
as exponent. Thus, we use our ∫ sin2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
trigonometric identities. For sines and
cosines, we use this identity:
= ∫ sin2 𝑥 (1 − sin2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
sin2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥 = 1
Since we are working on cosines, we = ∫(sin2 𝑥 − sin4 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
substitute what we can until it meets our
condition.
There are two methods in solving these
2 2 type of problem. For now, we will use
cos 𝑥 = 1 − sin 𝑥
what we have learned from the past, and
∫ sin2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 then as the lesson progresses, the
master equation.

= ∫ sin2 𝑥 (1 − sin2 𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 We will reduce this equation using the

derived double angle formula. Sine we
We can now use substitution rule: are working for sines, we use:

𝑢 = sin 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 − cos 2𝑥

sin2 𝑥 =
2
= ∫ 𝑢2 (1 − 𝑢2 )𝑑𝑢 = ∫(𝑢2 − 𝑢4 ) 𝑑𝑢
∫(sin2 𝑥 − sin4 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
6|Integral Calculus:
Integration Concepts and Formulas
 1 − cos 2𝑥 1 − cos 2𝑥 2 sin 𝑥
= ∫ [( )−( ) ] 𝑑𝑥 ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 2 cos 𝑥

Simplifying it we will get: We still have no clues of it, however, we

know that sines and cosines interchange
1 cos 2𝑥 cos2 2𝑥 when integrating or differentiating. Can
= ∫( + − ) 𝑑𝑥 we work out with something if we use one
4 2 4
of them using substitution rule?
Since our last term is not integratable (Is
that even a word?) we also simplify it sin 𝑥 = 𝑢, cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
again This one doesn’t work. How about the
1 cos 2𝑥 1 1 + cos 4𝑥 other way around?
= ∫( + − ( )) 𝑑𝑥
4 2 4 2 cos 𝑥 = 𝑢, − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
1 cos 2𝑥 cos 4𝑥 This one may work. We don’t know what
= ∫( + + ) 𝑑𝑥 kind of equation we will have, but we can
8 2 8
still try
And now wea are left with something
more familiar. We can now integrate. sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
∫ = ∫−
1 1 sin 2𝑥 1 sin 4𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑢
= 𝑥+ ( )+ ( )+𝐶
8 2 2 4 8 This one is familiar. It is the derivative of
logarithm. We plug it in now.
1 sin 2𝑥 sin 4𝑥
= 𝑥+ + +𝐶
8 4 32 = − ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
As you can see, it is tedious to solve Simplifying it we will get:
these kinds of problems. So, make sure
that you already understand the identities = − ln|cos 𝑥| + 𝐶
involving trigonometry. = ln|cos −1 𝑥| + 𝐶
Integration of Other Trigonometric = ln|sec 𝑥| + 𝐶
Functions:
Example 2: Integrate
Next is more of a puzzle than an
integration with followed method. Be ∫ tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
ready, because it will require all
antiderivatives that you have learned And the gods of integral never stops from
from differential calculus. giving more problematic integrations.
Example: Simplifying it to sines and cosines will not
work this time, since both terms will now
∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 have exponents.
Let us recall other trigonometric functions
The problem with this integral is that we involving tan x, such as…
can’t match it with any integration that we
worked out so far. That is why, we will try tan2 𝑥 + 1 = sec 2 𝑥
to manipulate it to a more familiar face; We try to plug this to our integral.
sines and cosines
7|Integral Calculus:
Integration Concepts and Formulas
 tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 − 1
Using sec x:
∫ tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(sec 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ tan 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 − ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Now we have something that can be
integrated. Recall the derivative of tan x
𝑢 = sec 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
is our first term, thus:
= tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶 = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example: Integrate:
𝑢2
= − ln|sec 𝑥| + 𝐶
∫ tan3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
sec 2 𝑥
Again, we need to deduce to what we = − ln|sec 𝑥| + 𝐶
2
can do to this equation. Maybe we can
use again the same method lately? Either way, both are correct

tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 − 1
∫ tan2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ tan 𝑥 (sec 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
Break room #1
Try to solve this question on your own.
Take note that this is a tedious equation
to work out.

= ∫(tan 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 − tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

We already know the integration for tan ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

x, while we can work out the first term
using substitution. We can use either tan sin 𝑥
x or sec x, since both terms will have the ∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
derivative appear.
Using tan x:

= ∫ tan 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 − ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = tan 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑢2
= − ln|sec 𝑥| + 𝐶
2
tan2 𝑥
= − ln|sec 𝑥| + 𝐶
2

8|Integral Calculus:
Integration Concepts and Formulas