Strength of Materials Module Quizes and Exam

10/2/2020 1.
2 Hooke’s Law - Elasticity, Stress & Strain Relationships: Strength of Materials
1.2 Hooke’s Law - Elas city, Stress &

Strain Rela onships
In this topic we will know more about the Stress and Stain diagram.
In the Construction Industry, some protocols such as non-destructive and destructive tests are in
place to ensure that proper construction methodology are undertaken prior to erection, project turn
over, and occupancy.
Stress and Stain diagram

Stress and Stain diagram is the graph produced by a monitoring equipment during the actual testing,
thus creating a line with respect to the force applied (stress) and the deformation (strain) of the
material.
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10/2/2020 1.2 Hooke’s Law - Elasticity, Stress & Strain Relationships: Strength of Materials
1. Stress- strain diagram - A graphic representation of the relationship between unit stress values
and the corresponding unit strains for a specific material
2. Stress - The cohesive force in a body, which resists the tendency of an external force to change
the shape of that body
3. Strain - The deformation of a body under the action of an applied force, about the change in size
to that of the original size.
4. Elastic region -The region of unit stresses for which a material exhibits elastic deformation
5. Plastic region -The region of unit stresses for which a material exhibits Plastic deformation
6. Yield point - The stress wherein the deformation increases without any increase in the load.
7. Elastic limit – Maximum stress that a material can attained without incurring permanent
deformation.
8. Proportional limit - Maximum stress below which the material does not return to its original length
but has incurred a permanent deformation
9. Ultimate strength - Maximum Stress that can be attained immediately before actual failure or
rapture.
10. Fracture - Stress at which material specimen breaks
1. Force - A push or pull that tends to move a body to the direction of its action.
2. Elastic deformation - A temporary change in the dimensions or shape of a body produced by
a stress.
3. Plastic deformation - A Permanent change in the dimensions or shape of a body produced by
a stress called permanent set.
4. Elasticity - The property of a material that enables it to deform in response to an applied force
and to recover its original proportion upon removal of the force.
5. Strain - The change in the shape of any material when subjected to the action force
6. Hooke’s Law - The measure of linear proportion or ratio of force per unit deformation
expressed as F= K X
7. Tensile - A longitudinal strain that tend to elongate an object.
8. Compression - A longitudinal strain that tend to shorten an object.
9. Axial Stress – (Normal stress) The tensile or compressive stress assumed to be normal to and
uniformly distributed over the area of the cross section.
10. Shear stress - The lateral deformation produced in a body by an external force that causes
one part of the body to slide relative to an adjacent part in a direction parallel to their plane
contact.
Hooke's Law
Sir Robert Hooke (July 18, 1635 – March 3, 1703) Born in England, English Natural Philosopher,
Architect, and Polymath.
Robert Hooke discovered that the amount a spring stretches is proportional to the amount of force
applied to it. This property of material applies only within the proportional limit of the stress and strain
curve.
Click here to download the PowerPoint file.
Hook's Law formula ( F = K X )
Where; F = force applied K = Spring constant X = deformation
Sample problem 1:
A weight of 15,291 Kg. is attached to a spring that has a spring constant of 10 KN/cm. (a) How much
distance will the spring deflect? (b)Show your units in millimeters
Solution:
Determine the given and the unknown
Given: K=10 Kn/cm. Weight= 15,291 kg. Unknown: F & X
F = KX X= F = Weight (9.81) F = 150 KN
X= X=
(a) X = 15 cm Answer
15 cm (10 mm/1cm) where: 1 cm = 10 mm
(b) X = 150 mm asnwer
Sample problem 2:
Determine the rigidity of a spring that will stretch a distance of 25 mm loaded with 10 Kn.
Given: X=25mm F = 10 Kn Unknown: K
F = KX K= K= K=
K=
Sample problem 3:
Find the force that will stretch the spring a distance of 5 mm if the spring constant is 10Kn /mm
Given: X=5mm F= KX K= (5mm)

Unknown: F
F = KX F=( )(5 mm) F = 50 Kn. Answer
Watch the supplemental video to further enhancement of the topic.
Hooke's Law | Mechanical Properties of Solids | Don't Mem…

Mem…
10/2/2020 1.3 Young's modulus of elasticity: Strength of Materials
1.3 Young's modulus of elas city
Hi, refer to the group of formulas above, do not memorize, just say PLEA for Young's modulus.
Young's modulus is a measure of the ability of a material to withstand changes in length when under
axial tension or compression. Sometimes referred to as the modulus of elasticity, Young's modulus is
equal to the longitudinal stress divided by the strain.
Where:
= Stress = The cohesive force in a body, which resists the tendency of an external force to
change the shape of that body. Defined as force per unit area.
= Strain = The deformation of a body under the action of an applied force, about the change
in size to that of the original size. Defined as Change in length divided by the original length.
E=
Where:
E - is the Elastic Modulus of the material
P - is the applied load
L - is the original length of the material
= the deformation (length - original length)
A - the cross sectional area of the material subjected to stress.
Stress formula
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Strain formula
Where:
= Stress = The cohesive force in a body, which resists the tendency of an external force to
change the shape of that body. Defined as force per unit area.
= Strain = The deformation of a body under the action of an applied force, about the change
in size to that of the original size. Defined as Change in length divided by the original length, or
the deformation per unit length.
Axial Stress
Sample problem 1:
A cylindrical concrete, 150 mm in diameter and 300 mm length is subjected to a 100 Kn. of
compressive force. Find the deformation if the modulus of elasticity of concrete is 28 Gpa.
Solution:
Sample problem 2:
A cylindrical concrete, 300 mm length deforms 0.05 mm when subjected to a 120 Kn. of
compressive force. Find the diameter if the modulus of elasticity of concrete is 30 Gpa.
Solution:
A = 24,000 mm2
d = 174.81 mm answer
Other solution:
d = 174.81 mm answer
10/2/2020 Module 1 Summary: Strength of Materials
Module 1 Summary
Summary:
Module 1.1 Introduction
In summary the strength of a material is measured at its rupture point and this happen at the weakest
region of a material.
Module 1.2 Stress and Strain relationship
Hooke's Law follows only the proportional and elastic limit of the material under stress. Above that
the material will suffer permanent deformation also called permanent set.
A stressed material when subjected to higher stress above the yield point will continue to yield it is
referred to as ultimate strength. A stranded wire is more efficient than a solid wire with the same
cross sectional area. An example of this is the cable of an overhead crane.
1.3 Young's Modulus of Elasticity
The property of material used is incorporated in the stress and strain phenomenon to predict the
deformation and ultimate carrying capacity of a material subjected to loading.
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10/2/2020 2.1 Axial, Shear, and Bearing Stress: Strength of Materials
2.1 Axial, Shear, and Bearing Stress
Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It differs from
compressive stress, as it is an internal stress caused by compressive forces.
Bearing area refers to the area of the screw head that directly bears on the part being fastened
Tensile stress is the internal force developed along the longitudinal axis of member subjected to
force, that causes it to elongate.
Shear stress is the force that tend to cause deformation of a member by slippage along a plane or
planes parallel to the imposed stress.
Shear stress is the tangential force applied to a member that causes the member to slip past its
adjacent side.
Example problem:
In Fig. 1, assume that an 8 mm. diameter bolt joins the plates that are 30 mm wide. The allowable
stresses are 80 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 45 MPa for shearing of bolt. Determine (a)
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the minimum thickness of each plate; and (b) the largest average tensile stress in the plates.
Part (a):
From shearing of bolt;
PS (Shear force) = (Shear Stress of Bolt) As (Cross sectional area of bolt)
Ps = ( )(As) Where: As =
Ps = (45MPa) ( )
PS = 2,261.95 N
From bearing of plate material;
Pb = ( ) (Ab) Where: Ab = Diameter of the bolt) (thickness of the plate)
2,261.95 N = (80MPa) ( 8 mm) (t)
t=
t=
t=
t = 3.5 mm answer
Part (b):
Largest average tensile stress (Axial) in the plate:
PA = ( ) (AA) Where: AA = (width of the plate) - (hole for the bolt)
2,261.95 N = ( ) (3.5 mm) (30 mm – 8 mm)
( )=
( )=
( ) = 29.38 Mpa answer
Example problem 2:
In Fig. 2 a lap joint is fastened by four 20 mm diameter bolts. Calculate the maximum safe load P
that can be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is limited to 96 MPa. and the bearing stress in
the plates is limited to 124 MPa. Assuming that the applied load is uniformly distributed among the
four bolts.
Based on shearing of bolts:
Ps =
Ps =
Ps =
Ps = 120Kn
Based on bearing of plates:
Pb = ( ) (Ab) Where: area in bearing stress is compressed area of the Bolt and the
thickness of the plate.
Pb = (4) (20 mm) (22 mm)
Pb = 218.24 Kn
Safe load P = Shear Stress
PS = 120 Kn. Answer
Click here (https://tip.instructure.com/courses/9659/pages/axial-shear-and-bearing) for the word

download.
Watch the supplemental video for better understanding on the subject matter.;
Difference between Normal Stress & Shear Stress
Shearing and Bearing Stress
10/2/2020 2.2 Moment of Inertia: Strength of Materials
2.2 Moment of Iner a
In this topic, we will take a closer look at the materials' ability to resist loads perpendicular to its axis.
Moment of inertia is defined as the ratio of the net angular momentum of a system to its angular
velocity around a principal axis, that is. If the angular momentum of a system is constant, then as
the moment of inertia gets smaller, the angular velocity must increase.
(Wikipedia)
Moment of inertia is defined as the tendency of an object to remain in a state of rest or of a constant
rotational velocity. Greater the moment of inertia, more torque is required to change this state.
(www.toppr.com)
Moment of inertia is the resistance to angular velocity of a body about an axis of rotation along its
longitudinal axis, when a body is at rest.
In statics, moment is to bending, while inertia is the state of a body whether in motion or at rest.
Hence:
Moment of inertia is the angular velocity of a body about an axis of rotation along its
If moment of inertia is defined as the tendency of an object to remain in a state of rest or of a

constant rotational velocity.
Then:
In mechanics of materials, moment of inertia if applied to a body is its ability to resist rotational
force, which is rigidity, and it is attributed to the cross sectional area of the axis being
considered.
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It is also called the “Second moment of Area”, as the resistance happens at the cross sectional
area.
The diameter of the shaft determines the cross sectional area (A = ), hence the greater shaft
diameter translates to a greater cross sectional area that will give a greater resistance to bending as
shown in the diagram.
Moment of Inertia can be calculated using numerical values. Every solid body or construction
material have a specific shape. The dimensions can be a basis for Moment of Inertia value with a
given formula within a geometric configuration of its cross sectional area.
Where: L is the length of the log, r is the radius, and d is the diameter of the log.
For circular section
Example 1:
A log with a diameter of 600 mm have a radius of 300 mm. assuming on that particular region
because log diameter slightly varies from base to top.
The moment of inertia of the log on that particular region is computed as;
= 6,361.73 x
106 mm4
Example # 2
Where: L is the length of the lumber, b is the breadth, and d is the diameter of the lumber.
For rectangular section
Example 2:
A lumber with a breadth (b) of 150 mm. and a depth (d) of 300 mm. assuming 1 inch is
equal to 25 mm.
The moment of inertia of the lumber is computed as follows;
= 337.5 x 106 mm4
But how about a T beam or an I beam? You have to find the centroid of the composite cross
sectional area, and that will be discussed in the next Module.
Watch the supplemental video to further enhance your knowledge in Moment of Inertia.
Area Moment of Inertia - Brain Waves
10/2/2020 2.3 Centroids: Strength of Materials
2.3 Centroids
Every material can be balanced with respect to gravitational pull, and every material have a central
point within an area.
In figure 1, if two children of the same weight are balanced in a seesaw the distance from the fulcrum
should be the distance of the two divided by two (L/2). Or the centroid of gravity will be 1/2 L
Likewise in Figure 2 the center of gravity for a uniformly distributed weight such as a piece of lumber
is L / 2.
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In figure 3, if three children of the same weight are balanced in a fulcrum one on the left edge and
two on the right edge the centroid of gravity will be 2/3 L on the left and 1/3 L on the right as shown in
figure 3.
Likewise in Figure 4, the center of gravity for a uniformly varying weight such as a triangular piece of
lumber is 2L / 3 and L / 3.
Centroid of area
Centroid of an area is the center of the sum of that area based on a thin plate when translated to its
mass to attain balance, or the principle of centroid of mass.
Centroid of Geometrical figures:
Example problem:
Determine the centroid of figure 5.
Solution: (Refer to Figure 6)
Step 1:
Break the figure into its geometrical figure with a known centroid. (A=triangle, B=rectangle, and
C= rectangle).
Step 2:
Create a reference point common to all.
Step 3:
Apply the formula for the X-axis:
Apply the formula for the Y-axis:
Step 4: Determine the area (A) of each geometrical figure, and the distance of centroid from the Ref.
Pt.
AA = (1/2) (3) (2) AA = 3 cm2 XA = 2 cm YA = 4.67 cm
AB = (3) (4) AB = 12 cm2 XB = 1.5 cm YB = 2 cm
AC = (2) (4) AC = 8 cm2 XC = 4 cm YC = 4 cm
AT = 3 + 12 + 8 AT = 23 cm 2
From the formula for the X-axis,
(23 cm 2) = (3 cm2) (2 cm.) + (12 cm2) (1.5 cm) + (8 cm2) (4 cm)
(23 cm 2) = 6 cm3 + 18 cm3 + 32 cm3
(23 cm 2) = 56 cm3
= 56 cm3 / (23 cm 2)
= 2.43 cm answer
From the formula for the Y-axis,
(23 cm 2) = (3 cm2) (4.67 cm.) + (12 cm2) (2 cm) + (8 cm2) (4 cm)
(23 cm 2) = 14.1 cm2 + 24 cm3 + 32 cm3
(23 cm 2) =70.1 cm3
= 70.1 cm3 / 23 cm 2
= 3.05 cm3 answer
Other Solution: (Figure 8)
Step 1:
Break the figure into its geometrical figure with a known centroid. (A=triangle, B=rectangle, and
C= rectangle).
Step 2:
Create a reference point common to all.
Step 3:
Apply the formula for the X-axis:
Apply the formula for the Y-axis:
Step 4: Determine the area (A) of each geometrical figure, and the distance of centroid from the Ref.
Pt.
Assuming Area B is 5 cm by 6 cm rectangle, then deduct Area A and Area C.
Sign convention of Area A and Area C will be negative.
- AA = (1/2 )(3)(2) AA = - 3 cm2 XA = 1 cm YA = 5.33 cm
AB = (5)(6) AB = 30 cm2 XB = 2.5 cm YB = 3 cm
- AC = (2)(2) AC = - 4 cm2 XC = 4 cm YC = 1 cm
AT = -3 + 30 - 4 AT = 23 cm 2
From the formula for the X-axis,
(23 cm 2) = (-3 cm2) (1 cm.) + (30 cm2) (2.5 cm) + (-4 cm2) (4 cm)
(23 cm 2) = -3 cm3 + 75 cm3 -16 cm3
(23 cm 2) = 56 cm3
= 56 cm3 / (23 cm 2)
= 2.43 cm answer
From the formula for the Y-axis:
(23 cm 2) = (-3 cm2) (5.33 cm.) + (30 cm2) (3 cm) + (-4 cm2) (1 cm)
(23 cm 2) = -15.99 cm2 + 90 cm3 - 4 cm3
(23 cm 2) =70.1 cm3
= 70.1 cm3 / 23 cm 2
= 3.05 cm3 answer
It will give the same answer as in figure 7
What is a Centroid? - Brain Waves
Module 2 Summary
Module 2 Summary
2.1 Axial, Shear, and Bearing Stress.
In summary, Types of stresses are not limited to Axial, Shear, and Bearing Stress. Other stresses
that were not mentioned in the module is tensile stress which occur during the stretching of the
plates, and the tensile stress stretching the bolt because you already know that in statics. Some are
bending stress and torque.
In the module, Single Shear on the bolts occur because the cut perpendicular to the bolt happens
once, while on the introductory part is double shear.
In problem number 2, Shear stress and bending stress happens simultaneously on the system and
the larger stress (bearing) will likely fail the system, hence the smaller stress (shear) shall prevail for
the system to work properly.
2.2 Moment of Inertia.
The rigidity of a material subjected to bending is defined by its Elastic Modulus and its cross sectional
area tangential to the force applied along its longitudinal axis.
Moment of inertia is the resistance to angular velocity of a body about an axis of rotation along its
Moment of Inertia (I) is an important factor in Bending Flexure (Fb). Fb =
2.3 Centroid
Centroid of mass is a critical factor in bending moment determination, while centroid of an area is
critical in the determination of Moment of Inertia for I-beams and T-beams, and other irregular cross
sectional figures used as structural members such as C purlins and the likes.
2.4 Deflection in Beams
10/2/2020 Quiz 2.1 Module 2: Strength of Materials
Quiz 2.1 Module 2

Due Sep 3 at 10:30am Points 20 Questions 20
Available until Sep 3 at 11:59pm Time Limit 20 Minutes
Allowed Attempts 2
Instruc ons
General Instructions:
1. This is a 20 minute time limit quiz with two attempts, the higher of the two shall be recorded.
2. Do not forget to click the submit button when you are done.
This quiz was locked Sep 3 at 11:59pm.
A empt History
Attempt Time Score
KEPT Attempt 2 3 minutes 20 out of 20
LATEST Attempt 2 3 minutes 20 out of 20
Attempt 1 6 minutes 19 out of 20
Score for this attempt: 20 out of 20

Submitted Sep 3 at 8:59am
This attempt took 3 minutes.
Question 1 1 / 1 pts
Pressure is a measure of force applied on surface per unit area, Giga

pascal “Gpa” is equivalent to:
1 X 1012 N/mm2
1 X 106 N/mm2
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Correct!
1 X 103 N/mm2
1 X 109 N/mm2
The tensile or compressive stress assumed to be normal to and uniformly

distributed over the area of the cross section.
Shearing stress
Bearing Stress
Tensile Stress
Correct! Axial Stress
The rotational force measured at a given axis at a given point on a beam
Internal force
External force
Correct! Moment
Moment arm
A force acting perpendicular to the surface of an object which tend the

material to slip past the adjacent part.
Correct! Shear stress
Axial Stress
Bearing stress
Strain
The reaction of an elastic body to the external forces applied, equal to the
force per unit area of the elastic body.
Compression
Correct! Stress
Strain
Tension
1Mpa is equal to?
1 N/ mm
1 N/ m²
1 N/ m
Correct! 1 N/ mm²
The deformation of a body under the action of an applied force, about the
change in size to the original size of a stressed element.
Compression
Tension
Stress
Correct! Strain
The contact force between two opposing object.
Axial Stress
Strain
Shear stress
Correct! Bearing stress
The property of a material that enables it to deform in response to an

applied force and to recover its original proportion upon removal of the
force.
Rigidity
Correct! Elasticity
Malleability
Ductility
For a system to be in equilibrium, the sum of the external forces acting on

the system must be...
Minimum
Correct! Zero
Maximum
Constant
The force measured from a loading at a distance from the axis of rotation.
Moment
Internal forces
Torque
Correct! Moment arm
A longitudinal strain that tend to elongate the object.
Strain
Moment of inertia
Correct! Tension
Compression
Defined as the tendency of an object to remain in a state of rest or of a

constant rotational velocity.
Inertia
Correct! Moment of inertia
Velocity
Moment
The balance of weight in a force system.
Centroid
Neutral axis
Centroid of area
Correct! Centroid of mass
A longitudinal strain that tend to shorten the object under stress.
Strain
Stress
Correct! Compression
Tension
Denoted as the average X and Y coordinates of an area.
Central tendency
Correct! Centroid of an area
Centroid of mass
Area moment of inertia
The sum of the displacements of all points in the figure from such a point
being zero.
Neutral axis
Moment of inertia
Reaction
Correct! Centroid
The property of shape that is used to predict deflection of unsupported

structural member under loading.
Axial Stress
Tensile stress
Correct! Area moment of inertia
Stress
The deformation of a structural member as a result of loads acting on it.
Moment
Strain
Shear
Correct! Deflection
Branch of engineering mechanics that is concerned with the analysis of

loads.
Mechanics
Equilibrium
Physics
Correct! Statics
Quiz Score: 20 out of 20
10/2/2020 3.1 Weight, load, and support (Introduction to Shear and Moment): Strength of Materials
3.1 Weight, load, and support

(Introduc on to Shear and Moment)
In statics, their are 4 types of forces acting in a structure;
Tensile force
Compressive force
Shear force
Bending moment (Torque in dynamics)
Shearing force is defined as the force transverse to the beam at a given section tending to cause it
to shear at that section.
Shearing forces are unaligned forces pushing one part of a body in one specific direction, and
another part of the body in the opposite direction. When the forces are aligned into each other,
they are called compression forces.
Example, when a piece of paper is cut by scissors.
When a structural member experiences failure by shear, two parts of it are pushed in different
directions.
Bending moment is the reaction induced in a structural element when an external force is applied
to the element causing the element to bend.
A bending force is a load that is applied to a portion of material a certain length from a fixed
position. Therefore, the units used to quantify a bending force are typically a unit of length
multiplied by a unit of load. (Distance X Force)
Shear and moment diagram is a graphical representation where the total lateral forces are
distributed to the various vertical elements of the lateral force-resisting system.
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Shear and bending moment diagrams are analytical tools used in conjunction with structural
analysis to help perform structural design by determining the value of shear force and
bending moment at a given point of a structural element such as a beam.
Vertical forces acting on a structure are basically the intrinsic weight of that structure. See the
PowerPoint (1.3 Beams and Supports)
Beams and supports (https://tip.instructure.com/courses/9659/files/1519500/download?wrap=1)

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Page 1 of 27 ZOOM
STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS
MODULE 3
8/31/2020 ding 1
1.3 BEAMS AND
STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS
MODULE 3
02/10/2020 ding 1
1.3 BEAMS AND
SUPPORTS
02/10/2020 ding 2
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the behavior of intermediate members in a
structural system.
TOPIC OBJECTIVES
1. To understand the forces acting on a structure due to
weight.
2. To understand the transmissibility of forces.
02/10/2020 ding 3
POST AND LINTEL
One of the
earliest examples
of beam and
column
construction, it
was built
approximately in
2000 B.C.
Stonehenge, England
02/10/2020 ding 4
POST AND LINTEL
Composed of 30
upright stones,
each weighing
approximately 25
tons, capped by
a continuous ring
of 30 lintel stones
each weighing
about 7 tons.
Stonehenge, England
02/10/2020 ding 5
Weight of an object is measured by its volume multiplied by
its density. (density and specific gravity due to gravitational
pull, )
1. Density of wood = 600 to 900 Kg./M - hard
3
wood
2. Density of water = 1,000 Kg./M3
3. Density of concrete = 2,400 Kg./M 3
4. Density of steel = 7,850 Kg./M 3
02/10/2020 ding 6
A concrete beam is an intermediate structure which possess
weight
If the density of concrete is 2,400 kg./m3,
and the dimensions are 0.3 m, 0.7 m, and 10 m for breadth,
depth, and length respectively,
the Total weight of the concrete beam is 5.04 metric tons
d=0.7m
L=10m
02/10/2020 ding 7
To compute that, multiply the volume by its density.
(volume)(density) = total weight
{(L)(b)(d)} (density) = WT
{(10 m)(0.3 m)(0.7m)} (2,400 kg/m3) = 5,040 Kg
or Equivalent to 5.04 metric tons
d=0.7m
L=10m
02/10/2020 ding 8
The applied force is equivalent to total weight multiplied by
the acceleration due to gravity.
The unit is in Newton.
(5,040 Kg.) (9.81 M/ s2) the amount of force required to
accelerate 1 kg. of weight per second per second.
49,442.4 N or 49.44 KN = The total dead load
02/10/2020 ding 9
The total dead load is 49.44 KN but how do we analyze
this?
If the dead load is divided by its total length
49.44 kn/ 10 m = we get 4.94 KN/m
meaning for every 1 meter of chunk of the beam is 4.94 KN
Translated49.44
into 4.94
KN KN / meter
L=10m
02/10/2020 ding 10
Thereby the totality of that force working on the vertical
direction 4.94 KN per meter assuming that the cross
sectional area of the beam is symmetrical throughout the
length of the beam. (Uniformly Distributed Load)
4.94 KN / m
L=10m
02/10/2020 ding 11
To make the analysis and computation easier, this is
represented by a graphical representation.
4.94 KN / m
L=10m
02/10/2020 ding 12
INTRODUCTION
BEAMS are horizontal structural elements, primarily
designed to resist bending moment.
COLUMNS are vertical and resist axial compressive loads.
In Theory a beam generally collects load along its entire
span and transfer it to the vertical resisting element
(column).
And safely transfer the load to the foundation and to the
ground.
02/10/2020 ding 13
Designed to withstand and transfer loads to its
vertical resisting elements.
example Concentrated loads
P P P
beam
Horizontal member
column column
vertical member
02/10/2020 vertical member
ding 14
moving load Forcing that beam to bend
Occupant loads Transferring the forces to the column
These are LIVE LOADS
Which can be 300 KN 1.3KN
with or without
the structure.
While the beam and the columns

are loads permanently attached
to the structure Called
02/10/2020
DEAD LOADS ding 15
Type of load transfer for the
Stonehenge, in reality it is pinned
by its own weight and the friction
in which it is in contact. But in the
analysis of structures considering
only forces, it acts like a roller
adjusting to the horizontal force
due to change in length brought by
thermal exchange.
02/10/2020 ding 16
7 TONS
Load transfer
depend on
the direction
of the forces
applied on a
structural 25 TONS 25 TONS
load path.
02/10/2020 ding 17
Amount of force transferred to the ground
28.5 Tons 32 Tons 32 Tons 28.5 Tons

25 tons + ½ 7 tons = 28.5 tons
02/10/2020 ding 18
Consider a force in the direction →horizontal, ↑vertical,
and ↶rotational (torque). Moment in Statics
CASE STUDY # 1
An architecture student
in a roller skate
was pushed by another
architecture student at
the 3rd floor corridor.
02/10/2020 ding 19
Discussion
1. What are the forces acting on the student during the

push (free ride)?
2. What are the forces allowed by and resistant at the
roller skate?
3. Why is the student not falling down the 2nd floor?
4. What are the static equilibrium reactions present at the roller
skate during the free ride? →horizontal, ↑vertical, or
↶rotational?
02/10/2020 ding 20
Analysis
A roller allows horizontal, rotation, moment, and
overturning forces but resist vertical forces.
Conclusion
1. A roller support connection is a structural load that
resist forces perpendicular to its plane.
(d) Roller
(c) Roller
02/10/2020 ding 21
2. Forces and Moments are determined by static
equilibrium equations.
 ∑FX=0
 ∑FY=0
 ∑M=0
02/10/2020 ding 22
Types of structural connection
TYPE GRAPHIC ALLOW RESIST EQ. EQ.
Roller Horizontal → Vertical ↑
∑FX=0↑+
Rotational ↶
Pin Rotational ↶ Vertical ↑ ∑FX=0↑+

Horizontal → ∑FY=0 →+
Fixed None Vertical ↑ ∑FX=0↑+

Horizontal → ∑FY=0 →+
Rotational ↶ ∑M = 0 ↶+
02/10/2020 ding 23
1. Full length of PARTS OF THE BEAM
the beam 1. Span
02/10/2020 ding 24
TERMS AND KEY WORDS TO PONDER
1. Span 2. Clear Span
1. Full length of
the beam
2. Measured
from the face
of the supports
02/10/2020 ding 25
1. Full length of
the beam 1. Span 2. Clear Span 2. Effective Span
2. Measured
from the face
of the supports
3. Measured
from the
center to the
center of the
supports
02/10/2020 ding 26
END
Thank you
02/10/2020 ding 27
Students, view the video clip below to supplement your learning.
Concept of Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram - Str…

Str…
10/2/2020 3.2 Shear and Moment of Concentrated Load: Strength of Materials
3.2 Shear and Moment of Concentrated

Load
Time to do some analysis guys.
Sample problem number 1:
A simple beam, 6 meters in length is loaded with a concentrated load of 120 Kilo newton (Kn) as shown.
If the weight of the beam is neglected, plot the shear and moment diagram of the figure.
Step 1.
Draw the Free Body Diagram (FBD) as in figure 2.
https://tip.instructure.com/courses/9659/pages/3-dot-2-shear-and-moment-of-concentrated-load?module_item_id=426937 1/8
Step 2.
Apply the three equilibrium equations.
1.
2.
3.
Step 3. ( Solve for the reactions at the supports)
Solve for the forces as shown with the arrow direction as positive and reversed direction as negative.
1.
+ RAX = 0
RAX = 0
2.
+ RAY + RBY – 120 Kn. = 0
Step 4.
Equate all the variables to the left and the constant to the right of the equation.
RAY + RBY = 120 Kn.
Step 5.
3.
RAX (0) + RAY (0) + 120 Kn. (2 m) + RBY (6 m) = 0
120 Kn. (2 m) + RBY (6 m) = 0
120 Kn. (2 m) = RBY (6 m)
Divide both sides by 6 (m)
120 Kn. (2 m) / 6 m = RBY (6 m) / 6 m
120 Kn. (2 m) / 6 m = RBY
240 Kn. / 6 = RBY
RBY = 40 Kn.
Step 6.
Substitute the value of RBY in Step 3 No. 2
+ RAY + RBY – 120 Kn. = 0
+ RAY + 40 Kn – 120 Kn. = 0
RAY – 80 Kn. = 0
RAY = 80 Kn.
Step 7. (GRAPHICAL METHOD)
Plot the Shear diagram following the arrows.
V0L = 0
V0R = RAY = 80 Kn
V1 = V0R = 80 Kn
V2L = V1 = 80 Kn
V2R = V2L - 120 Kn
V2R = 80 Kn - 120 Kn = – 40 K
V3 = V2R = – 40 Kn
V4 = V3 = – 40 Kn
V5 = V4 = – 40 Kn
V6L = V5 = – 40 Kn
V6R = V6L + 40 Kn
V6R = – 40 Kn + 40 Kn = 0
Figure 3
M0 = 0
M1 = 80 Kn (1 m) = 80 Kn .m
M2 = 80 Kn (2 m) = 160 Kn .m
M3 = 80 Kn (2 m) + (-40 Kn (1 m) = 120 Kn .m
M4 = 80 Kn (2 m) + (-40 Kn (2 m) = 80 Kn .m
M5 = 80 Kn (2 m) + (-40 Kn (3 m) = 40 Kn .m
M6 = 80 Kn (2 m) + (-40 Kn (4 m) = 0 Kn .m
Figure 4
Sample problem number 2
A simple beam is loaded with point loads as shown in figure 5, plot the shear and moment diagram of the force system,
assuming the weight of the beam is neglected.
RBX = 0
RAY + RBY – 12 Kn – 50 Kn = 0
RAY + RBY = 62 Kn
50 Kn (3 m) + 12 Kn (5 m) – RAY (6 m) = 0
RAY (6 m) = 210 Kn.m
RAY =
RAY = 35 Kn
12 Kn (1 m) + 50 Kn (3 m) – RBY (6 m) = 0
RBY (6 m) = 162 Kn.m
RBY =
RBY = 27 Kn
Check your work;
RAY + RBY – 12 Kn – 50 Kn = 0
35 Kn + 27 Kn – 12 Kn – 50 Kn = 0
V0L = 0
V0R = RAY = 35 Kn
V1L = V0R = 35 Kn
V1R = V1L – 12Kn = 35 Kn – 12 Kn = 23 Kn
V2 = V1L = 23 Kn
V3L = V2 = 23 Kn
V3R = V2 – 50 Kn = 23 Kn – 50 Kn = –27 Kn
V4 = V3R = = –27 Kn
V5 = V4 = = –27 Kn
V6L = V5 = –27 Kn
V6R = V6L + 27 Kn
V6R = – 27 Kn + 27 Kn = 0
M0 = 0
M1 = 35 Kn (1 m) = 35 Kn .m
M2 = M1 + 23 Kn (1 m)
M2 = 35 Kn.m + 23 Kn.m = 58 Kn .m
M3 = M1 + 23 Kn (2 m)
M3 = 35 Kn.m + 46 Kn.m = 81 Kn .m
M4 = M3 + (– 27 Kn (1 m)
M4 = 81 Kn .m – 27 Kn.m = 54 Kn .m
M5 = M3 + (– 27 Kn (2 m)
M4 = 81 Kn .m – 54 Kn.m = 27 Kn .m
M6 = M3 + (– 27 Kn (3 m)
M4 = 81 Kn .m – 81 Kn.m = 0
View the video clip to further enhance your learning.
How to Calculate Support Reactions of a Simply Supported…

Supported…
10/2/2020 3.3 Shear and Moment of Uniformly Distributed Load: Strength of Materials
3.3 Shear and Moment of Uniformly

Distributed Load
The weight of a prismatic beam is a good example of a uniformly distributed load. Where the distribution of weight is fairly
distributed throughout its entire length.
Sample problem:
A simple beam with A loading (W) of 20 Kn/m is 6 meters in length as shown in figure 1. Plot the shear and moment
diagram.
Step 1.
Draw the Free Body Diagram (FBD) as in figure 2.
Step 2.
https://tip.instructure.com/courses/9659/pages/3-dot-3-shear-and-moment-of-uniformly-distributed-load?module_item_id=426938 1/5
1.
2.
3.
Step 3. ( Solve for the reactions at the supports)
Solve for the forces as shown with the arrow direction as positive and reversed direction as
negative.
1.
– RBX = 0
RBX = 0
2.
+ RAY + RBY – {(20 Kn. / m) (6 m)} = 0
RAY + RBY – 120 Kn. = 0
Step 4.
Equate all the variables to the left and the constant to the right of the equation.
RAY + RBY = 120 Kn.
Step 5.
Apply Equilibrium Equation # 3 at Point A
3.
360 Kn.m – RBY (6 m) = 0
360 Kn.m = RBY (6 m)
RBY (6 m) = 360 Kn.m
RBY = 360 Kn.m / (6 m)

RBY = 60 Kn.
Step 6.
Apply Equilibrium Equation # 3 at Point B
(20 Kn. / m) (6 m) {(1/2) (6 m)} – RBY (6 m) = 0
360 Kn.m – RBY (6 m) = 0
360 Kn.m = RBY (6 m)
RBY (6 m) = 360 Kn.m
RBY = 360 Kn.m / (6 m)
RBY = 60 Kn.
Step 7. Check
Substitute the value of RAY and RBY (Step 3 No. 2) to check the validity of the answers.
+ RAY + RBY – {( 20 Kn. / m) ( 6 m)} = 0
60 Kn + 60 Kn – 120 Kn. = 0
Step 8. (GRAPHICAL METHOD)
V0L = 0
V0R = V0L + RAY
V0R = 0 + 60 Kn = 60 Kn
V1 = V0R + {( – 20 Kn / m ) (1 m)}
V1 = 60 Kn. – 20 Kn = 40 Kn
V2 = V0R + {( – 20 Kn / m ) (2 m)}
V2 = 60 Kn. – 40 Kn = 20 Kn
V3 = V0R + {( – 20 Kn / m ) (3 m)}
V3 = 60 Kn. – 60 Kn = 0
V4 = V0R + {( – 20 Kn / m ) (4 m)}
V4 = 60 Kn. – 80 Kn = – 20 Kn
V5 = V0R + {( – 20 Kn / m ) (5 m)}
V5 = 60 Kn. – 100 Kn = – 40 Kn
V6L = V0R + {( – 20 Kn / m ) (6 m)}
V6L = 60 Kn. – 120 Kn = – 60 Kn
V6R = V0R + {( – 20 Kn / m ) (6 m)} + RBY
V6R = 60 Kn. – 120 Kn + 60 Kn = 0
Solve for the area of the shear diagram.
M0 = 0
M1 = {(60 Kn + 40 Kn) / 2)(1 m)} = 50 Kn.m.
M2 = {(60 Kn + 20 Kn) / 2)(2 m)} = 80 Kn.m.
M3 = {(60 Kn + 0 Kn) / 2)(3 m)} = 90 Kn.m.
M4 = M3 + {(0 Kn – 20 Kn) / 2) (1 m)}
M4 = 90 Kn.m.+ (– 10 Kn.m) = 80 Kn.m.
M5 = M3 + {(0 Kn – 40 Kn) / 2) (2 m)}
M5 = 90 Kn.m.+ (– 40 Kn.m) = 50 Kn.m.
M6 = M3 + {(0 Kn – 60 Kn) / 2) (3 m)}
M6 = 90 Kn.m.+ (– 90 Kn.m) = 0
Module 3 Summary
MODULE 3
3.1 In summary, all forces acting on a structure causes the member to develop internal force called
stress. Those stresses vary in different types and different variations of deformation, types of failure.
3.2 Concentrate loads are also called point loads because the distribution apply in a very small
portion of the structure. In trusses, these point loads cannot be supported by the length of the
member, hence it can only hold its load transfer at the nodes.
3.3 Uniformly distributed loads are often termed as the columns and beams that are prismatic
throughout the entire length. It is also true to slabs and sometimes to shear walls. Shearing occurs at
the supports while breaking due to excessive bending happen at the mid-span of the unsupported
length.
3.4 Uniformly varying loads pick up its load through the varying cross-sectional area decreasing
linearly along the length of the beam. This type of beam is commonly used in cantilever beams to
reduce the weight of the unsupported edge.
10/2/2020 Prelim Exam: Strength of Materials
Prelim Exam
Due Sep 5 at 10:30am Points 50 Questions 44
Available until Sep 5 at 3pm Time Limit 60 Minutes
Instruc ons
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Submitted Sep 5 at 9:37am
1. Stress at which material specimen breaks
ultimate strength
proportional limit
rupture strength
elastic limit
2. 1Mpa is equal to?
1 N/ m²
1 N/ mm²
1 N/ mm
1 N/ m
3. Formula of Strain?
Deformation / Length
Stress / Strain
Force / Area
(Force)(Length) / (Area)(Modulus of Elasticity)
4. A coefficient of elasticity of a material expressing the ratio between unit

stress and the corresponding unit strain caused by the stress, as derived
from Hooke’s law and represented by the slope of the straight line portion
of the stress- strain line diagram.
Elastic range
Modulus of elasticity
Loading diagram
Stress- strain diagram
5. Stress at w/c the material specimen breaks.
Ultimate strength
Rupture Strength
Maximum Strength
Yield Point
6. The stress wherein the deformation increases without any increase in

the load.
elastic limit
yield point
zero load
proportional limit
7. A force acting at the surface of an object which tend the material to slip
past the adjacent part.
Shear stress
Axial stress
Moment
Bearing stress
8. The change in the shape of any material when subjected to the action
force.
shear
all of the above
strain
stress
9. Formula of Stress?
Stress / Strain
(Force)(Length) / (Area)(Modulus of Elasticity)
Force / Area
Deformation / Length
10. 1Gpa is equal to?
1 N/ m
1 X 103 N/ mm²
1 X 109N/ mm²
1 X 106N/ mm²
11. A temporary change in the dimensions or shape of a body produced

by a stress
plasticity
elastic range
all of the above
elastic deformation
12. A graphic representation of the relationship between unit stress values

and the corresponding unit strains for a specific material.
Stress- strain diagram
Free body diagram
Shear & Moment Diagram
Loading diagram
13. Maximum Stress that can be attained immediately before actual

failure or rapture.
Ultimate strength
Rupture Strength
Yield Point
Maximum Strength
Incorrect Question 14 0 / 1 pts
14. The force passing through the surface area to the longitudinal axis of
a material.
Moment
Shear stress
Axial stress
Bearing stress
15. The range of unit stresses for which a material exhibits elastic
deformation
elasticity
elastic deformation
elastic range
none of the above
16. The cohesive force in a body, which resists the tendency of an

external force to change the shape of the body
strain
none of the above
stress
shear
17. The formula for Hooke’s law
X=FK
F=KX
K=FX
X=P/A
18. Maximum stress below which the material does not return to its
original length but has incurred a permanent deformation
elastic limit
proportional limit
ultimate strength
rupture strength
19. The range of unit stresses for which a material exhibits elastic
deformation
elastic deformation
none of the
elastic range
elasticity
20. Weakening or failure of a material at a stress below the elastic limit

when subjected to a repeated series of stresses.
elastic deformation
elasticity
fatigue
elastic range
21. A force acting perpendicular to the surface of an object which tend the
material to slip past the adjacent part.
Strain
Shear stress
Axial Stress
Bearing stress
22. The reaction of an elastic body to the external forces applied, equal to
the force per unit area of the elastic body.
Compression
Strain
Tension
Stress
23. 1Mpa is equal to?
1 N/ mm²
1 N/ m²
1 N/ mm
1 N/ m
24. For a system to be in equilibrium, the sum of the external forces acting
on the system must be...
Minimum
Maximum
Zero
Constant
25. The force measured from a loading at a distance from the axis of
rotation.
Moment
Moment arm
Torque
Internal forces
26. A longitudinal strain that tend to elongate the object.
Strain
Compression
Moment of inertia
Tension
27. Pressure is a measure of force applied on surface per unit area, Giga
pascal “Gpa” is equivalent to:
1 X 103 N/mm2
1 X 106 N/mm2
1 X 1012 N/mm2
1 X 109 N/mm2
28. The tensile or compressive stress assumed to be normal to and

uniformly distributed over the area of the cross section.
Bearing Stress
Axial Stress
Shearing stress
Tensile Stress
29. The rotational force measured at a given axis at a given point on a

beam
External force
Moment
Moment arm
Internal force
30. The deformation of a body under the action of an applied force, about
the change in size to the original size of a stressed element.
Tension
Compression
Stress
Strain
31. The contact force between two opposing object.
Shear stress
Axial Stress
Bearing stress
Strain
32. The property of a material that enables it to deform in response to an

applied force and to recover its original proportion upon removal of the
force.
Rigidity
Ductility
Elasticity
Malleability
33. The deformation of a structural member as a result of loads acting on

it.
Strain
Deflection
Moment
Shear
34. Branch of engineering mechanics that is concerned with the analysis

of loads.
Equilibrium
Physics
Mechanics
Statics
35. Defined as the tendency of an object to remain in a state of rest or of

a constant rotational velocity.
Inertia
Moment of inertia
Velocity
Moment
36. The balance of weight in a force system.
Centroid
Centroid of area
Neutral axis
Centroid of mass
37. A longitudinal strain that tend to shorten the object under stress.
Stress
Strain
Compression
Tension
38. Denoted as the average X and Y coordinates of an area.
Central tendency
Centroid of an area
Centroid of mass
39. The sum of the displacements of all points in the figure from such a
point being zero.
Neutral axis
Reaction
Centroid
Moment of inertia
40. The property of shape that is used to predict deflection of unsupported

structural member under loading.
Tensile stress
Axial Stress
Stress
41. A cylindrical concrete, 300 mm length deforms 0.02 mm when

subjected to a 135 Kn. of compressive force. Find the cross-sectional
area if the modulus of elasticity of concrete is 26 Gpa.
77,884 mm2
7,788 mm2
778,845 mm2
7,788 mm2

subjected to a 135 Kn. of compressive force. Find the diameter if the
modulus of elasticity of concrete is 26 Gpa.
995.82 mm
300 mm
315 mm
996 mm

subjected to a 135 Kn. of compressive force. What is the stress
developed on the concrete cylinder if the modulus of elasticity of concrete
is 26 Gpa?
1.73 Mpa
17.3 Mpa
0.73 Mpa
173 Mpa

subjected to a 135 Kn. of compressive force. What is the Strain to
original length ratio developed on the concrete cylinder if the modulus of
elasticity of concrete is 26 Gpa?
0.000067
0.00067
0.0067
0.067
0.67
10/2/2020 4.1 V & M of UVL on Simple beam: Strength of Materials
4.1 V & M of UVL on Simple beam
The weight of a Girder beam carrying the beam of the elevated railway is a good example of a uniformly varying load.
Where the distribution of weight is linearly varying along the length of the beam.
Sample problem:
A simple beam with a loading (W) of 28 Kn / m is uniformly varying with 10 Kn / m at its other end, plot the shear and
moment diagram if the length of the beam is 3 meters.
https://tip.instructure.com/courses/9659/pages/4-dot-1-v-and-m-of-uvl-on-simple-beam?module_item_id=426949 1/3
10/2/2020 4.2 V & M of UDL on Cantilever beam: Strength of Materials
4.2 V & M of UDL on Can lever beam

Shear and Moment of a Uniformly Distributed load on Cantilever beam.
Sample problem:
A Cantilever beam with a loading (W) of 12 Kn / m is uniformly distributed throughout its entire length, plot the shear and
moment diagram if the length of the beam is 3 meters.
Step 1
Create the free body diagram.
Step 2.
RAX = 0
RAY – (12 Kn / m) (3 m) = 0
RAY = (12 Kn / m) (3 m)
RAY = 36 Kn
– MA – RAY (3 m) + 12 Kn / m (3 m) 1.5 m) = 0
– MA – 36 Kn (3 m) + 12 Kn / m (3 m) 1.5 m) = 0
https://tip.instructure.com/courses/9659/pages/4-dot-2-v-and-m-of-udl-on-cantilever-beam?module_item_id=426950 1/4
– MA – 108 Kn.m + 54 Kn.m = 0
` MA = – 108 Kn.m + 54 Kn.m
MA = – 54 Kn.m
Step 3.
3.1 Determine the Shear equation.
Integrate the Loading of the beam (W)
W = 12
Where: “W” has no slope and negative for sign convention “going down”.
VX = – 12X + C
Where: C is the Shear boundary condition at Point A “RAY”
VX = – 12X + 36 Shear equation
3.2 Determine the Moment equation
MX = – 6X2 + 36X + C
Where: C is the Moment boundary condition at Point A “MA”
MX = – 6X2 + 36X – 54 Moment equation
Step 4.
4.1 Plot the Shear diagram using the Shear Equation
Step 4.
4.1 Plot the Shear diagram using the Shear Equation
VX = – 12X + 36
V0 = 36 Kn Replacing X with 0
V0.5 = 30 Kn Replacing X with 0.5 m
V1 = 24 Kn Replacing X with 1 m
V2 = 12 Kn Replacing X with 2 m
V3 = 0 Replacing X with 3 m
4.2 Plot the Moment diagram using the Moment Equation
MX = – 6X2 + 36X – 54
M0 = – 54 Kn.m Replacing X with 0
M0.5 = – 37.5 Kn.m Replacing X with 0.5 m
M1 = – 24 Kn.m Replacing X with 1 m
M2 = – 6 Kn.m Replacing X with 2 m
M3 = 0 Replacing X with 3 m
Using the table function is a lot easier to calculate the Function of X
Module 4 Summary
Module 4 Summary
4.1 In summary there are two types of forces acting in a beam due to bending. The moment at the
mid-span of a simple beam is positive, and a tensile force is acting from the neutral axis to the
extreme bottom fiber of the beam, while the top fiber up to the neutral axis is in compression causing
it to shorten.
4.2 The moment acting in a cantilever beam id negative, and a compressive force is acting from the
neutral axis to the extreme bottom fiber of the beam, while the top fiber up to the neutral axis is in
tension causing it to elongate.
10/2/2020 5.1 Deflection in beams: Strength of Materials
5.1 Deﬂec on in beams
There are generally 4 main variables that determine beam deflections. These include:
How much loading is on the structure

The length of the unsupported member
The material, specifically the Young’s Modulus
The Configuration of the Cross Section , specifically the Moment of Inertia (I)
Beam deflection is calculated based on a variety of factors, including materials, the moment of inertia
of a section, the force applied and the distance from support. There is a range of beam deflection
formula and equations (https://skyciv.com/tutorials/beam-deflection-formula-and-equations/) that
can be used to calculate a basic value for deflection in different types of beams
(https://skyciv.com/tutorials/types-of-beam/) .
Deflection, in structural engineering terms, refers to the movement of a beam or node from its original
position due to the forces and loads being applied to the member. Deflection is synonymous to
displacement. It can occur from external applied loads or from the weight of the structure itself, and
the force of gravity in which it applies. It can occur in beams, trusses, frames and basically any other
structure.
The unit of deflection, is a length unit and normally taken as millimeter.
See the PowerPoint (5.1 Deflection in beams)
SOM mod. 5.1.pptx (https://tip.instructure.com/courses/9659/files/2087637/download?wrap=1)

https://tip.instructure.com/courses/9659/pages/5-dot-1-deflection-in-beams?module_item_id=426961 1/2
10/2/2020 5.1 Deflection in beams: Strength of Materials
Page 1 of 31 ZOOM
STREN
MATE
MODU
https://tip.instructure.com/courses/9659/pages/5-dot-1-deflection-in-beams?module_item_id=426961 2/2
STRENGTHOF
MATERIALS
MODULE 5.1
02/10/2020 ding 1
DEFLECTION IN
BEAMS
02/10/2020 ding 2
TOPIC OBJECTIVE
1. To compute the maximum vertical displacement of a

uniformly distributed loaded simple beam.
2. To compute the maximum vertical displacement of a
uniformly distributed loaded cantilever beam.
02/10/2020 ding 3
Review of beam bending.
Behavior of beams subjected to loading, dashed
lines showing exaggerated deflection of the beam.
02/10/2020 ding 4
Where:
𝜃
r, is the radius of curvature
na, is the neutral axis
when no deformation Y
occurs
compressed na
stretched
original length
02/10/2020 ding 5
While, the top fibers of a simple beam are in
compression,
A cantilever top fibers is in tension
02/10/2020 ding 6
In theory of structural application Reinforced steel
Tensile fibers are reinforced with steel method is used
to maximize the
strength of
materials,
where concrete
strength is in
compression
and steel
strength is in
tension
02/10/2020 ding 7
SHEAR AND MOMENTS IN BEAMS
Vertical Shear
The tendency of a part of a beam to slip past with
respect to its adjacent part.
02/10/2020 ding 8
Vertical Shear
The amount of force varies from its vertical
resisting element.
Can be determined by
A shear diagram
At any point along the
Longitudinal axis of the
beam
02/10/2020 ding 9
Moment is the tendency in beams to assume
deflected position due to load/s acting on it.
02/10/2020 ding 10
Moment is the tendency in beams to assume
deflected deformation due to load/s acting on it.
This deflection will cause positive and negative
moment along the longitudinal axis of the beam.
02/10/2020 ding 11
RELATIONSHIP OF LOAD, SHEAR, MOMENT,
& DEFLECTION
As the load is acted on the beam
02/10/2020 ding 12
& DEFLECTION
It will create a vertical shear force and a tendency
to cut the beam.
02/10/2020 ding 13
& DEFLECTION
If the beam yields without shear failure
So it will create bending moment according to the
shear stresses along its longitudinal axis.
02/10/2020 ding 14
& DEFLECTION
Again, if the beam withstand the bending moment
without failure,
the beam will assume a deflected position.
02/10/2020 ding 15
BEAM DESIGN
Inflection point of the beam is when the moment
changes from positive to negative.
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
02/10/2020 ding 16
BEAM DESIGN
And the deflection shows the placement
of the reinforcing bars in tension.
Bottom reinforcing bar and top reinforcing bar
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
02/10/2020 ding 17
Whereas, the amount of deflection is dependent
on the rigidity of the beam (modulus of elasticity
“E”), and the moment of inertia (“I”) along the
cross sectional area of the beam.
02/10/2020 ding 18
Whereas, the amount of deflection is dependent
on the rigidity of the beam (modulus of elasticity
“E”),
b
𝑷𝑳
E= COMPRESSION
𝒃𝒅 𝟑
Ɛ𝑨
NA d 𝐈𝒙𝒙 =
𝟏𝟐
TENSION
02/10/2020 ding 19
FORMULAS FOR DEFLECTION
W 4
5 𝑊𝐿
384𝐸𝐼
L
W is the loading of the beam
L is the loading of the beam
E is the modulus of elasticity of the material
I is the moment of inertia about the x-axis
02/10/2020 ding 20
FORMULAS FOR DEFLECTION
W 4
𝑊𝐿
8𝐸𝐼
L
W
4
𝑊𝐿
30𝐸𝐼
L
02/10/2020 ding 21
More
FORMULAS
02/10/2020 ding 22
Sample problem 1.
A 6 meter long, wide flange simple beam is

loaded with a UDL of 12 Kn./m including its own
weight, if the modulus of elasticity is 200 Gpa
and the cross sectional area of the beam is
shown in the figure 1, determine the maximum
deflection of the beam.
02/10/2020 ding 23
Figure 1
275 mm
Figure 2
25 mm
W = 12 Kn./m
350 mm
L=6m
25 mm
02/10/2020 25 mm ding 24
Solution:
Determine the Moment of Inertia
Short cut formula for wide flange beam
3
𝑏𝑜 𝑥 𝑑𝑜3 𝑏𝑖 𝑥 𝑑𝑖
Ixx = -
12 12
(275 𝑚𝑚)(4003 )𝑚𝑚3 (2)(125 𝑚𝑚)(3503 )𝑚𝑚3
Ixx = −
12 12
4
Ixx = 573,437,500 𝑚𝑚
02/10/2020 ding 25
Solution:
𝐾𝑛
5 𝑊𝐿4 5 12 (64 )(𝑚4 )
𝑚
𝛿= = 𝑁
384𝐸𝐼 384 200 𝑥 103
2 (573.44 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
𝑚𝑚
Convert Kn. to 1,000 n and m to 1000 mm

𝑛
5 12,000 (6,0004 )(𝑚𝑚4 )
1,000 𝑚𝑚
𝛿= 3 𝑁 6 𝑚𝑚4
384 200 𝑥 10 (573.44 𝑥 10
𝑚𝑚2
𝛿 = 1.76 mm answer
02/10/2020 ding 26
Sample problem 2.
A 2 meter long, wide flange beam, unsupported

at its free end is loaded with a UDL of 7 Kn./m
including its own weight, if the modulus of
elasticity is 200 Gpa and the cross sectional area
of the beam is shown in the figure 1, determine
the maximum deflection of the beam.
02/10/2020 ding 27
Figure 1
220 mm
Figure 2
20 mm
W = 7 Kn./m
260 mm
L=2m
20 mm
02/10/2020 20 mm ding 28
Solution:
Determine the Moment of Inertia
3
𝑏𝑜 𝑥 𝑑𝑜3 𝑏𝑖 𝑥 𝑑𝑖
Ixx = -
12 12
(220 𝑚𝑚)(3003 )𝑚𝑚3 (2)(100 𝑚𝑚)(2603 )𝑚𝑚3
Ixx = −
12 12
4
Ixx = 202,066,666.7 𝑚𝑚
02/10/2020 ding 29
Solution:
𝐾𝑛
𝑊𝐿4 7 (24 )(𝑚4 )
𝑚
𝛿= = 𝑁
8𝐸𝐼 8 200 𝑥 103
2 (202.07 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
𝑚𝑚
𝑛
7,000 (2,0004 )(𝑚𝑚4 )
1,000 𝑚𝑚
𝛿= 3 𝑁
8 200 𝑥 10 (202.07𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
𝑚𝑚2
𝛿 = 0.35 mm answer
02/10/2020 ding 30
END
Thank you
02/10/2020 ding 31
10/2/2020 5.2 Determinacy of Structures: Strength of Materials
5.2 Determinacy of Structures
A truss is considered statically determinate if all of its support reactions and member forces can be
calculated using only the equations of static equilibrium.
In statics a structure is statically indeterminate when the static equilibrium equations (force and
moment equilibrium conditions) are insufficient for determining the internal forces and reactions on
that structure
M + R is equal to 2 * J for internally statically determinate trusses, and M + R is greater than 2 * J for
internally statically indeterminate trusses, where M is the total number of members in the truss, R is
the total unknown reaction forces, and J is the total number of joints in the truss.
See the PowerPoint (5.2 Determinacy of frames and trusses)

(https://tip.instructure.com/courses/9659/files/2087639/download?wrap=1)
https://tip.instructure.com/courses/9659/pages/5-dot-2-determinacy-of-structures?module_item_id=426962 1/2
10/2/2020 5.2 Determinacy of Structures: Strength of Materials
Page 1 of 32 ZOOM
STREN
MATE
MOD
https://tip.instructure.com/courses/9659/pages/5-dot-2-determinacy-of-structures?module_item_id=426962 2/2
STRENGTHOF
MATERIALS
MODULE 5
02/10/2020 ding 1
DETETRMINATE
AND
INDETRMINATE
STRUCTURES
02/10/2020 ding 2
TOPIC OBJECTIVE
1. To evaluate the determinacy of structurally

loaded components using the Three Equilibrium
Equations.
2. To evaluate structural connectivity of various
structural elements in assuming static
determinacy.
02/10/2020 ding 3
Beams are classified according to way in which
they are supported.
Reactions at beam supports are determinate if they

involve only three unknowns.
Otherwise, they are statically indeterminate.
02/10/2020 ding 4
Pinned Support
A type of structural connection that resist an applied load
at any direction.
When a force P is applied in the direction as shown…
P
02/10/2020 ding 5
Pinned Support
A force equal to the action force, opposite in direction, and
working in the same line of action resist the force called
reaction, resulting to static equilibrium.
P
02/10/2020 R ding 6
Pinned Support
Hence, (in static equilibrium) the 3 static equilibrium equations can
be employed to find the value of the reaction force.
∑FX = 0 But none of these equations
∑FY = 0 is applicable to the direction P
∑M = 0 of force “R”
02/10/2020 R ding 7
Pinned Support
Therefore, assuming a direction and sign convention can
simplify the problem.
∑FX = 0 ∑FX = 0→+
∑FY = 0 ∑FY = 0↑+ P
∑M = 0 ∑M = 0 ↶+
02/10/2020 R ding 8
Pinned Support
By virtue of vector resolution, breaking the vector “R” into
its X and Y component will simplify the computations.
∑FX = 0 ∑FX = 0→+
∑FY = 0 ∑FY = 0↑+ P
∑M = 0 ∑M = 0 ↶+
Rx
02/10/2020 R Ry ding 9
Pinned Support
While pin support resist a force in any direction,
It will allow the beam to rotate
Rx
Ry
02/10/2020 ding 10
Fixed Support
A fixed support resist a force in any direction,
and resist rotation.
Because the connection is rigid M
Rx
Ry
02/10/2020 ding 11
Support configurations
Changes in temperature cause material to expand or
contract.
Fatigue due to reversal of forces is prevented by the roller
L ∆L
02/10/2020 ding 12
Without a pin on
the other edge of
the beam,
The structure is
unstable.
02/10/2020 ding 13
A cantilever beam can support a load at its free end
because it resist rotation.
02/10/2020 ding 14
Graphical representation of supports
02/10/2020 ding 15
Truss
A structural element that is composed of smaller structural
members typically configured in triangular arrangements
Red members = compression
Blue members = tension
Yellow = varies
02/10/2020 ding 16
Some truss members carry a tension force; others carry a
compression force, and zero force, depending on the
configuration of the load
02/10/2020 ding 17
Determinacy of structures
M+R≥2J
Determinacy of structures is given by this formula
where M = number of members, R = Number of reactions,
and J = number of Joints or connections.
02/10/2020 ding 18
Determinacy of structures
M+R≥2J
Draw the Free Body Diagram of the truss
02/10/2020 ding 19
M+R≥2J
Draw the Free Body Diagram of the truss
RX
RY RY
02/10/2020 ding 20
M+R≥2J M=5
Count the Members
1 3 4
RX
2 5
RY RY
02/10/2020 ding 21
M+R≥2J M=5 R=3
Count the Members
, and the reactions
RX
1
RY 2 RY 3
02/10/2020 ding 22
M+R≥2J M=5 R=3 J=4
Count the Members
, the reactions , and the junctions
M + R ≥ 2 J substitute
5 + 3 = 2 (4) 2
8=8
RX
1 3 4
RY RY
02/10/2020 ding 23
8=8
When the sum of the external constraints M + R is equal
to 2 times the number of connection 2 J
The structure is statically

determinate
RX
RY RY
02/10/2020 ding 24
If both ends are pin connected
9≥8
When the sum of the external constraints M + R is 1
greater than 2 times the number of connection 2 J
indeterminate by 1st degree
RX RX
RY RY
02/10/2020 ding 25
If support A is fixed and B is pin connected
10 ≥ 8
indeterminate by 2nd degree
RX RX
A B RY
RY
02/10/2020 ding 26
If both supports A are fixed connected
11 ≥ 8
indeterminate by 3rd degree
RX RX
A B RY
RY
02/10/2020 ding 27
If both supports are roller connected
7≤8
When the sum of the external constraints M + R is less
than 2 times the number of connection 2 J
unstable
RY RY
02/10/2020 ding 28
7 TONS
POST AND
LINTEL
Theoretically, RY RY
there is no
horizontal
reaction, but 25 TONS 25 TONS
resisting the
vertical forces
on its supports
02/10/2020 ding 29
POST AND
LINTEL
Theoretically, RY RY
there is no
horizontal M+R≥2J
reaction, but (M = 1)+ (R = 2) ≤ (2) (J = 2)
resisting the (1+2) ≤ (2)(2)
vertical forces 3≤4
on its supports UNSTABLE STRUCTURE
02/10/2020 ding 30
EXERCISE
determine the stability and determinacy of a
cantilever beam
02/10/2020 ding 31
END
Thank you
02/10/2020 ding 32
Module 5 Summary
5.1 In summary there are generally four main variables that determine the deflection in beams.
5.2 The deflection of a beam increases as the length of the beam increases due to the moment arm,
and it is also true to the unsupported beam suspended in space.
5.3 The weight of a beam determines part of the beam loading, therefore a plane truss is stronger
and stable compared to other types of beam in relation to its weight.
5.4 The property (Modulus of elasticity) of a material to withstand bending is its ability to balance its
resistance to tensile force and compressive force, and the composition of its atomic structure.
5.5 The moment of inertia of an object rely on the parallel axis theorem, as the distance from the
neutral axis to the extreme tensile or compressive fiber increases, and the cross sectional area in
where the force acts.
10/2/2020 6.1.1 Long and Short column Introduction: Strength of Materials
6.1.1 Long and Short column

Introduc on
A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits,
through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below.
The behavior of columns depend on 3 main factors.
1. The unsupported height of the column.

2. The type of its connectivity.
3. Span of the beam on which it supports.
Effective Length
Basically length of column can be said as vertical distance between two floors or between two tie
levels. According to structural point of view length of column is the distance between two points
where a column gets its fixity of support so its movement is restrained in all directions.
While a column height is the floor to floor distance, the effective length of a column depends
on the type of support conditions the column is subjected to.
The effective column length can be defined as the length of an equivalent pin-ended column
having the same load-carrying capacity as the member under consideration. The smaller the
effective length of a particular column, the smaller its danger of lateral buckling and the
greater its load carrying capacity.
Slenderness Ratio
In structural engineering, slenderness is a measure of the propensity of a column to buckle. It is

defined as where is the effective length of the column and is the least radius of gyration, the latter
defined by where is the area of the cross-section of the column and is the second moment of area of
the cross-section.
https://tip.instructure.com/courses/9659/pages/6-dot-1-1-long-and-short-column-introduction?module_item_id=426972 1/5
In structural engineering, slenderness is a measure of the propensity of a column to buckle.

It is defined as where is the effective length of the column and is the least radius of gyration.
Defined by where is the area of the cross-section of the column and is the second moment of
area of the cross-section.
Short Column
The column, whose least lateral dimension is very large when compared to its unsupported
height, it generally fails by crushing.
When the ratio of the effective length of the column to its least lateral dimension is less than 12
CS = < 12
Long Column
The column, whose least lateral dimension is very small when compared to its unsupported
height, it generally fails by buckling.
When the ratio of the effective length of the column to its least lateral dimension is exceeds 12
CL = > 12
Failure in columns
Column failure by buckling Column failure by crushing
Difference between Long Column and Short Column

Long Column Short Column
Height / Least dimension > 12 Height / Least dimension < 12
Load carrying capacity is less Load carrying capacity is more.
Weaker than short column Stronger than long column
Subjected to buckling stress Subjected to compressive axial stress
Failure due to buckling Failure due to crushing
Buckling in Colums
Buckled shape
of column
Pinned and Fixed

Pinned ends Fixed and free end Fixed ends
end
Theoretical
K=2
K value
K=1 (b) K = 0.5
K = 0.7
(a) (c)
(d)
Recommended
K=1 K = 2.1 K = 0.65 K = 0.7
K value
Watch the video clip to further enhance your understanding
Column buckling
10/2/2020 6.2.1 Long and Short columns, Sample Problem : Strength of Materials
6.2.1 Long and Short columns, Sample

Problem
Time to test your math skills
Rule of thumb.
Sample problem 1:
A 3 meter column is pinned on both ends, determine the type of force acting on the column if the
dimensions are 0.2 meters and 0.3 meters.
Solution:
Solution:
Determine the effective length factor (K) for fixity.
Slenderness Ratio =
Slenderness Ratio = = 15
https://tip.instructure.com/courses/9659/pages/6-dot-2-1-long-and-short-columns-sample-problem?module_item_id=426973 1/3
15 > 12, Therefore the column is subjected to buckling Stress.
Sample problem 2:
A 3 meter column is fixed on 1 end and free on the other end, determine the type of force acting on
the column if the dimensions are 0.2 meters and 0.3 meters.
Solution:
Slenderness Ratio =
Slenderness Ratio = = 30
30> 12, Therefore the column is subjected to buckling Stress.
Sample problem 3:
A 3 meter column is fixed on both ends, determine the type of force acting on the column if the
dimensions are 0.2 meters and 0.3 meters.
Solution:
Slenderness Ratio =
Slenderness Ratio = = 7.5
7.5 < 12, Therefore the column is subjected to axial compressive Stress.
Sample problem 4:
A 3 meter column is fixed on one end and pinned on the other end, determine the type of force
acting on the column if the dimensions are 0.2 meters and 0.3 meters.
Solution:
Slenderness Ratio =
Slenderness Ratio = = 10.5
10.5 < 12, Therefore the column is subjected to axial compressive Stress.
Sample problem 5:
A 3 meter column is pinned on both ends, determine least lateral size of the column if one of the
sides is 300 mm
Solution:
12 =
Least lateral dimension =
Least lateral dimension = = 250 mm
Module 6 Summary
6.1.1 In summary the determination long column and a short column is dependent on the height of
the unsupported column and length of the beam it is supporting.
6.1.2 The type of the structure being industrial, commercial, and residential.
6.1.3 The longer is the span translates to greater loads which dictates the size of the column.
10/2/2020 Quiz 6.1.3 Final quiz: Strength of Materials
Quiz 6.1.3 Final quiz

Due Oct 1 at 10:30am Points 10 Questions 10
Available until Oct 1 at 11:59pm Time Limit 15 Minutes
Allowed Attempts 2
Instruc ons
General guidelines:
This Examination is intended for 15 minutes only with 2 attempts.

You are only allowed to open 1 question at a time and will automatically lock when done answering.
When going to the next question, click 'NEXT'. DO NOT CLICK 'SUBMIT QUIZ' IF YOU ARE NOT
YET FINISH. Otherwise, that will end your Quiz session.
Please be guided accordingly.
This quiz was locked Oct 1 at 11:59pm.
A empt History
Attempt Time Score
Score for this attempt: 10 out of 10

Submitted Oct 1 at 11:58am
1. Length / least lateral dimension gives you the slenderness ratio.
True
Correct! False
2. The column, whose least lateral dimension is very large when

compared to its unsupported height.
Correct! Short Column
Slenderness Ratio
Long Column
Effective Length
3. In a five storey building.
The column generally increases its dimensions as it goes higher floors.
The column generally reduce its dimensions as it goes down to lower

floors.
Correct! The column generally reduce its dimensions as it goes higher floors.
The column generally retains its dimensions as it goes higher floors
4. Type of force acting in a column
Tension
Correct! Compression
Moment
Shear
5. A 4 meter height column measured from floor to floor with a least

dimension of 300 mm is a short column.
False
Always
Correct! Depends on the connectivity
True
6. The column, whose least lateral dimension is very small when

compared to its unsupported height
Effective Length
Short Column
Slenderness Ratio
Correct! Long Column
7. What is the weight of concrete?
None of the above
2,400 kg. /cubic centimeter
2,400 kg. /cubic millimeter
Correct! 2,400 kg. /cubic meter
8. The unit for Slenderness ratio in column.
Millimeters
Correct! None
Pascal
Meters
9. Basically length of column can be said as vertical distance between two

floors or between two tie levels. According to structural point of view.
Correct! Effective Length
Slenderness Ratio
Long Column
Short Column
10. It is defined as where is the effective length of the column and is the
least radius of gyration.
Long Column
Effective Length
Short Column
Correct! Slenderness Ratio

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10/2/2020 1.

2 Hooke’s Law - Elasticity, Stress & Strain Relationships: Strength of Materials

1.2 Hooke’s Law - Elas city, Stress &

Stress and Stain diagram

Click here to download the PowerPoint file.

Hook's Law formula ( F = K X )

Where; F = force applied K = Spring constant X = deformation

Determine the given and the unknown

Given: K=10 Kn/cm. Weight= 15,291 kg. Unknown: F & X

F = KX X= F = Weight (9.81) F = 150 KN

15 cm (10 mm/1cm) where: 1 cm = 10 mm

(b) X = 150 mm asnwer

Given: X=25mm F = 10 Kn Unknown: K

Given: X=5mm F= KX K= (5mm)

F = KX F=( )(5 mm) F = 50 Kn. Answer

Watch the supplemental video to further enhancement of the topic.

Hooke's Law | Mechanical Properties of Solids | Don't Mem…

1.3 Young's modulus of elas city

E - is the Elastic Modulus of the material

P - is the applied load

L - is the original length of the material

= the deformation (length - original length)

A - the cross sectional area of the material subjected to stress.

Module 1.1 Introduction

Module 1.2 Stress and Strain relationship

1.3 Young's Modulus of Elasticity

2.1 Axial, Shear, and Bearing Stress

From shearing of bolt;

PS (Shear force) = (Shear Stress of Bolt) As (Cross sectional area of bolt)

From bearing of plate material;

Pb = ( ) (Ab) Where: Ab = Diameter of the bolt) (thickness of the plate)

2,261.95 N = (80MPa) ( 8 mm) (t)

Largest average tensile stress (Axial) in the plate:

PA = ( ) (AA) Where: AA = (width of the plate) - (hole for the bolt)

2,261.95 N = ( ) (3.5 mm) (30 mm – 8 mm)

( ) = 29.38 Mpa answer

Based on shearing of bolts:

Based on bearing of plates:

Pb = (4) (20 mm) (22 mm)

Safe load P = Shear Stress

PS = 120 Kn. Answer

Click here (https://tip.instructure.com/courses/9659/pages/axial-shear-and-bearing) for the word

Difference between Normal Stress & Shear Stress

Shearing and Bearing Stress

2.2 Moment of Iner a

If moment of inertia is defined as the tendency of an object to remain in a state of rest or of a

For circular section

For rectangular section

The moment of inertia of the lumber is computed as follows;

= 337.5 x 106 mm4

Area Moment of Inertia - Brain Waves

Centroid of Geometrical figures:

Determine the centroid of figure 5.

Solution: (Refer to Figure 6)

Create a reference point common to all.

Apply the formula for the X-axis:

Apply the formula for the Y-axis:

AA = (1/2) (3) (2) AA = 3 cm2 XA = 2 cm YA = 4.67 cm

AB = (3) (4) AB = 12 cm2 XB = 1.5 cm YB = 2 cm

AC = (2) (4) AC = 8 cm2 XC = 4 cm YC = 4 cm

From the formula for the X-axis,

(23 cm 2) = (3 cm2) (2 cm.) + (12 cm2) (1.5 cm) + (8 cm2) (4 cm)

(23 cm 2) = 6 cm3 + 18 cm3 + 32 cm3