P a r d e e p K u ma r Roll No.

- 29

Liquid state laser

Dye Laser
Submitted to:- Presented by:-
Ms. Poorva Rani Ma’am Pardeep Kumar
(Assistant Professor) Subject :-LASER & SPECTROSCOPY
Department of Physics Roll No.= 200580160029
June,2022 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU,
P a r d e e p K u ma r Roll No.- 29

➢ CONTENTS-
▪ History of Dye laser,
▪ Introduction
▪ Dye Laser
▪ Types of dyes
▪ Working
▪ construction
▪ Tunablity and Mode selection
▪ Advantages, Disadvantages & it’s Applications
▪ Refercences
June, 2022 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU,
➢ HISTORY
First Dye Laser is demonstrated by P. P.
Sorokin and F. P. Schäfer in1966
•P.P. SOrOkin-
• Nationality- Russian
• Known For – Demonstration of First Dye Laser
• Award- Albert A. Michelson Medal,ComstockPrize
in Physics
• Field :- Engineering and applied Physics
10 July,1931-24 Sept, 2015

•F.P SchäFer-
• Nationality- German
• Known for – Co-Inventor of Dye Laser
• Book- Dye Lasers
• Field- Applied Physics, Applied Optics

15 Jan,1931-25 April,2011
 P a r d e e p K u ma r Roll No.- 29

➢ INTRODUCTION:-
• Laser:-The laser Word stand for Light Amplification
by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. A laser is a device
that emits Monochromatic, Directional, coherent light
through a process of optical amplification based on the
stimulated emission.
Laser
Gas Laser Solid state Liquid State Semiconductor
Eg- VCSEL,
Eg.- He-Ne, CO2 , Eg. Ruby laser,
Eg- Dye Lasers DBR,DFB,
Ar-ion Nd:YAG laser
Quantum well,dot
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Pardeep Kumar Roll No.-29

➢ LIQUID DYE LASER:-

A dye laser is a laser in which an organic dye as the is
used for lasing action, Active Medium is in the form of
liquid usually as a liquid solution. Certain organic dyes
dissolved in liquid such as alcohol and water.

In atomic spectroscopy, tunability of

Why Dye
Laser is so laser wavelength is extremely useful.
essential? Dye Laser is a tunable laser, Because
it ocsillate 190nm-1400nm, by some
adjustments, it made to oscillate a
perticular range.

June,2022 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU Sirsa

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The compounds such as benzimidazole, benzothiazoles,

coumarins, vitamin such as are fluorescent compounds. In
general, aromatic compounds or heterocyclic compounds
having electron donating or electron withdrawing functional
groups are more fluorescent.

Why Dye
Each Dyes has alternative single and double
is used?
bond,double bonds are called Conjugated (eg.-
Butadine). These compounds aborb light
wavelength above 200nm. Dye molecules
posses several Conjugated double bonds. All
π-electrons make cloud of electron above and
below of plane, provide electrostatic potential,
helpful for laser transition
JUne, 2022 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU,
 P a r d e e p K u ma r Roll No.- 29

➢ TYPES OF DYES :-
• There are around 700 varieties of dyes are available.
More than 200dye molecules exhibiting lasing
wavelength.
• Only those Dyes which have Broad
Can we absorption band in the visible
select all
Dyes??
region and near IR region,
• they have an fluorescence band
which should quite broad.

Typically Dye molecules possesses many atom usually

greater than 50. This mean t.hat (3N-6=150 Modes)
large vibrational mode, it makes broad absorption
Band
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➢ SOME EXAMPLE OF DYES:-

1. • Polymethine Dyes:- Red and near infrared (700nm to
1500nm)

2. • Xathene Dyes:- Visible Range (500nm – 700nm)

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P a r d e e p K u ma r Roll No.- 29

3 • Courmarin Dyes:-
Blue and green regin
(400nm to 500nm)

4 • Oxazine Dyes:- Visible Range (550nm -700nm)

June, 2022 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU,

P a r d e e p K u ma r Roll No.- 29

➢ WORKING OF DYE LASERS :-

• Dye lasers is four energy level system.
• Organic dyes have a strong
absorption and
fluorescence band in
visible Range.
• There are many closely –
spaced energy levels
involving vibrational and
rotational energy states.
• Lower energy level is KT- Level cantain a large no.
Of thermally excited molecules which can’t reach
Lower laser level, not take part in Lansing action
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ENERGY LEVELS OF DYE LASER:-

• There are two different
states (1) singlet, S2, S1,& S0
and Triplets T1 and T2
• The energy states are
influenced by solvent
molecules.
KT

• Laser Transition occurred between S 1 (Uper laser level)

and S0 (Lower laser level) i.e fluorescence emission
• Due to Triplets states, there may be phosphoresce, don’t
take part in Lansing action, it is not favoured by several
factors.
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• Phosphoresce have a deleterious

effect in stopping laser transition.

• This couses the unnecessary

reduction of population of upper
laser level S1
• The absorption spectrum of T1 -
T2 , usually overlaps the
Emission spectrum of S1 – S0 ,
this leading to loss
corresponding wavelength
• This losses may be so strong that
it can prevent laser oscillation.
June, 2022 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU,
 How to
prevent from
triplet
state??

• There should be continues flow of

Dye in active medium
• Liquid solution as a active medium
• Cooling arrangment
• Detergent is added
• Concentration of dyes should be
higher than the solubility.
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➢ CONSTRUCTION OF DYE LASER :-

Typical solvents for laser dyes are ethanol, p-dioxane and
dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The used dye concentration is1%
to 1.5% by weight. The dyes can be purchased in powder
form, such that the user can make the dye solution with any
desired concentration.
Pumping – Pumping arrangements in its simple form
consists of spectrophotometer cuvette filled with dye
solution. It is excited by Nd-YAG Laser, Ar-ion Lasers, Kr –
flash lamp. There is three types of Pumping arrangements:-
1. Transverse Pumping.
2. Longitudinal Pumping.
3. Flashlamp Pumping.
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➢ TRANSVERSE PUMPING ARRANGEMENTS:-

In this case, the beam
of laser is focused by
a lens into a line that
coincide with the axis
of a capillary of quartz
Inside diameter of about 1mm. The transmitted radiation is
reflected by an aluminium coating at the back surface of
capillary tube.It is designed By Hansch in 1972.
Disadvantages :- 1.The efficiency is quite low.
2.The grating incidence design that produces multiple
output Wavelength.
June, 2022 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, S
➢ LONGITUDINAL PUMPING ARRANGEMENT :-
Sorokin and Lankard
introduced a
Longitudinal Pumping
arrangement of a dye
Laser.

Exciting laser passes through one of the dielectric mirror

of cavity that is coated with low reflection co-efficient at
the existing –laser ,and high for dye Laser wavelengths.
Nd-YAG Laser is used for excitation.

Advantages:- Much lower Beam Divergence.

➢ FLASHLAMP PUMPING ARRANGEMENT:-
In this
arrangement,
Dye laser system
consists of a dye
cavity, flash lamp
and end mirror.
Flash lamp containing an inert gas (Ar, Kr, Xe). In
practice, there are several flashlamps surrounding the
cavette. Design of Dye Lasers is similar to solid state
laser. For better excitation, length of flashlamp should
be equal to the cavity. Xe flashlamp are commercially
available and are commonly used.
➢ TUNABILITY AND MODE SELECTION:-
Dye laser is tuned
by using Frequency
selective devices as
a prism, or wedge
filter or a diffraction
grating.
Excitation from a cw laser is accomplished semi-
longitudinally to the optical axis defined by HR mirrors.
Tuning elements, or frequency-selective elements
(FSEs), are deployed between HR mirror and output
coupler mirror in the linear cavity.
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What is Mode
of Laser ?
The light within the cavity viewed as a
E.M. waves that sets up Electromagnetic
Field Pattern, called Modes in the cavity

Types Of Modes

2. Transverse 3. Lateral Mode-

1.Longitudinal
Mode-
Mode- Mode in the plane of the
Trasverse means oscillation
Longitudinal means the active layer that is
across the cross sectional
oscillation along the perpendicular to the
area, perpendicular to the
direction of the beam direction of the emitted
optical axis.
radiation. beam.
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• LONGITUDINAL MODE:-

• TRANSVERSE MODE:-

June,2022 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU,

➢ MODE SELECTION:-
In Lasers only those
Modes con oscillate
which are above the
loss line or transition
line.
Modes or frequency can be selected by using Diffraction
grating. Most common way of doing this is Littrow
arrangement. According to Bragg’s condition:-

nλ = 2dsinθ
Where:-
n = 1,2,3,4……
d = spacing between lines of the grating
➢ ADVANTAGES DYE LASER:-
• It is available in visible form (also in non-visible)
• Range of wavelengths can be produced by the
using dye lasers.
• It is tunable laser
• Having the greater efficiency 25%.
• High output power is also possible with dye lasers

➢ DIS-ADVANTAGES OF DYE LASER:-

• Cost of dye lasers is very high.
• In dye lasers it is very difficult to determine the
element that actually lases because dye has complex
chemical formula.
➢ APPLICATIONS OF DYE LASERS LASER:-
• Astronomy (as laser guide stars).
• Atomic vapor laser isotope separation.
• Manufacturing
• Medicine (Dermatology, They can used scars,
kidney stones and tattoo removal).
• Spectroscopy (dye lasers can be used to study
the absorption and emission spectra of various
materials)
• Femto-Second laser pulse for research
• Birthmark elimination.
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➢ REFERENCES:-
1. Basic concepts of Laser Physics by Dharamvir
Singh Ahlawat.
2. Lasers Techniques and applications by B.M.K.
Prasad
3. Lasers Fundamentals by W.T. Silfwast
4. Lasers Spectroscopy by W. Demtroder
5. Laser (Theory & applications) by A.Ghatak & K.
Tayagrajan
6. Principles of Laser By Orazio Svelto
7. NPTEL- Laser: Fundamental and application Video
Lectures By:- Prof. Manabendra Chandra – IIT
Kanpur
June, 2022 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU,
Pardeep Kumar Roll No. -20

THANK YOU
June, 2022 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU,