Real Gases and Two Phase Systems

Two-Phase Systems and Vapor Processes

Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Why are two-phase systems the main area of interest of
engineers?
 Because power generation involves handling substances, which
undergo phase change in different processes of a power cycle,
specifically systems in which a liquid and its vapor
simultaneously occur (wet mixture)
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Phase change at constant pressure
 Substances change their phase through the application (or
abstraction) of heat
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Phase change at constant pressure
 Classifications of heat:
 Sensible heat
 Type of heat that manifests itself by a change in temperature of the
substance

Where: Qs = sensible heat

m = mass
c = specific heat
t = change in temperature
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Phase change at constant pressure
 Classifications of heat:
 Latent heat
 Type of heat that manifests itself by a change in phase of the
substance

Where: QL = latent heat

m = mass
Lf = latent heat of fusion or melting
Lv = latent heat of vaporization or condensation
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Example: Phase change of water at 101.325 kPa

QS QL QL QS

-3°C 0°C 0°C 0°C

QS QS QL QL QS

50°C 100°C 100°C 100°C

QS

150°C
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Phase change at constant pressure
 Vapor
 A gaseous phase that is in contact with the liquid phase or is in the vicinity
of a state where some of the gas might be condensed
 An imperfect gas in which the ideal gas equation of state Pv = RT no
longer predicts the behavior of the gas accurately, except when it is
subjected to low pressures where the gas molecules tend to be far apart
from one another
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Phase change at constant pressure
 Saturation pressure
 Pressure at which a substance starts to vaporize or condense at a given
temperature
 Saturation temperature
 Temperature at which a substance starts to vaporize or condense at a
given pressure
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Phase change at constant pressure
 Saturated liquid
 Liquid that is in contact and in thermal equilibrium with the gaseous
phase
 Saturated vapor
 Gaseous phase that is in contact and in thermal equilibrium with the
liquid phase
 Wet mixture
 Combination of a saturated liquid and a saturated vapor
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Phase change at constant pressure

Saturated vapor

Saturated liquid
Water at 101.325 kPa
and 100°C
 Properties of Two Phase Systems
 Phase change at constant pressure
 P-v and T-s diagrams for wet-mixtures

P T

P = 101.325 kPa
T = 100°C
Wet mixture Wet mixture

v s
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Phase change at constant pressure
 Sub-cooled liquid
 A liquid whose temperature is lower than the saturation temperature
corresponding to the liquid’s existing pressure

Sub-cooled liquid

Water at 101.325 kPa

and 70°C
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Phase change at constant pressure
 T-s diagram for sub-cooled liquid

T = 100°C
T = 70°C

Sub-cooled
liquid
s
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Phase change at constant pressure
 Compressed liquid
 A liquid whose pressure is higher than the saturation pressure
corresponding to the liquid’s existing temperature

Compressed liquid
Water at 200 kPa
and 100°C
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Phase change at constant pressure
 P-v diagram for compressed liquid

P
Compressed liquid
P = 200 kPa
P = 101.325 kPa

v
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Phase change at constant pressure
 Superheated vapor
 Vapor whose temperature is higher than the saturation temperature at the
vapor’s existing pressure

Superheated vapor

Steam at 101.325 kPa

and 150°C
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Phase change at constant pressure
 T-s diagram for superheated vapor

T = 150°C Superheated vapor

T = 100°C

s
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Degrees of Superheat (°SH)
 For a certain pressure, it is the difference in the actual
temperature of a superheated vapor to the saturation
temperature at the existing temperature.
 Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Degrees of Superheat (°SH)
 Example: Find the degrees of superheat of a superheated vapor
at 150°C and 101.325 kPa.

P T

T = 150°C
P = 101.325 kPa °SH
T = 100°C

v s
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Degrees Sub-cooled (°SC)
 For a certain pressure, it is the difference in the actual
temperature of a sub-cooled liquid to the saturation
temperature at the existing pressure.
 Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Degrees Sub-cooled (°SC)
 Example: Find the degrees sub-cooled of a sub-cooled liquid at
90°C and 101.325 kPa

P T

P = 101.325 kPa P = 101.325 kPa

T = 100°C
°SC
T = 90°C

v s
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Triple point
 State at which the solid, liquid, and gaseous phases of a
substance simultaneously occur
 For water, the triple point is at 0.0888 psia and 32.02°F.
 Any change in the pressure or temperature of the substance
from the triple point will result in the disappearance of one of
the phases of the substance.
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Triple point
PHASE DIAGRAM

Solid Liquid Superheated vapor

Locus of saturated liquid

and vapor mixture

Triple point

T
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Critical point
 State at which the liquid and gaseous phases of a substance are
indistinguishable
 The heat of vaporization to transform a substance from the
liquid to the gaseous phase approaches zero at this point.
 Critical pressure or critical isobar (Pc)
 Pressure at the critical point
 Critical temperature or critical isotherm (Tc)
 Temperature at the critical point
 Critical volume or critical isochor (Vc)
 Volume at the critical point
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Critical point
PHASE DIAGRAM
P
Critical isobar
Pc

Solid Liquid Superheated vapor

Critical isotherm
Tc T
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Critical point
P

Pc

vc v
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Critical point
T

Tc

s
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Properties of Wet Mixtures
 The state of liquids whose conditions are at the left of the
saturated liquid line and of gases whose conditions are at the
right of the saturated vapor line can be determined using two
parameters only.
 However, for saturated conditions, the constant pressure and
temperature lines just coincide with each other. Therefore, at
this condition, pressure and temperature are considered
dependent to each other.
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Properties of Wet Mixtures
 For saturated conditions, in addition to pressure and
temperature, another parameter must be set to define the state
of a wet mixture.
 Steam quality (x)
 Percentage by mass of saturated vapor to a unit mass of wet mixture
 Percentage moisture (y)
 Percentage by mass of saturated liquid to a unit mass of wet mixture
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Properties of Wet Mixtures

Saturated Saturated
liqid (f) vapor (g) s = sf + x(sg - sf)
but,
x y
sfg = sg – sf
therefore,
sf s s = sf + xsfg
s

sg
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Properties of Wet Mixtures
 For other parameters:

v = vf + xvfg v = vg - yvfg

h = hf + xhfg h = hg - yhfg

u = uf + xufg u = ug - yufg
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Mollier chart
 Known as the enthalpy – entropy chart of water and steam
 Can be used in lieu of the steam table to determine the
properties of wet mixtures and steam
 Properties of Two-Phase Systems
h
Constant temperature line

s
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Problem 1: Water at 300°C has an entropy of 6.64 kJ/kg-K.
Determine whether water at this condition is a sub-cooled
liquid, a mixture of saturated liquid and vapor, or a
superheated vapor and find the pressure, specific enthalpy,
and specific volume at this state. Answers: superheated,
P=2.517 MPa, h=3008.291 kJ/kg, v=0.0982 m3/kg

 Problem 2: The pressure of water is 0.5 MPa and its specific

volume is 0.25 m3/kg. Find the specific enthalpy and
temperature of water at this state. Answers: t=151.86°C,
h=2044.218 kJ/kg
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Problem 3: A 3.5-m3 tank contains 10-kg of saturated water
vapor. Find the temperature, specific enthalpy, the pressure
reading in kPa of the pressure gauge tapped to this tank.
Answer: Pg=436.578 kPag

 Problem 4: Superheated vapor has a degree of superheat of

50°C at 350°C. Find the pressure and specific enthalpy of the
superheated vapor. Answer: P=8.581 MPa, h=2969.689
kJ/kg
Properties of Two-Phase Systems
 Problem 5: A 2-m3 tank contains 2 metric tons of pressurized
water at a pressure of 3 MPa. Find the specific enthalpy of
water. Answer: h=67.362 kJ/kg

 Problem 6: A rigid vessel contains 2 kg of a mixture of liquid

water and water vapor in thermal equilibrium with each
other at 0.5 MPa. The liquid and vapor phases occupy the
same volume in the vessel. Compute for the specific enthalpy
of the mixture. Answer: h=646.327 kJ/kg