10.

SUSTITUCIÓN TRIGONOMÉTRICA

TEOREMA DE PITÁGORAS
 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑥
න 𝑥 sin 𝜃 = 3 sin 𝜃 = 𝑥
𝑥2 9 − 𝑥2 3
9 − 𝑥2 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=න 9 sin2 𝜃 = 𝑥 2
9 sin2 𝜃 9−9 sin2 𝜃 1 𝑑𝜃
= න
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 9 sin2 𝜃
= න
3 sin2 𝜃 9(1 − sin2 𝜃) 1
= න Cosec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
9
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1
= න =− 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 + 𝐶
9 sin2 𝜃 ( cos 2 𝜃) 9
1 9 − 𝑥2
=− +𝐶
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 9 𝑥
= න
9 sin2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
9 − 𝑥2
=− +𝐶
9𝑥
 𝑑𝑥 3 9 − 𝑥2 𝑥
න cos 𝜃 = 3 cos 𝜃 = 𝑥
𝑥2 9 − 𝑥2 3
𝑥
−3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑥
−3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=න 9 cos 2 𝜃 = 𝑥 2
9 cos 2 𝜃 9−9 cos 2 𝜃 1 𝑑𝜃
=− න
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 9 cos 2 𝜃
=− න
3 cos 2 𝜃 9(1 − cos2 𝜃) 1
= − න sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
9
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1
=− න =− 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 + 𝐶
9 cos 2 𝜃 ( sin2 𝜃) 9
1 9 − 𝑥2
=− +𝐶
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 9 𝑥
=− න
9 cos 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
9 − 𝑥2
=− +𝐶
9𝑥
 4𝑥 2 + 1
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥
න 2𝑥 1
4𝑥 2 +1 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑥
1 2
1
1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 1
= න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑥
2 tan2 𝜃 + 1 2
1
= 𝑙𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 + 𝐶 tan2 𝜃 = 4𝑥 2
2
1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
= න 1
2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑙𝑛 4𝑥 2 + 1 + 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
= න
2 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃

1
= න 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2
 𝑥 2 − 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2 − 3 𝑥
න sec 𝜃 = 3 sec 𝜃 = 𝑥
𝑥 3
3
3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑥
3 sec 2 𝜃−3 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=න 3 sec 2 𝜃 = 𝑥 2
3 sec 𝜃
= 3 න (sec 2 𝜃 − 1) 𝑑𝜃
= න 3 (sec 2 𝜃 − 1) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= 3 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 − 𝜃) + 𝐶

= 3න (tan2 𝜃) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑥2 − 3 𝑥
= 3 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 +𝐶
3 3

= 3 න (tan2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 𝑥
= 𝑥2 −3− 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 +𝐶
3
𝐼 = න 5 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 Completamos cuadrados
5 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = − 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 −5

= − 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 − 4 − 5

= − 𝑥−2 2 −9
2
= 9− 𝑥−2

𝐼 = න 5 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = න 9 − 𝑥 − 2 2 𝑑𝑥
 3 𝑥−2
𝐼 = න 9− 𝑥−2 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥−2 3 sin 𝜃 = 𝑥 − 2
sin 𝜃 =
3
9− 𝑥−2 2 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑥
= න 9 − 9 sin2 𝜃 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑑𝜃 1
= 9 න (1 + cos 2𝜃)𝑑θ 9 sin2 𝜃 = 𝑥 − 2 2
2

= 3 න 9(1 − sin2 𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑑𝜃 9 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃

= 𝜃+ +𝐶
2 2
9 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= 𝜃+ +𝐶
= 9 න (cos 2 𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑑𝜃 2 2

9 𝑥−2 𝑥−2 9− 𝑥−2 2

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 + +𝐶
2 3 3 3
= 9 න cos 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
9 −1
𝑥−2 1 2
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑥−2 9− 𝑥−2 +𝐶
2 3 2
 𝑥2 Completamos cuadrados
𝐼=න 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥

= − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 1

= − 𝑥−1 2 −1
2
= 1− 𝑥−1

𝑥2 𝑥2
𝐼=න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 − 𝑥2 1− 𝑥−1 2
 𝑥2 1
𝑥−1 𝑥−1 sin 𝜃 + 1 = 𝑥
𝐼=න 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝜃 =
1− 𝑥−1 2 1
1− 𝑥−1 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑥
( sin 𝜃 + 1)2
=න 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑑𝜃 3 cos 2𝜃
1− sin2 𝜃 == න − +2sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 sin2 𝜃 = 𝑥 − 1 2
2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 2sin 𝜃 + 1 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃
=න 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃− − 2cos 𝜃 + 𝐶
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 2 4
3 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1 = 𝜃+ −2cos 𝜃 + 𝐶
= න (1 − cos 2𝜃) + 2sin 𝜃 + 1 𝑑𝜃 2 4
2
3 1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥 − 1 1− 𝑥−1 2 −2 1− 𝑥−1 2 +𝐶
1 cos 2𝜃 2 2
=න − +2sin 𝜃 + 1 𝑑𝜃
2 2