CHAPTER 2:

INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTIONS
➢ Day & Nights

➢ Stars, moon & planets

The Birth of Modern Science
➢Greeks were the first astronomers.

➢Natural laws instead of myths

ARISTOTLE
➢Matter: Solid, Liquid, Gas & Fire

➢Orbits: Perfect Circles

➢ All dropped objects seem to fall

toward the center of the earth.
C L AU D I U S P TO L E M Y

➢ supported Aristotle’s view of the universe

➢ Geocentrism prevailed for more than 1,400

years
GEOCENTRIC MODEL
 To w a r d a n e w u n i v e r s e :
The Downfall of Aristotle
1. Aristotle’s theories relied very little on experiment.

2. The Church had grafted Aristotle’s theories onto its

theology.

3. Rise of Renaissance scholars

 To w a r d a n e w u n i v e r s e :
The Downfall of Aristotle

Modern Science

Free thinking Skepticism Experimentation

COPERNICAN
REVOLUTION
 NICHOLAS/NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
➢ Heliocentric Model

➢ Sun is at the center.

➢ Farther planets orbit the sun slower.

 NICHOLAS/NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
• The Earth is one of several planets revolving around a
stationary sun in a determined order.
• The Earth has three motions: daily rotation, annual
revolution, and annual tilting of its axis.
• Retrograde motion of the planets is explained by the Earth's
motion.
• The distance from the Earth to the Sun is small compared to
the distance from the Sun to the stars.
 NICHOLAS/NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
➢ Heliocentric Model

➢ Sun is at the center.

➢ Farther planets orbit the sun slower.

GEOCENTRISM
 HELIOCENTRISM

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

DARWINIAN
REVOLUTION
 CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN
▪ English naturalist, geologist, and
biologist
▪ Born on February 12, 1809 in
Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England
▪ Died on April 18, 1882 in Downe, Kent
▪ From 1831 to 1836, he was part of a
survey expedition carried out by the
ship HMS Beagle, which included
stops in South America, Australia, and
the southern tip of Africa.
 CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN
▪ He observed and studied birds,
fossils, and plants that led him to
believe that the specie we know
today had gradually evolved from
common ancestors.
▪ Upon his return to England in 1836,
he began to develop a revolutionary
theory about the origin of living
beings that was contrary to the
popular view of other naturalists at
 CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN
▪ On November 24, 1859, he published
a detailed explanation of his theory in
his best-known work, On the Origin
of Species by Means of Natural
Selection.
▪ The mechanism that Darwin
proposed for evolution is natural
selection. Natural selection, process
that results in the adaptation of an
organism to its environment.
 CHARLES ROBERT
▪ Darwin defined evolution as "descent with
DARWIN
modification," the idea that species
change over time, give rise to new species,
and share a common ancestor.
▪ Descent with modification is simply
passing traits from parent to offspring
▪ Darwin’s theory of evolution and the
process of natural selection later became
known simply as “Darwinism.”
 CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN

▪ Charles Darwin's theory was

controversial because of the idea
that life on earth is the product of
purely natural causes, not the
hand of God. It sparked a massive
debate between science and
religion.
 DARWINIAN
AND
CREATIONISM
 D A R W I N I S M A N D C R E AT I O N I S M C A N C O -
EXIST
▪ DARWINISM – the theory of ▪ CREATIONISM – the belief
the evolution of species by that the universe and the
natural selection advanced various forms of life were
by Charles Darwin created by God out of
nothing
 D A R W I N I S M A N D C R E AT I O N I S M C A N C O -
EXIST
“It is just as noble as conception of the Deity to believe that He created a few
original forms capable of self-development into other and needful forms, as to
believe that He required a fresh act of creation to supply the voids caused by the
action of His laws.”
- Rev. Charles Kingsley, Anglican priest of the Church of England

He was the very first person who wrote a

response about Charles Darwin’s famous
book On the Origin of Species By Means
of Natural Selection.
 D A R W I N I S M A N D C R E AT I O N I S M C A N C O -
EXIST

“Darwinism appeared, and, under the guise of a foe, did the

work of a friend.”
- Rev. Aubrey Moore, English Anglo-Catholic priest

He accepted the theory of natural selection, incorporating it

into his Christian beliefs as merely the way God worked. For
the Christian theologian the facts of nature are the acts of
God.
 D A R W I N I S M A N D C R E AT I O N I S M C A N C O -
EXIST

“Pope Pius XII said that Catholic teachings on creation could

coexist with evolutionary theory.”

“The theory’s premise is that the theory of evolution is true

and God used it as the mechanism with which he created
everything.” - John Lennox, Cambridge Professor
 FREUDIAN
REVOLUTION
 SIGMUND FREUD
▪ Born on May 6, 1856
▪ An Austrian neurologist who developed
psychoanalysis
▪ He is one of the scientists to make
serious research of the mind
▪ He died in England on September 23,
1939 at the age of 83 because of
suicide. He requested a lethal dose of
morphine from his doctor, following a
long and painful battle with oral cancer
 HIS DISCOVERY
PSYCHOANALYSIS
▪ It is a type of therapy that aims to release repressed
emotions and memories to lead the client to catharsis,
or healing (McLeod, 2014). In other words, the goal of
psychoanalysis is to bring that which is at the
unconscious or subconscious level up to
consciousness.
▪ Is based on the concept that individuals are unaware
of the many factors that cause their behavior and
emotions. These unconscious factors have the
potential to produce unhappiness.
 PSYCHOANALYSIS
▪ It seeks to explain the complex relationship between
the body and the mind and furthers the understanding
of the role of emotions in medical illness and health.
▪ It is a method of understanding mental functioning
and the stages of growth and development.
▪ Psychoanalytic treatment have formed the basis for
other treatment programs in child psychiatry, family
therapy, and general psychiatric practice.
 PSYCHOANALYSIS
Psychoanalysis is a treatment for:
Anxiety disorders such as:
▪ phobias
▪ panic attacks
▪ obsessive-compulsive disorders and
▪ post-traumatic stress disorder
▪ depression
▪ sexual problems
▪ self-destructive behavior
 PSYCHOANALYSIS
• Psychoanalyst will listen to your story and take
note of the events and patterns from your early
life that could be significant to your behavior in
the present.
• Other techniques may include:
✓ Free association
✓ Therapeutic transference
✓ Dream interpretation
 WHO IS ANNA O?
▪ Patient of Dr. Freud’s colleague, Dr. Josef Breuer
▪ A young woman who was diagnosed with Hysteria with a
series of symptoms that included visual disturbances,
hallucinations, partial paralysis, headaches, and speech
problems.
▪ Dr. Breuer had conducted a treatment which includes talking
about her past experiences. This treatment gave relief to the
young woman which she called the “talking cure”.
▪ Her hysteria was rooted in childhood sexual abuse according
to Freud.
TO P O L O G I C A L M O D E L O F T H E M I N D
1. CONSCIOUS - this is where our
current thoughts, feelings, and focus
live
2. PRECONSCIOUS (sometimes
called the subconscious) - this is the
home of everything we can recall or
retrieve from our memory.
3. UNCONSCIOUS - at the deepest
level resides a repository of the
processes that drive our behavior,
including primitive and instinctual
desires.
STRUCTURAL MODEL OF THE MIND

1. ID - the id operates entirely at an unconscious level

and focuses solely on basic, instinctual drives and
desires. According to Freud, two biological instincts
make up the id:
a. EROS, or the instinct to survive that drives us to engage in
life-sustaining activities.
b.THANATOS, or the death instinct that drives
destructive, aggressive, and violent behavior.
STRUCTURAL MODEL OF THE MIND

2. EGO - The ego provides the immediate reaction to

the events of reality. The ego is the first line of defense
between the self and the outside world. It tries to
balance the two extremes of the id and the superego.

3. SUPEREGO - the superego is the portion of the

mind in which morality and higher principles reside,
encouraging us to act in socially and morally acceptable
ways (McLeod, 2013).