SPECIALIZED CRIME

INVESTIGATION 1 WITH
LEGAL MEDICINE
COMPILED BY:

M.C.P
 SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION
• Is a special study of modern techniques in
the investigation of serious and specific
crimes including murder, homicide, rape,
abortion, robbery, arson kidnapping,
blackmail, car napping and criminal
negligence
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
 SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION
• The emphasis is on physical evidence rather than
an extra-judicial confession.
• Special crime investigation focuses on specific
crimes which by their nature are difficult and
complex to investigate
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
 CENTER OF FORENSIC SCIENCE, 2010 ANNUAL
REPORT IN THE PHILIPPINES
• The Types Of Services In Relation To The Solution Of Crimes Were
Approximately Were As Follows;
1.Biological Evidence (32%)
2.Toxicology (20%)
3.Chemistry (14%)
4.Fire Arms And Tool Marks (8%)
5.Documents And Photo Analysis ( 4%)
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
6.Electronics (3%)
LEGAL SAFEGUARDS OF PERSON UNDER
CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION
 ARTICLE 3 BILL OF RIGHTS UNDER 1987 PHILIPPINE
CONSTITUTION
• Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,
and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature
and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of
arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by
the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and
the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be
searched and the persons or things to be seized.
 CONT..
• Section 12. (1) any person under investigation for the commission of an
offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to
have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the
person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one.
These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel.
 CONT..

• (2) no torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means

which vitiate the free will shall be used against him. Secret detention
places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are
prohibited.
• (3) any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or section 17
hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against him.
 CONT……

• (4) the law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of
this section as well as compensation to and rehabilitation of victims of
torture or similar practices, and their families.
 R.A 7438
Is the law that defines the rights of persons
arrested, detained or under custodial investigation.
•R.A. 857 – is the old law that provides for the
rights of every person arrested. This was
amended by RA 7438.
 CONT…
• Custodial investigation - shall include the practice of issuing an "invitation" to
a person who is investigated in connection with an offense he is suspected to
have committed.
• Assisting counsel. - Assisting counsel is any lawyer, except those directly
affected by the case, those charged with conducting preliminary investigation
or those charged with the prosecution of crimes. The fees to be paid for the
assisting counsel are the following:
• P150.00 = light felonies;
• P250.00 = less grave felonies;
• P350.00 = capital offense.
 PROVISIONS OF RA 7438:

• Any person arrested, detained or under custodial investigation shall at all

times be assisted by counsel.
• Any public officer or employee, or anyone acting under his order or his place,
who arrests, detains or investigates any person for the commission of an
offense shall recite the miranda rights.
• The custodial investigation report shall be read and signed by the person
arrested/detained/under custodial investigation in the language understood.
 CONT…
• Any extrajudicial confession made by a person arrested, detained or under
custodial investigation shall be in writing and signed by such person in the
presence of his counsel, spouse, brother or sister, mayor, priest, pastor, etc.
• Any waiver shall be in writing and signed by such person in the presence of his
counsel; otherwise the waiver shall be null and void and of no effect.
• Any person arrested or detained or under custodial investigation shall be
allowed visits by or conferences
 PENALTY PROVISIONS OF RA 7438
• (A) any arresting public officer of employee, or any investigating officer, who
fails to inform any person arrested, detained or under custodial investigation of
his miranda rights, shall suffer a fine of P6,000.00 or a penalty of
imprisonment of 8 -10 years or both.
• The penalty of perpetual absolute disqualification shall also be imposed
upon the investigating officer who has been previously convicted of a similar
offense.
• (B) any person who obstruct, persons or prohibits any lawyer, any member of the
immediate family of a person arrested, detained or under custodial investigation
shall suffer the penalty of imprisonment of 4-6 years, and a fine of p4,000.
•
 CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED

• A. Right to remain silent.

• Anything the suspect will say maybe used against him/her in any court;
• This can be waived in WRITING signed by the accused and his lawyer
• B. Right to have counsel.
• Own choice of the accused;
• If he has no lawyer, the accused shall file a petition to the court so that the
court shall assign one from the PAO to render free legal assistance.
 CONT.

• C. Right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation.

• The person arrested should be informed of the reason why he is
being arrested
 SEC. 2, RULE 129, RULES OF COURT

• “Judicial admission is made by the party in the pleadings, or in the

course of the trial or other proceedings do not require proof and cannot
be contradicted unless previously shown to have been made through
palpable mistake.”
 KINDS OF EXTRA-JUDICIAL CONFESSION

• A. Voluntary extra-judicial
• A confession made by the accused of his free will and accord, without
inducement of any kind, with a full and complete knowledge of the nature
and the consequence of the confession.
• B. Involuntary extra-judicial
• confessions obtained through force, threat, intimidation, duress or
anything influencing the voluntary act of the confessor.
THE EVOLUTION OF CUSTODIAL RIGHTS
 MIRANDA VS. TEXAS ARIZONA
• In Miranda v. Arizona (1966), the supreme court ruled that detained
criminal suspects, prior to police questioning, must be informed of their
constitutional right to an attorney and against self-incrimination. The
case began with the 1963 arrest of phoenix resident Ernesto Miranda,
who was charged with rape, kidnapping, and robbery. Miranda was
not informed of his rights prior to the police interrogation.
 CONT….
• During the two-hour interrogation, miranda allegedly confessed to committing the
crimes, which the police apparently recorded. Miranda, who had not finished ninth
grade and had a history of mental instability, had no counsel present. At trial, the
prosecution's case consisted solely of his confession. Miranda was convicted of both
rape and kidnapping and sentenced to 20 to 30 years in prison. He appealed to
the arizona supreme court, claiming that the police had unconstitutionally obtained
his confession. The court disagreed, however, and upheld the conviction. Miranda
appealed to the U.S. Supreme court, which reviewed the case in 1966.
 CONT…
• The supreme court, in a 5-4 decision written by chief justice earl warren, ruled
that the prosecution could not introduce miranda's confession as evidence in a
criminal trial because the police had failed to first inform miranda of his right
to an attorney and against self-incrimination. The police duty to give these
warnings is compelled by the constitution's fifth amendment, which gives a
criminal suspect the right to refuse "to be a witness against himself," and sixth
amendment, which guarantees criminal defendants the right to an attorney.
 CONT…
• The court maintained that the defendant's right against self-incrimination has long
been part of anglo-american law as a means to equalize the vulnerability
inherent in being detained. Such a position, unchecked, can often lead to
government abuse. For example, the court cited the continued high incidence of
police violence designed to compel confessions from a suspect.
 CONT…
• This and other forms of intimidation, maintained the court, deprive
criminal suspects of their basic liberties and can lead to false
confessions. The defendant's right to an attorney is an equally
fundamental right, because the presence of an attorney in
interrogations, according to chief justice warren, enables "the
defendant under otherwise compelling circumstances to tell his story
without fear, effectively, and in a way that eliminates the evils in the
interrogations process."
 CONT….

• Without these two fundamental rights, both of which, the court ruled,
"dispel the compulsion inherent in custodial surroundings," "no
statement obtained from the defendant can truly be the product of his
free choice."
 CONT…
• THUS, TO PROTECT THESE RIGHTS IN THE FACE OF WIDESPREAD IGNORANCE
OF THE LAW, THE COURT DEVISED STATEMENTS THAT THE POLICE ARE
REQUIRED TO TELL A DEFENDANT WHO IS BEING DETAINED AND
INTERROGATED. THESE MANDATORY "MIRANDA RIGHTS" BEGIN WITH "THE
RIGHT TO REMAIN SILENT," AND CONTINUE WITH THE STATEMENT THAT
"ANYTHING SAID CAN AND WILL BE USED AGAINST [THE DEFENDANT] IN A
COURT OF LAW."
• The police are further compelled to inform the suspect of his or her right to
an attorney and allow for (or, if necessary, provide for) a defendant's
attorney who can accompany him during interrogations. Because none of
these rights was afforded to ernesto miranda and his "confession" was thus
unconstitutionally admitted at trial, his conviction was reversed. Miranda was
later retried and convicted without the admission of his confession.
 CONT…

• Miranda v. Arizona, in creating the "miranda rights" we take for

granted today, reconciled the increasing police powers of the state
with the basic rights of individuals. Miranda remains good law today.
 BROWN VS MISSISSIPI

• Rule:
• A complaint that a conviction was obtained by confessions procured
through the use of torture is not of the commission of mere error,
but of a wrong so fundamental that it made the whole proceeding
a mere pretense of a trial and renders the conviction and sentence
wholly void.
 FACTS OF THE CASE
• Defendants brown and others were indicted for the murder of one
Raymond Stewart, whose death occurred on march 30, 1934. They were
indicted on April 4, 1934, and were then arraigned and pleaded not guilty.
Counsel were appointed by the court to defend them. Trial was begun the
next morning and was concluded on the following day. At trial, aside from the
confessions, there was no evidence sufficient to warrant the submission of the
case to the jury. After a preliminary inquiry, testimony as to the confessions
was received over the objection of defense counsel.
 CONT….
• Defendants then testified that the confessions were false and had been
procured by physical torture. The case went to the jury with instructions, upon
the request of defense counsel, that if the jury had reasonable doubt as to the
confessions having resulted from coercion, and that they were not true, they
were not to be considered as evidence. Defendants were found guilty and
sentenced to death. On their appeal to the supreme court of mississippi,
defendants assigned as error the inadmissibility of the confessions. The judgment
was affirmed.
 CONT….
• Defendants filed a motion in the state supreme court to arrest the judgment and
for a new trial on the ground that all the evidence against them was obtained by
coercion and brutality known to the court and to the district attorney, and that
defendants had been denied the benefit of counsel or opportunity to confer with
counsel in a reasonable manner. The motion was supported by affidavits.
 CONT…

• At about the same time, defendants filed in the state supreme court a
"suggestion of error" explicitly challenging the proceedings of the trial, in the
use of the confessions and with respect to the alleged denial of representation
by counsel, as violating the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment of
the constitution of the united states. The state supreme court entertained the
suggestion of error, considered the federal question, and decided it against
defendants' contentions. Defendants were granted a writ of certiorari.
 ISSUE:

• Did the use of defendants' confessions at trial violate due process?

ANSWER

YES
 CONCLUSION:
• The supreme court of the united states reversed the judgment convicting defendants.
The state's freedom to regulate the procedure of its courts was limited by the
requirements of due process and did not include the freedom to obtain convictions that
rested solely upon confessions obtained by violence. The use of defendants' confessions
at trial was a clear denial of due process, rendering the convictions and sentences void.
The failure of defendants' counsel to move to exclude the confessions did not prevent a
reversal because the trial court was fully advised of the coerced nature of the
confessions. The proceedings were vitiated by the lack of the essential elements of due
process and could be challenged in any appropriate manner
 ESCOBEDO VS ILLINOIS

• Facts of the case

• Danny escobedo was arrested and taken to a police station for questioning.
Over several hours, the police refused his repeated requests to see his lawyer.
Escobedo subsequently confessed to murder. Escobedo appealed the
affirmation of his conviction of murder by the supreme court of illinois,
which held that petitioner's confession had been admissible even though it
was obtained after he had requested and been denied the assistance of
counsel.
 CONT…
• As soon as someone is in the custody of law enforcement, he or she has a sixth
amendment right to speak to an attorney.
• In a 5-4 decision authored by justice Goldberg, the court ruled that Escobedo's
sixth amendment rights had been violated. The court reasoned that the period
between arrest and indictment was a critical stage at which an accused needed the
advice of counsel perhaps more than at any other. A suspect who was being
interrogated by police while in custody, who had not been warned of his right to
remain silent, and who had requested and been denied an opportunity to consult with
his lawyer, had been denied the assistance of counsel in violation of the sixth
 CONT….

• Amendment. Any statement elicited under such circumstances could not be

used against him at a criminal trial. The court therefore reversed
Escobedo's judgment and remanded for further proceedings.
• Justice Harlan dissented, opining that the judgment of the supreme court of
Illinois should be affirmed because the majority's conclusion would
unjustifiably fetter legitimate methods of criminal law enforcement.
 CONT…

• Justice Stewart dissented on the grounds that the right to assistance of counsel should not
attach until the formal institution of proceedings by indictment, information, or arraignment,
and that the majority's holding would have an unfortunate impact on the fair administration
of criminal justice.
• Justice white, joined by Clark and Stewart, dissented on the grounds that the majority's
decision will be applicable whenever the accused becomes a suspect, rendering admissions
to the police inadmissible unless the accused waives his right to counsel and rendering the
task of law enforcement more difficult
 THE TERRY DOCTRINE, PART 1: WARRANTLESS FRISKS &
SEIZURES

• The fourth amendment protects us against unlawful searches and seizures by

the government. Usually, a search and/or a seizure is unlawful if done
without a warrant or if an exception to the warrant requirement does not
apply. However, the terry doctrine permits an investigatory seizure if police
have a “reasonable suspicion” that the person has committed or is
committing a crime.
 CONT..

• This is also known as a “terry stop.” Furthermore, an officer may frisk the outer clothing if
reasonable suspicion exists to believe that the individual is armed and dangerous (also known as a
“terry frisk”). The scope and duration of a terry stop and frisk based on reasonable suspicion is
limited, so let’s take a look at what a police officer can and cannot do during a terry stop to
ensure that your civil rights are not violated if you ever have to experience one.
 CONT..

• Part 1-- not all encounters between the police and citizens are “seizures” within the meaning
of the fourth amendment. Only when an officer, by means of physical force or a show of
authority has in some way restrained the liberty of a citizen, is there a seizure.[2] to
determine whether a terry stop and a terry frisk was reasonable, courts usually ask two
questions: 1) whether the officer’s actions were justified at the time of the stop; and 2)
whether the stop and/or frisk was reasonably related in scope to the circumstances which
justified the interference in the first place.
 CONT….

• For the first inquiry, we must ask whether there were adequate
grounds for the stop at the time the police officer seized the person.
For example, did the police officer have reasonable suspicion to
believe the person was armed and dangerous before stopping and
frisking the individual? If the answer is no, then that stop and frisk
would likely be an unreasonable search and seizure.
 CONT…
• For the second inquiry, we must ask whether the scope of the stop went
beyond what was permissible based only on reasonable suspicion. The
police officer must be able to point to specific and articulable facts, which
taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably
warrant the intrusion on the individual’s rights. In the simplest terms, the
officer must have reasonable grounds to suspect that the individual has
committed or is committing a crime prior to stopping that individual. Finally,
reasonable suspicion alone does not allow a person to be detained
indefinitely
SCENE OF THE CRIME OPERATION
(SOCO)
 SCENE OF THE CRIME OPERATION (SOCO)

• SCENE OF CRIME OPERATION IS A FORENSIC PROCEDURE

PERFORMED BY TRAINED PERSONNEL OF THE PNP CRIME
LABORATORY THROUGH SCIENTIFIC METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
FOR THE PURPOSE OF PRESERVING THE CRIME SCENE, GATHERING
INFORMATION, DOCUMENTATION, COLLECTION AND
EXAMINATION OF ALL PHYSICAL EVIDENCE.
 MISSION

• THE SOCO SHALL PROVIDE FORENSIC EXPERTISE TO CRIMINAL

INVESTIGATION BY PRESERVING, SECURING, AND IF NEED BY
SCIENTIFICALLY RECONSTRUCTING THE CRIME SCENE FOR THE
COLLECTION, DOCUMENTATION AND FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF
ALL COLLECTED PHYSICAL EVIDENCE WITH THE END IN VIEW OF
ESTABLISHING FACT/S RELATIVE TO A CRIMINAL INCIDENT.
 OBJECTIVES
• 1. TO CONDUCT FORENSIC INVESTIGATIONS THROUGH THE METHODICAL
MEANS OF COLLECTION,, EXAMINATION, PRESERVATION AND
PRESENTATION OF ALL EVIDENCE FOR THE FINAL DISPOSITION OF
CRIMINAL CASES.
• 2. TO ENABLE THE POLICE INVESTIGATION/ LINE UNITS TO EXPEDITIOUSLY
IDENTIFY AND ARREST THE CRIMINAL PERPETRATORS THROUGH THE
COLLECTED AND EXAMINED PHYSICAL EVIDENCE.
• 3. TO ESTABLISH THE FACTS BEFORE THE COMPETENT COURTS BASED ON
COLLECTED AND EXAMINED PHYSICAL EVIDENCE.
• 4. TO STRICTLY ADHERE TO THE PROTOCOLS GOVERNING FORENSIC
WHY DO WE LOOK TO SCIENCE FOR ASSISTANCE IN OUR
LEGAL SYSTEM?

➢ INCREASING CRIME RATES DUE TO TECHNOLOGY;

➢ NEW OR CHANGED LAWS TO ADDRESS THE ADMINISTRATION OF
JUSTICES;
➢ NEW CRIMES;
➢ NEW WEAPONS & MATERIALS;
➢ RESPONSE TO PUBLIC CONCERNS (STREET CRIMES, CRIME SCENES, ETC.);
AND
➢ RESPONSE TO LAW ENFORCEMENT CONCERNS (TRACES & ASSOCIATION)
 SERVICES OF FORENSIC SCIENCE

1. IDENTIFICATION OF CRIMINALS OR VICTIMS

2. SOLVING MYSTERIES
• PAST CRIMES (UNSOLVED OR WRONGFULLY CONVICTED)
• CAUSE, LOCATION, TIME OF DEATH
• PATERNITY CASES

3. CYBER CRIMES
4. CORPORATE CRIMES
5. VOICE ANALYSIS
6. COURT BASES
HOW CRIMINALISTICS /FORENSIC SCIENCE IS SIGNIFICANNT IN
THE CJS
1. JOINTS A MISSING LINK IN A SERIES OF EVENTS;
2. IT STRENGTHENS A WEAK CIRCUMSTANCE IN THE CHAIN OF INVESTIGATION;
3. HELPING THE COURT TO A CONCLUSION REGARDING THE CRIMINALS AND
THEIR PUNISHMENTS;
4. ABLE TO TEST BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE, POISONOUS CHEMICALS AND
SUBSTANCES AND OTHER PIECES OF EVIDENCE TO A CRIME INCIDENT;
5. BELIE, DENY OR CONFIRM TESTIMONIES (VERBAL OR ORAL);
6. PROVE OR DISPROVE SUSPECTS FROM ITS ASSOCIATION TO A PARTICULAR
CRIME OR CRIME OR CRIMINAL INCIDENT.
7. EXAMINATIONS IDENTIFY, QUALIFY OR QUANTIFY PIECES OF EVIDENCE; AND
8. UNLIKE OTHER RESEARCH AND ANALYTICAL MATERIALS, FORENSIC SCIENTISTS
ARE REQUIRED TO WORK WITH LIMITED QUANTITY AND AMOUNT OF MATERIALS
GENERALLY LEFT BEHIND OR CARRIED AWAY BY CRIMINALS.
 FORENSIC SCIENCE TODAY EASE DIFFICULTIES
IN THE FIELDS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION?

The work of forensic scientists commonly includes

➢ identification, collection, investigation/
corroboration;
➢ handling/packaging and preservation;
➢ analysis of physical evidence; and
➢ frequently involves the presentation of findings in
Court as expert witnesses.
DO YOU KNOW HER ?
JULIA CAMPBELL ?
 Porcelain
Jacket Crown
Fused to
Metal
 CLASSIFICATION OF CASES FOR CRIME
LABORATORY ASSISTANCE
• 1. TRAFFIC OR ROAD ACCIDENTS
• 2. ROBBERIES ( BANKS, HOUSES AND OTHERS)
• 3. SUICIDE
• 4. SEXUAL OFFENSES
• 5. DRUG RELATED CRIMES AND ILLEGAL MANUFACTURE OF DRUGS
• 6. FIRES
• 7. EXPLOSIONS OF BOMBS AND OTHER EXPLOSIVE OR GASEOUS MATERIALS
• 8. POISONING
• 9. FRAUD (FORGED OR COUNTERFEIT DOCUMENTS, BANKNOTES ETC.)
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
THE PRIMARY MISSION OF THE
SCENE OF CRIME OPERATION IS THE
PROPER RECONSTRUCTION OF A
CRIME SCENE BASED ON SCIENTIFIC
METHOD OF INVESTIGATION GEARED
TOWARDS THE IDENTIFICATION AND
SUCCESSFUL PROSECUTION OF THE
RESPONSIBLE PERSON.
1.TO OBTAIN MAXIMUM INFORMATION FROM THE CRIME
SCENE BASED ON SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUES.

2.TO PREVENT OVERLAPPING OR DUPLICATION OF

FUNCTIONS.

3.TO MAKE SOCO A VITAL OR INDISPENSABLE PART OF

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION.

4.TO ORIENT THE CRIMINAL INVESTIGATORS.

•POLICE OFFICER RECEIVES REPORT/COMPLAINT

THE TIME & DATE THE REPORT WAS MADE

THE IDENTITY OF THE PERSON WHO MADE THE REPORT

•RECORD
PLACE OF THE INCIDENT

SYNOPSIS OF THE INDICENT

•INFORM SUPERIOR OFFICER REGARDING THE REPORT

•VERIFY THE REPORT

•CALL UP CRIMELAB FOR SOCO ASSISTANCE AND/OR EODT

•DISPATCH CRIMINAL INVESTIGATORS TO THE CRIME SCENE

 HOMICIDE

HEINOUS MURDER
CRIME
SOCO
CASES

ARSON ROBBERY
HOMICIDE

RAPE
HOMICIDE
 Team Leader

Driver / Sketcher
Custodian

Crime Scene SOCO Photo-

Guard TEAM grapher

F/print Recorder
Technician
Evidence
Collector
ACCOUNT FOR THE EVIDENCE FROM
THE TIME IT IS COLLECTED UNTIL
IT IS PRODUCED IN COURT. ANY
BREAK IN THIS CHAIN OF CUSTODY
MAY MAKE THE MATERIAL
INADMISSIBLE AS EVIDENCE IN
COURT.
 Prosecution

Investigators
Crime
Laboratory
Investigators
Crime
scene
 COURT

PROSECUTOR

EVIDENCE CUSTODIAN

FORENSIC EXAMINER

SOCO EVIDENCE CUSTODIAN

EVIDENCE COLLECTOR

CRIME SCENE
PHYSICAL
EVIDENCE
 CONCLUSION
IN OUR QUEST FOR TRUTH AND JUSTICE,
CRIMELAB REMAINS ONE OF THE MOST
PROFESSIONAL AND CREDIBLE PNP UNITS
IN THE EYES OF THE COURT. OUR VITAL
CONTRIBUTION TO THE PROSECUTION
PILLAR OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
MADE US INDISPENSABLE IN THE FIELD OF

SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
 ✓ Evaluate the scene
✓ Save and preserve life and provide
INCIDENT
emergency first aid for those injured at
REPORT the scene
✓ Prepare to take Dying Declaration of
severely injured person if any
✓ Arrest, detain, or remove any suspect
present. If more than one (1), isolate
✓ Cordon the area to secure and preserve
the crime scene
✓ Prevent entry of person into the
cordoned area
FIRST RESPONDERS ✓ Conduct preliminary evaluation at the
PROCEED TO THE CRIME crime scene and interview witnesses
and determine what and how crime was
SCENE
committed and write down details
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS ✓ Turn-over the crime scene to the
investigator
 ✓ Assume responsibility over the crime scene
✓ Conduct assessment of the crime scene
✓ Conduct interviews
✓ Conduct Crime Scene Investigation
✓ Request Technical Assistance from the CL
SOCO in processing the crime scene and
ensure the following:
INVESTIGATOR-ON-CASE 1. Evaluation of the pieces of evidence from
the crime scene
ARRIVED AT THE CRIME 2. Documentation (Photography/Sketching
SCENE Note Taking/Videography)
3. Collection and Handling of Evidence
4. Custody and Transport of pieces of
evidence
5. Request Laboratory Examination of
recovered physical evidence from the PNP
Crime Laboratory
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
 INITIAL RESPONSE
TO THE CRIME
SCENE
(“THE GOLDEN HOUR”)
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
 FOUR MAIN TASK OF THE
FIRST OFFICER ON THE
CRIME SCENE

• TO GIVE FIRST AID

• TO APPREHEND THE SUSPECT/S
• TO PROTECT AND IF NECESSARY COLLECT AND PRESERVE
EVIDENCE
• CORDON OFF AND PROTECT THE CRIME SCENE
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
 FIRST OFFICER ON THE
CRIME SCENE
A. GIVE FIRST AID
B. DECIDE WHETHER CRIME IS COMMITTED
C. APPREHEND THE SUSPECTED OFFENDER
D. WRITE DOWN THE NAMES OF ALL PERSONS AT THE
CRIME SCENE
E. DO NOT LET ANYONE ENTER THE CRIME SCENE
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS

AREA
 FIRST OFFICER ON THE
CRIME SCENE
F. IF SHOTS HAVE BEEN FIRED, SECURE ANY EVIDENCE OF PRIMER PARTICLES
(GUNPOWDER RESIDUE) ON THE HANDS.
G. POLICE OFFICER IS SENT TO THE HOSPITAL TO TAKE THE NECESSARY MEASURES.
H. CORDON OFF A SUFFICIENTLY LARGE AREA
I. PROTECT THE CRIME SCENE FROM ALTERATION
J. MAKE A NOTE OF THE TIMES OF IMPORTANT EVENTS AND OBSERVATIONS.

M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS

 FIRST OFFICER ON THE
CRIME SCENE
K. PHOTOGRAPH AND IF APPROPRIATE VIDEO RECORD THE
CRIME SCENE AND THE ADJACENT AREA, INCLUDING PEOPLE
HANGING AROUND THE SCENE.
L. THE FIRST RESPONDER SHALL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
CONTROL OF THE CRIME SCENE UNTIL THE ARRIVAL OF THE
WHO SHALL THEREAFTER
ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY OF THE CRIME SCENE.
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
 CRIME SCENE
SECURITY AND
PRESERVATION

M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS

 • THE MAIN DUTY OF THE FIRST
RESPONDER, AFTER GIVING FIRST AID
IF NECESSARY, TO PROTECT THE
SCENE.
• TO COLLECT EVIDENCE THAT MIGHT
OTHERWISE BE DESTROYED
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
 • THE BEST WAY OF AVOIDING CONTAMINATION
AT THEContamination
INITIAL STAGE IS TO LEAVE
- The unwanted transfer THE
of CRIME
Cross-contamination - The
material from another unwanted
source to a piecetransfer
of of
SCENE UNTOUCHED
physical evidence.
material between twoThe
or inadvertent touching
more sources of
of physical
a weapon,For
thereby addingimproperly
fingerprintscollecting
to it is
• THE PERSONS
evidence.
an example
example,
INVOLVED,
of evidence
FOR EXAMPLE
biological evidence such ascontamination
blood could lead to
VICTIM AND SUSPECT, MUST ON NO
one sample mixing with another sample and
ACCOUNT
BE ALLOWED TO ENTER THE
contaminating bothCRIME SCENE
AND MUST ALWAYS BE KEPT APART.
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS

• CONTAMINATION MUST BE AVOIDED

What is
wrong with
this picture?
• WHAT IS WRONG WITH THIS PICTURE?
OUTER PERIMETER
POLICE

POLITICAL FIGURES

GOVERNMENT /LOCAL I
p OFFICIALS N
o N
E
MEDIA PEOPLE
l R

i FAMILY P
c E
R
CROWD
e I
CRIME M
E
SCENE T
E
AREA R
IOC, Soco, EMT, Funeral VEHICLES
Personnel, etc.

ANIMALS
 • WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF CORDONS?
• GUARDED CORDONS ARE ALWAYS THE
BEST
Is to make sure that
• MAKE SURE THAT THEunauthorized
CORDONED OFF
persons do
notLARGE.
AREA IS SUFFICIENTLY enter the crime scene
(IT IS
BETTER IF THE AREA IS SUFFICIENTLY
LARGE).
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
 EVIDENCE COLLECTION,
HANDLING AND
TRANSPORTATION

M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS

• SHALL PRIMARILY BE CONDUCTED BY THE SOCO
SPECIALISTS OF CRIME LABORATORY
• FIRST RESPONDER OR THE INVESTIGATION-ON-CASE MAY
HAVE TO COLLECT EVIDENCE THAT MIGHT OTHERWISE BE
DESTROYED OR CONTAMINATED

M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS

 A.USE PROTECTIVE GLOVES
B.AVOID COUGHING OR SNEEZING ON
EVIDENCE/MATERIALS
C.PACKAGING OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS
D.SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
• USE PAPER PACKAGING FOR ALL BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS OR
MATERIALS THAT ARE SOILED WITH BIOLOGICAL MATTER.
• SEPARATE OUTER PACKAGES ARE TO BE USED FOR TRACE
EVIDENCE AND FOR CLOTHES FROM PERSONS INVOLVED
• DO NOT MIX MATERIALS/SAMPLES FROM DIFFERENT PEOPLE,
FOR EXAMPLE CLOTHES, IN THE SAME PARCEL
• FOLD THE OPENING OF THE BAG TWICE AND SEAL WITH TAPE.
ENVELOPES SHOULD ALSO BE SEALED WITH TAPE
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
 • MAKE AN EXPLICIT NOTE IF A PERSON FROM WHOM THE
MATERIAL HAS BEEN COLLECTED IS SUSPECTED OF HAVING
AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE
• PREVENT CONTAMINATION BY AVOIDING ALL CONTACT
BETWEEN COLLECTED EVIDENCE AND CLOTHES SEIZED FROM
PEOPLE
• PACKAGES CONTAINING COLLECTED MATERIALS MUST NOT
BE OPENED
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
 • THE INVESTIGATOR INSCRIBING HIS INITIALS, THE DATE, AND THE
TIME DIRECTLY UPON INDIVIDUAL ITEMS OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE,
BEST DOES MARKING.
• DO NOT DESTROY ANY LATENT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
EVIDENCE AS TO REDUCE ITS INTRINSIC VALUE.

M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS

 WHEN THE ITEM CANNOT
BE MARKED…..

• PLACED IT IN A SUITABLE CONTAINER, WHICH

IS THEN SEALED AND MARKED.

M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS

 Questioned blood
stain

a. Exhibits

b. Initials and or signature of the c. Time and date of collection.

collecting officer.

M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS

 Always place your
Markings away from
the stain

M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS

 . Note: ENCIRCLING THE STAIN WITH
A MARKER OR INK MUST BE
DONE ONLY WHEN:

a. To indicate a particular stain to be

examined.

b. There is a suspicion for a possibility

that the stain will further fade
through time.

c. The stain is not prominent or hardly

visible to the naked eye.

M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS

 *** Also note the ideal distance of the markings from the stain.
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
 In rape cases, bed
sheets, blankets, pillows,
couch covers, etc.. Are
just some sample of
materials where seminal
stains are commonly
found.
This type of stains are
unstable and fade
through time.
ENCIRCLING THE STAIN
IS RECOMMENDED.

M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS

 The same pillow
case that was tested
positive for the
presence of seminal
stain.
Markings such as
description, initials
of collecting
officer, date of
collection and as
well as encircling
of the stain were
observed.
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
 Labeling through Tagging

Tagging could be applied to movable objects such as this

knife where placing markings on any of its surfaces is not
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
possible.
 Location of recovery

The tag must contain the markings and other

M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
information about the specimen.
 It is advisable to place same
markings such as exhibit and initials
on a secured portion of the specimen
for the following reasons:

a. The possibility for the tag to be

dislodged or removed due to loose
tagging or incautious transport of
the specimen;

b. To further intensify identification

of the specimen if ever the need
arises (e.g. court of
law/proceedings)

M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS

THE KNIFE’S HANDLE(end portion)

 WHEN TO MARK
EVIDENCE?

•DURING THE SEARCHING

PHASE AS EACH ITEM OF
EVIDENCE IS LOCATED
AND COLLECTED.
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
 Integrity seal

Initial/Signature of
the Collecting
Officer/who did
the packaging

M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS

M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
 Improvised manner of
Packaging

M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS

 Integrity seal
(Scotch tape)

Initial/Signature of the
Collecting Officer/who
did the packaging

M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS

 Exhibit/Case Nr.

Date of Collection

Description of
specimen enclosed

Other
information
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
 Integrity Seal (Masking tape)

Markings (other information)

M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS

M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
Front Side
 Integrity Seal (Scotch tape)

Initial/Signature of the
Collecting Officer/who
did the packaging

M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS

Back Side
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
 Markings by the use
of tag and
inscription.
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
 HOW TO MARK CARTRIDGE
CASE AND SLUG

M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS

 Bullet’s base

never on the body

On the nose
Marking a pistol
On the barrel,
(example: engraved
marked “ABC” 10-14-08)

Slide, and
(example:
engraved
Frame or receiver marked
(example: engraved “ABC” 10-
14-08
marked “ABC 10-14-08”
 Marking a revolver

Barrel, “ ABC” “10-25-04”

Cylinder, “ABC” “10-25-04”

Frame, “ABC” “10-25-04”
 Marking a rifle
Upper receiver,
(example: engraved Barrel, (example:
marked “ABC” “10- engraved marked
25-04” “ABC” “ 10-25-04”

Lower receiver,
(example: engraved
marked “ABC” “10-25-
04” Bolt, (example: engraved
marked “ABC” ”10-25-
04”
TRANSMITTAL OF THE RECOVERED EVIDENCE TO CRIME LAB:

1. All collected evidence must be transmitted to the Firearms

Identification Division and concerned CL offices for
examination as soon as possible.
2. All evidence must be photographed for future identification.
3. Take precautions to preserve the evidence.
4. Wrap and seal each item of evidence separately to avoid
contamination.
5. Pack live ammunition in a clean, dry cardboard container
separately from firearms.
6. Stabilize the evidence to avoid movement or friction during
shipment.
7. Seal the container with tape.
8. If any of the evidence needs to be examined for latent prints,
label LATENT on the container.
9. Label the outer container with “Evidence” label.
10. Always observe the Chain of Custody.
Evidence Tag
 ✓ Preparation prior to the conduct of
SOCO
✓ Crime Scene Approach
✓ Preliminary Crime Scene Survey
with the Investigator-on-Case
✓ Evaluation of Physical Evidence
✓ Narrative Description of the Crime
Scene
Conduct of SOCO by ✓ Crime Scene
Photography/Videography
Crime Laboratory ✓ Sketch of Crime Scene
✓ Detailed Crime Scene Search
✓ Physical Evidence Recording and
Collection
✓ Final Crime Scene survey with the
Investigator-on-case
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS ✓ Submit result of SOCO to the
Investigator-on-case
 ✓Ensure that appropriate
inventory has been
provided
✓Release is accomplished
The Investigator only after completion of
check the crime final survey and proper
scene before the documentation
cordon is lifted ✓Release the crime scene in
writing with the notion that
there is only one chance to
perform job correctly and
M.C PABLO FILES 2018-LSPU SINILOAN CAMPUS
completely
 COMPOSITION OF SOCO TEAM
◼TEAM LEADER
◼PHOTOGRAPHER AND PHOTOGRAPHIC LOG RECORDER
◼SKETCH PREPARER
◼EVIDENCE RECORDER/EVIDENCE RECOVERY PERSONNEL
◼SECURITY/DRIVER
◼SPECIALISTS
✓ EVIDENCE CUSTODIAN
✓FIRE ARM EXAMINER
✓MEDICO LEGAL/CHEMIST
LOCARD’S EXCHANGE PRINCIPLE
EVERY CONTACT LEAVES A TRACE!
WHENEVER TWO OBJECTS COME TOGETHER THEY MUST AFFECT
EACH OTHER IN SOME WAY. SOMETHING IS LIKELY TO BE
EXCHANGED BETWEEN THEM!

Physical Evidence - anything that

establishes a link between a
crime and a person
 PRINCIPLE OF INDIVIDUALITY

TWO OBJECTS MAY BE INDISTINGUISHABLE, BUT NO TWO

OBJECTS ARE EVER IDENTICAL. THINGS CAN BE PUT INTO
CLASSES OR EVEN INDIVIDUALIZED IN USEFUL WAYS.
 PHYSICAL
Flight EVIDENCE/TRACE EVIDENCE
Runway
1 One of the most common types of physical
evidence that an investigator and/or crime
scene specialist will encounter will be
trace evidence.

2 Trace evidence is a generic term for small,

often microscopic material.

3 Trace evidence at a crime scene can include blood, hair,

fibers, glass particles, paint, soil, etc.
 THE TRACE EVIDENCE HELPS IDENTIFICATION
OBJECTIVELY

• IT HELPS IN THE RECOGNITION OF THE EVIDENCE AND

ITS ASSOCIATION WITH A PARTICULAR:
• PERSON
• THING
• PLACE
 SIR EDMOND LOCARD GAVE TWO PRINCIPALS,

➢EVERY CONTACT LEAVES A TRACE

➢ EXCHANGE OF TRACE IS USUALLY A TWO WAY
PROCESS.
CLASSICAL EXAMPLES OF THE TRACE EVIDENCE IS A CASES OF:

➢SEXUAL ASSAULT
➢PHYSICAL ASSAULT
 SEXUAL ASSAULT
• IN WHICH TRANSFER OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL SUCH AS
SEMEN, BLOOD, SALIVA, HAIR ETC. THAT OCCURS FROM:
➢ASSAILANT TO VICTIM
➢VICTIM TO ASSAILANT
➢FROM ASSAILANT & VICTIM BOTH TO THE SCENE OF CRIME
 PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
➢ Non biological material such as materials used in the
commission of crime or the foreign object found at the
crime scene
 LOCUS

ASSAILANT VICTIM
 CLASSIFICATION

TRACE EVIDENCE MAY BE GROUPED INTO:•

• 1. BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
• 2. NON-BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
 BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

• THESE ORIGINATES FROM HUMAN, ANIMAL OR

PLANT SOURCE AND INCLUDE MAINLY :
• 1. BODY FLUIDS
• 2. BODY TISSUES
• 3. STAINS
 OTHER BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS•

• HUMAN HAIR FROM HEAD AND PUBES.

• SCRAPINGS FROM THE UNDER SURFACE OF NAILS
WHICH CONTAINS,
• EPITHELIUM OF SKIN OF ASSAILANT OR VICTIM
DEPOSITED DURING PHYSICAL OR SEXUAL ASSAULT.
 NON-BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

• THESE COMPRISES OF
• 1. ITEMS OF PERSONAL USE
• 2. OTHER MATERIALS FOUND IN THE ENVIRONMENT
(FOREIGN BODIES)
The study of trace evidence FOR THE PURPOSE OF
UNDERSTANDING is divided into:

1. Pre-laboratory work
2. Laboratory work
• Pre-laboratory Work Is Further Divided Into
A) General Instructions
B) Special Instructions
 PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
◼IT WOULD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO LIST ALL THE OBJECTS
THAT COULD CONCEIVABLY BE OF IMPORTANCE TO
A CRIME.

◼ALMOST ANYTHING CAN BE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE.

◼ALTHOUGH YOU CANNOT RELY ON A LIST OF

CATEGORIES, IT IS USEFUL TO DISCUSS SOME OF THE
MOST COMMON TYPES OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE.

147
 PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
◼THE PURPOSE OF RECOGNIZING PHYSICAL EVIDENCE IS
SO THAT IT CAN BE COLLECTED AND ANALYZED.

◼IT IS DIFFICULT TO ASCERTAIN THE WEIGHT A GIVEN

PIECE OF EVIDENCE WILL HAVE IN A CASE AS
ULTIMATELY THE WEIGHT WILL BE DECIDED BY A JURY.

148
I. USE OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

a. PROVE THAT A CRIME HAS BEEN COMMITTED

b. CORROBORATE TESTIMONY
c. LINK A SUSPECT WITH A VICTIM OR WITH A CRIME SCENE
d. ESTABLISH THE IDENTITY OF PERSONS ASSOCIATED WITH A CRIME
e. ALLOW RECONSTRUCTION OF EVENTS OF A CRIME
 THE ROLE OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
◼THE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE LEFT BEHIND AT A CRIME SCENE PLAYS A
CRUCIAL ROLE IN RECONSTRUCTING THE EVENTS THAT TOOK
PLACE SURROUNDING THE CRIME.

◼ALTHOUGH THE EVIDENCE ALONE DOES NOT DESCRIBE

EVERYTHING THAT HAPPENED, IT CAN SUPPORT OR CONTRADICT
ACCOUNTS GIVEN BY WITNESSES AND/OR SUSPECTS.

150
 THE ROLE OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
◼INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
CAN ALSO GENERATE LEADS AND CONFIRM THE
RECONSTRUCTION OF A CRIME TO A JURY.

◼THE COLLECTION AND DOCUMENTATION OF

PHYSICAL EVIDENCE IS THE FOUNDATION OF A
RECONSTRUCTION.

151
 COMMON TYPES OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

Blood, Semen, Saliva Documents Drugs

Explosives Fibers Fingerprints

Firearms and
Glass Hair
Ammunition
Organs and
Impressions Paint
Physiological Fluids
Plastic, Rubber,
Petroleum Products Plastic Bags
polymers
Powder Residues Serial Numbers Soil and Minerals

Wood and other

Tool Marks Vehicle Lights
vegetative Matter
 SIGNIFICANCE OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

◼IDENTIFICATION ◼COMPARISON
◼A COMPARISON ANALYSIS
◼TO DETERMINE THE PHYSICAL SUBJECTS A SUSPECT
OR CHEMICAL IDENTIFY OF A SPECIMEN AND A CONTROL
SUBSTANCE – WHAT IS THIS? SPECIMEN TO THE SAME TESTS
AND EXAMINATIONS FOR THE
◼EXAMPLES: WHITE POWDER, ULTIMATE PURPOSE OF
RESIDUES FROM DEBRIS OF DETERMINING WHETHER OR
NOT THEY HAVE A COMMON
FIRE, HAIR ETC. ORIGIN.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

◼ INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS ◼ CLASS CHARACTERISTICS

◼WHEN EVIDENCE CAN BE ◼WHEN EVIDENCE CAN BE

ASSOCIATED WITH A ASSOCIATED WITH A
COMMON SOURCE WITH GROUP AND NEVER WITH
AN EXTREMELY HIGH ONE SINGLE SOURCE; USED
DEGREE OF PROBABILITY; TO PLACE A SUSPECT AT A
UNIQUE SCENE
 SEARCH AND SEIZURE
◼EVIDENCE AT A CRIME SCENE
◼SEC. 2, ART. III, 1987 PHIL. CONSTITUTION

“THE RIGHT OF THE PEOPLE TO BE SECURE IN THEIR PERSONS, HOUSES,

PAPERS AND EFFECTS, AGAINST UNREASONABLE SEARCHES AND
SEIZURES, SHALL NOT BE VIOLATED, AND NO WARRANTS SHALL ISSUE,
BUT UPON PROBABLE CAUSE, SUPPORTED BY OATH OR AFFIRMATION,
AND PARTICULARLY DESCRIBING THE PLACE TO BE SEARCHED, AND
THE PERSONS OR THINGS TO BE SEIZED.”
THE CRIME SCENE
CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION
 DEFINITION
• ANY AREA WHERE POTENTIAL OF “CRIME
EVIDENCE SCENE”
IS FOUND, PASSED THROUGH OR
INTERACTED WITH.

• PRIMARY CRIME SCENE

• LOCATION OF ORIGINAL OR FIRST CRIMINAL ACT

• SECONDARY CRIME SCENE

• LOCATION OF SUBSEQUENT CRIMINAL ACTS
• EXAMPLE: THE SITE OF A HOMICIDE VS. THE LOCATION WHERE THE BODY IS LEFT
 II. DEFINING A CRIME SCENE
A. CRIME SCENE ARE DIVERSE AND UNIQUE . .
.
NO TWO SCENES ARE EXACTLY THE
SAME

http://www.exposay.com/celebrity-photos/crime-scene-4th- http://www.srpublications.com/criminology/item/D/ima
shooting-in-hacney-within-2-weeks-1uvxtj.jpg ges_D/crime_scene_reconstruction.jpg
 III. DEFINING A CRIME SCENE (CONT.)

B.CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME SCENES CAN BE BASED ON . . .

1. LOCATION
a.PRIMARY: SITE OF ORIGINAL OR FIRST CRIMINAL ACTIVITY
b.SECONDARY: ANY SUBSEQUENT SITES OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY
2. SIZE
a.MACROSCOPIC CRIME SCENE: COMPOSED OF MANY CRIME
SCENES (OVERALL AREA)
b.MICROSCOPIC CRIME SCENE: FOCUSED ON SPECIFIC TYPES
OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE FOUND AT THE MACROSCOPIC
CRIME SCENE
 III. DEFINING A CRIME SCENE (CONT.)

3. type of crime committed

a. homicide
b. robbery
c. sexual assault 5. physical location of crime
d. etc. scene
a. indoors
4. condition of the crime b. outdoors
scene c. vehicle
a. organized d. etc.
b. disorganized
6. others
 What evidence would you collect?

Mock Crime Scene:

GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR
SOCO (RECOGNITION STEP)
DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE FIRST
RESPONDERS AT THE CRIME SCENE
 PERSONNEL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
◼ TEAM LEADER

◼ASSUME CONTROL AND ACCESS

◼DETERMINE SEARCH PATTERN AND ASSIGNMENTS
◼COORDINATE WITH GROUPS INVOLVED
◼CONTINUOUSLY EVALUATE WORK
◼RELEASE CRIME SCENE
 SOCO TEAM
◼PHOTOGRAPHER AND PHOTOGRAPHIC LOG RECORDER

◼PHOTOGRAPH ENTIRE SCENE (BEFORE AND AFTER ENTERED)

◼PHOTOGRAPH VICTIM, CROWD, VEHICLES
◼PHOTOGRAPH EVIDENCE BEFORE IT’S MOVED (INCLUDING
FINGERPRINTS, CASTS, ETC.)
◼PHOTOGRAPH EVIDENCE BOTH IN WIDE VIEW (POSITION AT SCENE)
AND CLOSE-UP (WITH SCALE)
◼POSSIBLE USE OF VIDEO RECORDING (DOES NOT REPLACE STILL
PHOTOGRAPHY
◼PREPARE PHOTOGRAPHIC LOG
 PERSONNEL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
◼SKETCH PREPARER

◼DIAGRAM AREA OF SCENE (INCL. ORIENTATION)

◼ROUGH SKETCH - ACCURATE DIMENSIONS, ORIENTATION
AND LOCATION OF EVIDENCE (FROM A FIXED POINT)
◼FINISHED SKETCH - AESTHETIC APPEARANCE (USUALLY DONE
LATER SOMETIME W/ CAD)
◼SET FORTH MAJOR ITEMS OF EVIDENCE ON SKETCH (WITH
SCALE)
◼MAKE MEASUREMENTS (DOUBLE CHECK)
 PERSONNEL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

◼ SKETCH PREPARER Rough Sketch

 PERSONNEL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
◼ SKETCH PREPARER

Finished Sketches
 PERSONNEL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

◼ SKETCH PREPARER
 PERSONNEL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
◼EVIDENCE RECORDER/EVIDENCE RECOVERY PERSONNEL

◼HAVE EVIDENCE PHOTOGRAPHED/SKETCHED BEFORE COLLECTION

◼DESCRIBE EVIDENCE AND LOCATION ON CONTAINER
◼PACKAGE EVIDENCE
◼MAINTAIN CHAIN OF CUSTODY AND EVIDENCE LOG
◼ENSURE PROPER SAFETY OF COLLECTION (E.G., INFECTIOUS
MATERIALS)
 Rule No. 22.
Conduct of Crime Scene Investigation (PNPOP, s. 2013)

Section 22. 1. Specific Functions, Responsibilities and

Procedures of the First Responder (FR), Investigation-on-
Case (IOC) and SOCO –

A. The First Responder

The first Police Officers to arrive at the crime scene are the FR’s
who were dispatched by the local Police station/unit concerned
after receipt of incident/flash alarm report;

Immediately, the FR shall conduct a preliminary evaluation of the

crime scene. This evaluation should include the scope of the
incident, emergency services required, scene safety concerns,
administration of life-saving measures, and establishment of
security and control of the scene;
A. The First Responder

The FR is mandated to save and preserve life by giving the

necessary first-aid measures to the injured and their medical
evacuation as necessary. The FR shall likewise secure and preserve
the crime scene by cordoning off the area to prevent unauthorized
entry of persons.

The FR shall take the dying declaration of severely injured person/s,

if any. Requisites of a “Dying Declaration” are:

a) That death is imminent and the declarant is conscious of that fact;

b) That the declaration refers to the cause and surrounding
circumstances of such death;
c) That the declaration relates to the fact which the victim is
competent to testify to; and
d) That the declaration is offered in a case where in the declarant’s
death is the subject of the inquiry. (See Appendices)
A. The First Responder

The FR shall make the initial assessment on whether a crime has actually been committed and
shall conduct the preliminary interview of witnesses to determine what and how the crime was
committed;

If and when there is a suspect present in the area, the FR shall arrest, detain and remove the
suspect from the area; .

The FR, upon the arrival of the IOC, shall turn-over the crime scene to the duty
investigator/IOC after the former has briefed the Investigator of the situation. The FR shall
prepare and submit the CSI Form “1” – First Responders Report to the IOC in the investigation
(Responder’s Form- see appendices); and

The FR shall stay in the crime scene to assist the Investigator-on-Case (IOC) in the
maintenance of security, crowd control, preservation of evidence and custody of
witness/suspects until such time the investigation is completed and temporarily turned over to
the local Chief of Police (COP) for the continuance of crime scene security.
B. Investigator-on-Case (IOC)/Duty Investigator

Upon arrival at the crime scene, the IOC shall request for a
briefing from the FR and make a quick assessment of the
crime;

At this stage, the IOC shall assume full responsibility over the
crime scene and shall conduct a thorough assessment of the
scene and inquiry into the incident. If necessary the IC many
conduct crime scene search outside the area where the
incident happened, employing any of the various methods;

Based on the assessment, if the IOC determines that a SOCO

team is required, he shall report the matter to his COP and
request for a SOCO, otherwise, the IOC shall proceed with the
CSI without the SOCO Team and shall utilize the CSI For “4”
(Copy of the form – see Appendices).
B. Investigator-on-Case (IOC)/Duty Investigator

The IOC may by himself if the situation so demands conduct CSI if, there is no Provincial Crime
Laboratory Office/Regional Crime Laboratory Office in the Province. The IOC must, however,
ensure that the correct procedures in the collection of evidence;

The Police Station Operation Center, upon directive of the COP, shall make the request for the
SOCO team through Provincial/City Operations Center;

It shall be the responsibility of the Provincial/City Operations Center to facilitate the request for
the SOCO Team;

Upon the arrival of the SOCO Team, the IOC shall accomplish CSI Form “2” and submit the
same to the SOCO Team Leader. The SOCO Team shall not enter the crime scene unless the
IOC makes the official written request wherein he assures the SOCO team of his presence and
support (Request Form – see Appendices); and

The IOC shall brief the SOCO Team upon their arrival at the crime scene and shall jointly
conduct the preliminary crime scene survey
C. SOCO Team

The SOCO Team shall not join any operations conducted by the local police or accompany the
FRs or the IOC in going to the crime scene. They will only respond upon request through the
Operations Center and after the IOC has already made the proper assessment of the crime
scene;

Upon receipt of the Request for Conduct of SOCO, the SOCO Team shall then conduct the
scene of the crime operations which include among others the narrative description of the crime
scene, photography, videography, crime scene search, crime scene sketch, crime scene location
sketch, physical evidence recording and collection, and other procedures necessary;

In case the SOCO Team needs to temporarily suspend the processing, the Chief of Police shall
be primarily responsible and accountable for securing the crime scene and ensuring its integrity
until the return of SOCO Team and the conclusion of the CSI;

After the termination of the SOCO, the SOCO Team Leader shall brief the IOC on the initial
results and thereafter conduct the final crime scene survey together with the IOC; and

The SOCO Team shall accomplish Form “4” – SOCO Report Forms and furnish the IOC of
copies of the same before leaving the crime scene.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF
INVESTIGATION
 HISTORY

• THE BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION, LATER RENAMED THE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION, CAME INTO
EXISTENCE ON 19 JUNE 1947, THE DATE REPUBLIC ACT 157
WAS APPROVED. ITS HISTORY GOES BACK TO 13 NOVEMBER
1936, WHEN A DIVISION OF INVESTIGATION (DI) UNDER THE
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE WAS CREATED WITH THE
ENACTMENT OF COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 181 BY THE
 CONT….
• A DIVISION OF INVESTIGATION UNDER THE DEPARTMENT OF
JUSTICE IS HEREBY CREATED. IT SHALL BE COMPOSED OF SUCH
PERSONNEL AS MAY BE NECESSARY, IN THE DISCRETION OF
THE SECRETARY OF JUSTICE, AND ITS DUTIES SHALL BE TO HELP
IN THE DETECTION AND PROSECUTION OF CRIMES; TO
ACQUIRE, COLLECT, CLASSIFY AND PRESERVE CRIMINAL
IDENTIFICATION RECORDS; AND TO OBTAIN INFORMATION
ON ALL MATTERS AFFECTING THE PUBLIC INTEREST.
 OBJECTIVES

• THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF

INVESTIGATION IS THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF A
MODERN, EFFECTIVE AND EFFICIENT INVESTIGATIVE SERVICE AND
RESEARCH AGENCY FOR THE PURPOSE OF IMPLEMENTING FULLY
PRINCIPAL FUNCTIONS PROVIDED UNDER REPUBLIC ACT 157, AS
AMENDED.
 VISION
• A WORLD-CLASS INVESTIGATIVE INSTITUTION -
DYNAMIC, RESPECTED AND COMMITTED TO THE HIGH
IDEALS OF LAW AND ORDER.
• ITS MISSION
• TO PROVIDE QUALITY INVESTIGATIVE AND FORENSIC
SERVICES TO THE PEOPLE THROUGH ADVANCED
METHODS AND EQUIPMENT IN THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH
AND JUSTICE.
 MISSION

•TO PROVIDE QUALITY INVESTIGATIVE AND

FORENSIC SERVICES TO THE PEOPLE
THROUGH ADVANCED METHODS AND
EQUIPMENT IN THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH AND
JUSTICE.
 FUNCTIONS
• NATIONAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION FUNCTIONS
• 1. UNDERTAKE INVESTIGATION OF CRIMES AND OTHER OFFENSES
AGAINST THE LAWS OF THE PHILIPPINES, UPON ITS OWN INITIATIVE
AND AS PUBLIC INTEREST MAY REQUIRE;
• 2. TO RENDER ASSISTANCE, WHENEVER PROPERLY REQUESTED IN THE
INVESTIGATION OR DETECTION OF CRIMES AND OTHER OFFENSES;
• 3. TO ACT AS A NATIONAL CLEARING HOUSE OF CRIMINAL AND OTHER
INFORMATION FOR THE BENEFIT USE OF ALL PROSECUTING AND LAW
ENFORCEMENT ENTITIES OF THE PHILIPPINES; IDENTIFICATION RECORDS
OF IDENTIFYING MARKS, CHARACTERISTICS, AND OWNERSHIP OR
 CONT…
• 4. TO GIVE TECHNICAL AID TO ALL PROSECUTING AND LAW ENFORCEMENT
OFFICERS AND ENTITIES OF THE GOVERNMENT AS WELL AS THE COURTS
THAT MAY REQUEST ITS SERVICES;
• 5. TO EXTEND ITS SERVICES, WHENEVER PROPERLY REQUESTED IN THE
INVESTIGATION OF CASES OF ADMINISTRATIVE OR CIVIL IN NATURE IN
WHICH THE GOVERNMENT IS INTERESTED;
• 6. TO ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN AN UP-TO-DATE SCIENTIFIC CRIME
LABORATORY AND TO CONDUCT RESEARCHES IN FURTHERANCE OF
SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION;
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF NBI
 CONT..

• THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION (NBI) IS A

LINE AGENCY UNDER THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
AND SERVES AS THE PREMIER INVESTIGATIVE AGENCY
OF GOVERNMENT. THE AGENCY DIRECTOR IS A
PRESIDENTIAL APPOINTEE AND SERVES UNDER THE
TRUST AND CONFIDENCE OF THE PRESIDENT AND THE
SECRETARY OF JUSTICE (SOJ).
 CONT….
• RANK STRUCTURE THE FOLLOWING IS A LISTING OF THE NEW RANK
STRUCTURE FOUND WITHIN THE NBI (IN ASCENDING ORDER) 2019
• DIRECTOR
• DEPUTY DIRECTOR
• ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
• REGIONAL DIRECTOR
• ASSISTANT REGIONAL DIRECTOR
• HEAD AGENT
• SUPERVISING AGENT
RANK STRUCTURE THE FOLLOWING IS A LISTING OF THE NEW RANK
STRUCTURE FOUND WITHIN THE NBI (IN ASCENDING ORDER) 2019
• DIRECTOR
• DEPUTY DIRECTOR
• ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
• REGIONAL DIRECTOR
• ASSISTANT REGIONAL DIRECTOR
• HEAD AGENT
• SUPERVISING AGENT
• SENIOR AGENT
 CONT….
• NBI IS A CIVILIAN BUT NATIONAL IN SCOPE LAW
ENFORCEMENT AGENCY AND ITS RANK CANNOT BE
QUANTIFIED WITH THE MILITARY RANK
• AGENTS ARE LAWYERS OR CPA ONLY
• THE FOLLOWING IS A LISTING OF THE OLD RANK STRUCTURE
FOUND WITHIN THE NBI (IN ASCENDING ORDER)2015
 CONT….
• DIRECTOR VI
• DIRECTOR V
• DIRECTOR III
• DIRECTOR II
• DIRECTOR I
• INVESTIGATION AGENT VI
• INVESTIGATION AGENT V
• INVESTIGATION AGENT IV
 CONT…
• INVESTIGATION AGENT III
• INVESTIGATION AGENT II
• INVESTIGATION AGENT I
• SPECIAL INVESTIGATOR V (NON LAWYER OR CPA)
• SPECIAL INVESTIGATOR IV (NON LAWYER OR CPA)
• SPECIAL INVESTIGATOR III (NON LAWYER OR CPA)
 DIVISION UNDER THE OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR
• REGION 1
• ILOCOS REGIONAL OFFICE (IRO) – SAN FERNANDO CITY, LA
UNION
• DAGUPAN DISTRICT OFFICE (DADO) – DAGUPAN
CITY, PANGASINAN
• LAOAG DISTRICT OFFICE (LADO) – LAOAG CITY, ILOCOS
NORTE
• VIGAN DISTRICT OFFICE (VIDO) – VIGAN CITY, ILOCOS SUR
 REGION 2
• CAGAYAN VALLEY REGIONAL OFFICE (CAVRO) –
TUGUEGARAO CITY, CAGAYAN
• ISABELA DISTRICT OFFICE (ISDO) – ILAGAN, ISABELA
• CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION (CAR) – BAGUIO
CITY, BENGUET
• BAYOMBONG DISTRICT OFFICE (BAYDO) –
BAYOMBONG, NUEVA VIZCAYA
 REGION 3
• CENTRAL LUZON REGIONAL OFFICE (CELRO) – SAN
FERNANDO, PAMPANGA
• BULACAN DISTRICT OFFICE (BULDO) – MALOLOS, BULACAN
• CABANATUAN DISTRICT OFFICE (CABDO) – CABANATUAN
CITY, NUEVA ECIJA
• TARLAC DISTRICT OFFICE (TARDO) – SAN ROQUE, TARLAC
CITY, TARLAC
• OLONGAPO DISTRICT OFFICE (OLDO) – UPPER KALAKLAN,
 REGION 4
• SOUTHERN TAGALOG REGIONAL OFFICE (SOTRO) – BATANGAS
CITY, BATANGAS
• LUCENA DISTRICT OFFICE (LUCDO) – LUCENA CITY, QUEZON
• PUERTO PRINCESA DISTRICT OFFICE (PUERDO) – TAFT ST., PUERTO
PRINCESA CITY, PALAWAN
• CAVITE DISTRICT OFFICE (CAVIDO) – KAYBAGAL, TAGAYTAY CITY, CAVITE
• CALAPAN DISTRICT OFFICE (CALDO) – CALAPAN CITY, ORIENTAL
MINDORO
• LAGUNA DISTRICT OFFICE (LAGDO) – STA. ROSA CITY, LAGUNA
 REGION 5

•BICOL REGIONAL OFFICE (BRO) –

NAGA CITY
•LEGAZPI DISTRICT OFFICE (LEGDO) –
LEGAZPI CITY, ALBAY
 REGION 6

• WESTERN VISAYAS REGIONAL OFFICE (WEVRO)

– ILOILO CITY
 NEGROS ISLAND REGION

• BACOLOD DISTRICT OFFICE (BACDO) – BACOLOD

CITY
• DUMAGUETE DISTRICT OFFICE (DUMDO) –
DUMAGUETE CITY, NEGROS ORIENTAL
 REGION 7

•CENTRAL VISAYAS REGIONAL OFFICE

(CEVRO) – CEBU CITY, CEBU
•BOHOL DISTRICT OFFICE (BOHDO) – DAO,
TAGBILARAN CITY, BOHOL
 REGION 8

• EASTERN VISAYAS REGIONAL OFFICE (EVRO) –

TACLOBAN CITY, LEYTE
• SAMAR DISTRICT OFFICE (SAMDO) – CATBALOGAN
CITY, SAMAR
 REGION 9

• WESTERN MINDANAO REGIONAL OFFICE (WEMRO) –

ZAMBOANGA CITY, ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR
• DIPOLOG DISTRICT OFFICE (DIPDO) – DIPOLOG
CITY, ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE
• PAGADIAN DISTRICT OFFICE (PAGDO) – PAGADIAN
CITY, ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR
 REGION 10

• NORTHERN MINDANAO REGIONAL OFFICE (NEMRO) –

CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY, MISAMIS ORIENTAL
• ILIGAN DISTRICT OFFICE (ILDO) – ILIGAN CITY, LANAO DEL
NORTE
 REGION 11

• SOUTH EASTERN MINDANAO REGIONAL OFFICE (SEMRO) –

BAJADA, DAVAO CITY
• TAGUM DISTRICT OFFICE (TAGDO) – MANKILAM, TAGUM
CITY, DAVAO DEL NORTE
 REGION 12

• CENTRAL EASTERN MINDANAO REGIONAL OFFICE (CEMRO)

– COTABATO CITY, MAGUINDANAO
• SARANGANI DISTRICT OFFICE (SARDO) –
ALABEL, SARANGANI
 REGION 13

• •CARAGA REGIONAL OFFICE (CARAGA) – BUTUAN

CITY, AGUSAN DEL NORTE[1]