S Marika DR A FFFFFFF

1
g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ufgf
ef/tsf] /fli6«o ufgf
;of}+ y'Fuf km"nsf xfdL, Pp6} dfnf g]kfnL hg u0f dg clwgfos ho x]

;fj{ef}d eO{ km}lnPsf, d]rL–dfxfsfnL. ef/t efUoljwftf
k+hfa l;Gw' u'h/ft d/f7f
k|s[ltsf sf]6L–sf]6L ;Dkbfsf] cf+rn b|flj8 pTsn a+uf
jL/x¿sf /utn], :jtGq / c6n. ljGWo lxdfrn od'gf u+uf
pR5n hnlw t/+uf
1fge"ld, zflGte"ld t/fO{, kxf8, lxdfn tj z'e gfd] hfu]
cv08 of] Kof/f] xfd|f] dft[e"ld g]kfn. tj z'e cfzLif dfu]
ufx] tj houfyf
ax'n hflt, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt 5g\ ljzfn
hg u0f d+unbfos ho x]
ef/t efUoljwftf
ho x], ho x], ho x]
ho ho ho ho x] !
Hundreds of flowers – Us, one garland – Nepali Thou art the ruler of the minds of all people,
Sovereign, spread out from Mechi to Mahakali. dispenser of India’s destiny.
Thy name rouses the hearts of Punjab, Sind,

Hundreds of flowers – Us, one garland – Nepali
Gujarat and Maratha,
Sovereign, spread out from Mechi to Mahakali.
Of the Dravida and Orissa and Bengal;
A playground for millions of Nature’s gifts It echoes in the hills of the Vindyas and Himalayas,
By the blood of heroes, independent and immovable.
mingles in the music of Jamuna and Ganges and is
chanted by the waves of the Indian Sea.

Land of knowledge, land of peace, Terai, hills, mountains
Indivisible – our beloved, motherland Nepal.
They pray for thy blessings and sing thy praise.
multi-racial, multi-lingual, multi-religious and with a large culture The saving of all people waits in thy hand,
progressive nation ours, oh great Nepal! thou dispenser of India’s destiny.
Victory, victory, victory to thee.
2 :dfl/sf–@)&(
Nepal-India Friendship Association
;Dkfbg d08n s[lt M :dfl/sf (Nepal-India Friendship Association)
O{= z}n]Gb| df]xg emf
O{Zj/ >]i7 k|sfzg M g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3
af]ws[i0f ;'j]8L ;jf{lwsf/ M k|sfzgdf
o; :dfl/sfdf k|sflzt ;fdfu|Ldf JoQm ljrf/ n]vs :jo+dsf x'g\ .
;Nnfxsf/ JoQm ljrf/df k|sfzg / ;Dkfbs d08nsf] ;xdlt, ljdlt s]xL
5}g\ .
k|sfzs
l8hfOg tyf n]cfp6

dx]z l3ld/]
lk|G6
dfs{ 5fkfvfgf
7]ufgf afuahf/, sf7df8f}+
kmf]g )!–$@#(^*!

z'esfdgf
g]kfn d}+qL ;+3n] ======cf}+ jflif{sf]T;j tyf :yfkgfsf] cj;/df :dfl/sf k|sfzg ug{ nfu]sf] yfxf kfpFbf Hofb} v'zL
nfu]sf] 5 . g]kfn ef/t larsf ;lbof}{ b]lvsf] ;DaGw lj:tf/df :dfl/sfn] cem ;xfof]u ug]{ kf7ssf nflu pkof]uL x'g]
ck]Iff u/]sf] 5' .
g]kfn / ef/t 5'§f5'§} ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg /fi6« ePklg b'j} b]z ;fF:s[lts, j}lbs, kf}/fl0fs / bfz{lgs ¿kdf ;dfg
k[i7e"ld / cfwf/ af]s]sf d'n's x'g\ . cflbd sfnb]lvg} rfx] Tof] /fd / hfgsLsf] ¿kdf xf];\ jf uf}td j'4sf] dfu{ bz{gsf]
:j?k, rfx] 1fg k|flKtsf] ljifo xf];\ jf jf}l4s cfbfg k|bfgsf] ljifo h;n] ubf{ cfh;Dd klg b'O{ b]zaLr ;'dw'/ ;DaGw
sfod ePsf 5g\ . lxdfno / u+uf tyf kz'klt / lt?klth:tf k|fs[lts–wfld{s ljDa / k|tLssf cfwf/df JofVof ul/g]
/ ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts b[li6n] 3lgi7 dflgg] g]kfn–ef/t k/Dk/fut ;DaGw x'g\ . o:tf ;DaGwx? cem} 3lge't ?kdf
cufl8 a9fpg' k5{ . ;DaGw ;'wf/df d}qL ;+3n] ;kmntf sfod u/f]; \ .
;+3sf] ====== cf} jflif{sf]T;jsf] cj;/df k|sflzt o; :dfl/sfsf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] sfdgf ub]{ cfufdL lbgdf o;
If]qdf cfpg] hf] sf]xLnfO{ kgL efljiodf of] ;:yf / o:n] lgsfNg] ;fdfu|L dxTjk"0f{ b:tfj]h aGg ;sf];\ ;fy} d}qL
;+3sf] cfufdL ofqn] nIo k'/f ug{ ;sf]; eGg] z'esfdgf AofQm ub{5' .
ho g]kfn .
df3 @)&(
==================
ljBfb]lj e08f/L
/fi6«klt
v4 :dfl/sf–@)&(
z'esfdgf
g]kfn d}+qL ;+3n] ======cf}+ jflif{sf]T;j tyf :yfkgfsf] cj;/df :dfl/sf k|sfzg ug{ nfu]sf] yfxf kfpFbf Hofb} v'zL nfu]sf]
5 . g]kfn ef/t larsf ;lbof}{ b]lvsf] ;DaGw lj:tf/df :dfl/sfn] cem ;xfof]u ug]{ kf7ssf nflu pkof]uL x'g] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5' .
g]kfn / ef/t 5'§f5'§} ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg /fi6« ePklg b'j} b]z ;fF:s[lts, j}lbs, kf}/fl0fs / bfz{lgs ¿kdf ;dfg k[i7e"ld
/ cfwf/ af]s]sf d'n's x'g\ . cflbd sfnb]lvg} rfx] Tof] /fd / hfgsLsf] ¿kdf xf];\ jf uf}td j'4sf] dfu{ bz{gsf] :j?k, rfx]
1fg k|flKtsf] ljifo xf];\ jf jf}l4s cfbfg k|bfgsf] ljifo h;n] ubf{ cfh;Dd klg b'O{ b]zaLr ;'dw'/ ;DaGw sfod ePsf 5g\ .
lxdfno / u+uf tyf kz'klt / lt?klth:tf k|fs[lts–wfld{s ljDa / k|tLssf cfwf/df JofVof ul/g] / ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts b[li6n]
3lgi7 dflgg] g]kfn–ef/t k/Dk/fut ;DaGw x'g\ . o:tf ;DaGwx? cem} 3lge't ?kdf cufl8 a9fpg' k5{ . ;DaGw ;'wf/df d}qL
;+3n] ;kmntf sfod u/f]; \ .
;+3sf] ====== cf} jflif{sf]T;jsf] cj;/df k|sflzt o; :dfl/sfsf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] sfdgf ub]{ cfufdL lbgdf o; If]qdf cfpg]
hf] sf]xLnfO{ kgL efljiodf of] ;:yf / o:n] lgsfNg] ;fdfu|L dxTjk"0f{ b:tfj]h aGg ;sf];\ ;fy} d}qL ;+3sf] cfufdL ofqn] nIo
k'/f ug{ ;sf]; eGg] z'esfdgf AofQm ub{5' .
ho g]kfn .
df3 @)&(
==================
gGb axfb'/ k'g
pk/fi6«klg
s
z'esfdgf
lxdfno / u+uf tyf kz'klt / lt?klth:tf k|fs[lts–wfld{s ljDa / k|tLssf cfwf/df JofVof ul/g] / ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts
b[li6n] 3lgi7 dflgg] g]kfn–ef/t k/Dk/fut ;DaGw x'g\ . o:tf ;DaGwx? cem} 3lge't ?kdf cufl8 a9fpg' k5{ . ;DaGw ;'wf/
df d}qL ;+3n] ;kmntf sfod u/f]; \ .
;+3sf] ====== cf} jflif{sf]T;jsf] cj;/df k|sflzt o; :dfl/sfsf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] sfdgf ub]{ cfufdL lbgdf o; If]qdf
cfpg] hf] sf]xLnfO{ kgL efljiodf of] ;:yf / o:n] lgsfNg] ;fdfu|L dxTjk"0f{ b:tfj]h aGg ;sf];\ ;fy} d}qL ;+3sf] cfufdL
ofqn] nIo k'/f ug{ ;sf]; eGg] z'esfdgf AofQm ub{5' .
ho g]kfn .
df3 @)&( =================
z]/axfb'/ b]pjf
;efklt
g]kfnL sfu|]z
36 :dfl/sf–@)&(
z'esfdgf
ho g]kfn .
df3 @)&(
==================
s] kL zdf{ cf]nL
cWoIf
g]skf -Pdfn]_
ª
z'esfdgf
==================
8f= ljdnf /fO{ kf}8]n
k//fi6« dGqL
8r :dfl/sf–@)&(
z'esfdgf
g]kfn d}+qL ;+3n] ======cf}+ jflif{sf]T;j tyf :yfkgfsf] cj;/df :dfl/sf k|sfzg ug{ nfu]sf] yfxf
kfpFbf Hofb} v'zL nfu]sf] 5 . g]kfn ef/t larsf ;lbof}{ b]lvsf] ;DaGw lj:tf/df :dfl/sfn] cem ;xfof]u
ug]{ kf7ssf nflu pkof]uL x'g] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5' .
g]kfn / ef/t 5'§f5'§} ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg /fi6« ePklg b'j} b]z ;fF:s[lts, j}lbs, kf}/fl0fs / bfz{lgs
¿kdf ;dfg k[i7e"ld / cfwf/ af]s]sf d'n's x'g\ . cflbd sfnb]lvg} rfx] Tof] /fd / hfgsLsf] ¿kdf xf];\ jf uf}td
j'4sf] dfu{ bz{gsf] :j?k, rfx] 1fg k|flKtsf] ljifo xf];\ jf jf}l4s cfbfg k|bfgsf] ljifo h;n] ubf{ cfh;Dd klg
b'O{ b]zaLr ;'dw'/ ;DaGw sfod ePsf 5g\ . lxdfno / u+uf tyf kz'klt / lt?klth:tf k|fs[lts–wfld{s ljDa /
k|tLssf cfwf/df JofVof ul/g] / ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts b[li6n] 3lgi7 dflgg] g]kfn–ef/t k/Dk/fut ;DaGw x'g\ .
o:tf ;DaGwx? cem} 3lge't ?kdf cufl8 a9fpg' k5{ . ;DaGw ;'wf/df d}qL ;+3n] ;kmntf sfod u/f]; \ .
;+3sf] ====== cf} jflif{sf]T;jsf] cj;/df k|sflzt o; :dfl/sfsf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] sfdgf ub]{ cfufdL
lbgdf o; If]qdf cfpg] hf] sf]xLnfO{ kgL efljiodf of] ;:yf / o:n] lgsfNg] ;fdfu|L dxTjk"0f{ b:tfj]h aGg
;sf];\ ;fy} d}qL ;+3sf] cfufdL ofqn] nIo k'/f ug{ ;sf]; eGg] z'esfdgf AofQm ub{5' .
=========================
His Excellency Mr. Naveen Srivastava
Ambassador of India to Nepal
5
g]kfn–ef/t d}+qL ;+3sf xfn;Ddsf cWoIfx?sf] gfdfjnL
/fi6«sjL :j= dfwj k|;fb l3ld/]

;:yfks cWoIf
dfwj k|;fb l3ld/] dfwj k|;fb l3ld/] dfwj k|;fb l3ld/] dfwj k|;fb l3ld/]
k"j{ cWoIf k"j{ cWoIf k"j{ cWoIf k"j{ cWoIf
dfwj k|;fb l3ld/] dfwj k|;fb l3ld/] dfwj k|;fb l3ld/] /fhs'df/ l;GwL
k"j{ cWoIf k"j{ cWoIf k"j{ cWoIf k"j{ cWoIf
cf]d k|sfz ;/fjuL O{= z}n]Gb| df]xg emf

cWoIf sfo{jxfs cWoIf
9 :dfl/sf–@)&(
10
O{= cf]dk;fb ;/fjuL
cWoIf
/fhs'df/ l;GwL O+ z}n]Gb| df]xg emf

lgjt{dfg cWoIf sfo{jxfs cWoIf
8f= t'n axfb'/ ;fpb z'idf zdf{

al/i7 pkfWoIf al/i7 pkWoIf
nf]s]Gb| s'df/ >]i7 …O{Zj/Ú /lGw/ s'df/ l;+x dfwj k|= ltldlN;gf CifL/fd ;fksf]6f afz'w/ pkfWofo l/dfn wgaxfb'/ a:g]t xl/z+s/ 7fs'/
pkfWoIf -k|b]z–!_ pkfWoIf -k|b]z–@_ pkfWoIf -k|b]z–#_ pkfWoIf -k|b]z–$_ pkfWoIf -k|b]z–%_ pkfWoIf -k|b]z–^_ pkfWoIf -k|b]z–&_
af]ws[i0f ;'j]bL pd]z k|;fb l;+x /fhs'df/ cu|jfn c?g s'df/ kf08] lg/h 9sfn ho s'df/ pkfWofo
dxf;lra dxf;lra sf]ifWoIf ;lra ;x–;lra ;x– sf]iffWoIf
Hof]lt Gof}kfg] OGb| gGbg zfxf ;Gtf]if s'df/ cu|jfn ;To gf/fof0f cu|jfn cj' ;]t' l;+x
k|]d k|;fb r'F8fn ;b:o
;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o
;b:o
s'z'd s'df/L kGt alag s'df/ nufO{ u'0flgwL sfkm\n] w'j{ k|;fb bfxfn s[i0f k|;fb >]i7
b]aL ;'j]9L
;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o
;b:o
lzlif/ nD;fn afz'b]z l;+x cO6jfO{ afz'b]z l;+x cO6jfO{

ho s'df/ s]=;L= lj/]Gb| s'df/ dNn
;b:o ;b:o ;b:o
;b:o ;b:o
11
0f
ljifo;"rL
;Dkfbg d08n
O{= z}n]Gb| df]xg emf
O{Zj/ >]i7
af]ws[i0f ;'j]8L
;Nnfxsf/
k|sfzs
l8hfOg tyf n]cfp6

dx]z l3ld/]
lk|G6
dfs{ 5fkfvfgf
7]ufgf afuahf/, sf7df8f}+
kmf]g )!–$@#(^*!
12t :dfl/sf–@)&(
k|sfzsLo
ef/tsf] &$cf}+ u0ftGq lbj; / ef/taLrsf] ;fZjt d}qL

tyf cd[t dxf]T;jsf] pknIodf k/Dk/fnfO{ cIf'0f /fVb} kf/:kl/s
g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3n] :dfl/sf ;DaGwnfO{ ;'dw'/ agfpg]dWo]sf]
k|sfzg u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn–ef/ Ps xf] . ;fy}, b'a} b]zsf hgtfaLr
taLrsf] ;lbof}+b]lvsf] ;DaGw ;'–;DaGw :yfkgf ub}{ ;fdflhs,
lj:tf/df yk ;xof]u ug]{ tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf ljljw If]qdf
kf7ssf nflu pkof]uL x'g] k/:k/ ;xof]u / ;b\efjnfO{ d"t{
ck]Iff;fy of] :dfl/sf k|sfzgdf ¿k lbg], lbnfpg] sfo{df nflu
NofOPsf] xf] . k/]sf] 5 .
g]kfn / ef/t 5'§f5'§} ;fj{ef}d;Qf sf7df8f}+sf] gofF afg]Zj/df
;DkGg /fi6« ePklg b'j} b]z s]Gb|Lo sfof{no /x]sf] o; ;+3n]
;fF:s[lts, j}lbs, kf}/fl0fs / d'n'se/sf &@ lhNnfdf zfvf
bfz{lgs¿kdf ;dfg k[i7e"ld lj:tf/ ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . ;fy},
/ cfwf/ af]s]sf d'n's x'g\ . lhNnf zfvf / ljleGg lhNnfdf
cflbdsfnb]lv g} rfx] Tof] /fd / pkzfvf u7g u/L cfk\mgf] sfo{
hfgsLsf] ¿kdf xf];\ jf uf}td ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ljlzi6
a'4sf] dfu{bz{gsf] :j¿k, rfx] ;b:o, cfhLjg ;b:o tyf
1fg k|flKtsf] ljifo xf];\ jf af}l4s cGo ;b:ox¿;lxtsf ;xof]uL
cfbfgk|bfgsf] ljifo, h;n] ubf{ xftx¿sf] Pstf, cu|hx¿sf]
cfh;Dd klg b'O{ b]zaLr ;'dw'/ dfu{bz{gaf6 cufl8 a9]sf] o;
;DaGw sfod /xL cfPsf] 5 . ;+3n] gofF sfo{z}nLsf ;fy
lxdfno / u+uf tyf kz'klt / cufl8 a9]sf] 5 .
lt¿klth:tf k|fs[lts–wfld{s ;DaGw ;'wf/df d}qL ;+3 ;w}+
ljDa / k|tLssf cfwf/df JofVof cu|;/ /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
ul/g] / ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts o; :dfl/sf k9]/ gofF k':tf
b[li6n] 3lgi7 dflgg] g]kfn–ef/t gjLg hf]z / hfFu/;lxt of]
k/Dk/fut ;DaGw x'g\ . o:tf :dfl/sf agfpg nflu k/f];\–
;DaGwx¿ cem} 3lge"t¿kdf h;af6 gofF k':tf cem
cufl8 a9fpg'k5{ . k|uf9¿kdf ;DaGw lj:tf/df
g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGwsf] ljsNk cufl8 a9f];\, oxL z'esfdgf .
eg]s} cfk;L ;b\efj, ;x– o;} l;nl;nfdf o; ul/dfdo
cl:tTj / ;dembf/Ldf cfwfl/t 5ftf ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 cfkm\gf
c;n g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGw g} sfo{qmdnfO{ lnlka4 ug]{ sfd
xf] . cfk;L lxt, ;dembf/L / ul/Psf] 5 . Psftkm{, o; jflif{s
;b\efjsf] hu]gf{ tyf ;+j4{g / k|ltj]bgn] ;+:yfnfO{ cfkm\gf
;+/If0f u/L PsLs[t ljsf;sf] sfo{qmdx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L
bL3{ ;f]r;lxtsf] d"n nIo cfufdL gLlt tyf of]hgf
lnP/ 3lge"t ;DaGw :yfkgf lgdf0f{sf] nflu k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg
g} cfhsf] k|d'v dfu xf] . oxL ub{5 . csf]{tkm{, :dfl/sfdf
dfunfO{ dWogh/ u/]/ g]kfn– g]kfn / ef/tdf a;L k]zf,
ef/t d}qL ;+3 :yfkgf ePsf] Joj;fo ;~rfng u/L a;]sf
5 . g]kfn / ef/taLrsf] k/ b'a} b]zsf gful/ssf] ;]jf, ;'/
fk"j{sfnb]lvsf] d}qL ;DaGwnfO{ Iff, xs–lxt / cfkt–ljktdf
;do ;fk]If ¿kdf ;'b[9 agfpg ;xof]ub]lv /fhg}lts, ;fF:s[lts
sfo{/t o; ;+:yf ljqmd ;+jt\ ;b\efjnufotsf elugL ;DaGw
13
@)!! b]lv g} g]kfn–ef/t d}qL :yfkgf ug{sf] nflu ;xof]u
;+3sf] cjwf/0ffdf sfo{/t /x]sf] k'Ug] ck]Iff;lxt ljljw ;fdu|L
5 . @)#* ;fndf sfg"gL¿kdf k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 .
:yfkgf ePsf] of] ;+:yf g]kfn
y
em
g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGw ;'wf/sf] Ps s8L
klg ;f+:s[lts ;dfgtf /x]sf] g]kfn / ef/t 5'§f5'§}
kfOG5 . b'j} b]zsf a'4dfuL{n] ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg /fi6« ePklg
eujfg uf}td a'4sf] :d/0f ug]{ b'j} b]z ;fF:s[lts, j}lbs, kf}/fl0fs
tl/sf Pp6} lsl;dsf] /x]sf] 5 . / bfz{lgs¿kdf ;dfg k[i7e"ld
b]jsd{ xf];\ cyjf lkt[sd{, xfdLn] / cfwf/ ePsf d'n's x'g\ .
To;sf] cf/De u/]/ lng] ;+sNk cflbdsfnb]lv g} rfx] Tof] /fd
tyf ;Dk"0f{ k"hg sfo{sf zAb / / hfgsLsf] ¿kdf xf];\ jf uf}td
efiffx¿ Pp6} x'g] ub{5g\ . g]kfnL a'4sf] dfu{ bz{gsf] :j¿k, rfx]
/ lxGbL efiffsf] lnlk klg ;+:s[ts} 1fg k|flKtsf] ljifo xf];\ jf af}l4s
b]jgflu/L /x]sf] 5 . tLg b]jtf cfbfg–k|bfgsf] ljifo– h;n] ubf{
a|Xdf, lji0f' / dx]z, To;}u/L cfh;Dd klg b'O{ b]zaLr ;'dw'/
tLg zlQm dxfsfnL, dxfnIdL / ;DaGw sfod /xL cfPsf] 5 .
dxf;/:jtLnfO{ xfdL ;dfg¿kn] g]kfndf cjl:yt kz'kltgfy,
k"hf ub{5f}F . kz'kIfL, h8 cflb hgsk'/, d'lQmgfynufotsf
;a}nfO{ O{Zj/sf] c+z dfGg] xfd|f] wfld{s d7dlGb/, lty{:ynx¿
;femf dfGotf /lxcfPsf] 5 . ef/tLosf nflu ;d]t cf:yfsf
lxdfno, gbL / kljq ufO{k|lt xfd|f] w/f]x/ x'g\ . kz'kltgfy dlGb/sf]
cf]d k|;fb ;/fjuL c6'6 dfGotf Pj+ cf:yfn] xfd|f] k|d'v k'hf/Ldf blIf0f ef/tLo /
cWoIf, g]kfn ef/t d}qL ;+3 ;DaGwnfO{ cem k|uf9 agfPsf] xg] u/]sf 5g\ . kz'kltgfydf
5. ef/tLo gful/s k'hf/L ePh:t}
q]tfo'udf dftf hfgsL / dof{bf ef/tsf] lbNnLb]lv cGo ljleGg
k'¿iff]Qd /fdsf] ljjfx, ldlynf / :yfgdf /x]sf sl/a !@ ;o dlGb/
cof]Wofsf] ;DaGw, åfk/o'udf lj/ df g]kfnL k'hf/L sfo{/t 5g\ .
f6 /fHol;t kf08jx¿sf] ;DaGw To:t}, ef/tLo ;]gfdf /x]sf]
Pj+ ldqtf tyf eujfg uf}td uf]vf{ /]lhd]G6, g]kfnL / ef/tLo
a'4;d]tsf] hLjgufyf g]kfn / Pscsf{sf dfgfy{ ;]gfklt
g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGwsf] d"n s8L ef/tsf] ;femf rrf{ gu/L k"0f{
kf}/fl0fs g} xf] . cfw'lgs ljZjdf
;d]t ;a}eGbf a9L 1fgsf] e08f/
/ ;a}eGbf w]/} /x:odoL bz{g g}
k"jL{o bz{g xf] . kl5Nnf] ;do
j}1flgs cg';Gwfgsf] k|d'v cfwf/
/ If]q /x]sf] of] bz{gsf] k|fb'ef{j
g]kfn / ef/ts} e"lddf ePsf]
xf] . oxL bz{gsf] dxTjk"0f{ j}ejsf]
¿kdf dxfef/t / /fdfo0f /x]sf
5g\ . oL b'a} lxGb" bz{gsf dxfg
36gf g]kfn –ef/t ;DaGwsf
k|tLs x'g\ . b'a} b]zsf /fhgLlt1
tyf s"6gLlt1x¿n] cfwf/, k|df0f, x'g ;Sb}g . ;fdflhs /Lltl/ x'g] k|rng, ef/tsf] :jtGqtf
pbfx/0f / b[i6fGtsf ¿kdf log} jfh, vfgkfg, /xg;xg, e]ife"iff cfGbf]ngdf g]kfnLx¿n] lgjf{x
s[ltx¿sf] pRrf/0f ug]{ ub{5g\ . / af]nrfnsf] efiff klg ;dfgem}+ u/]sf] e"ldsf, g]kfnsf] nf]stflGqs
g]kfn / ef/tsf cfo{ Pp6} /x]sf] 5 . To:t}, sl/a !,^() cfGbf]ngx¿df ef/tsf] ;xof]u /
Clifsf j+zh x'g\ . t;y{, xfd|f] lsnf]ld6/ ;Ldf hf]l8Psf] g]kfn xFb} cfPsf] tYox¿n] b'O{ b]zaLrsf]
uf]q klg Pp6} dflgG5 . ls/ / ef/t b'a} Ps cfdfsf b'O{ 5f]/ ;DaGwnfO{ cem k|i6 kfb{5 .
ft¿kL eujfg lzjnfO{ dfGg] fx¿ x'g\ . v'nf l;dfgf, wfld{s,
;fF:s[lts tyf eflifs ;dfgtfn] lxdfno / u+uf tyf kz'klt /
g]kfnsf] k"jL{ kxf8 tyf ef/ lt¿klth:tf k|fs[lts–wfld{s
tsf] l;lSsdnufotsf pQ/ k"jL{ b'a} b]zaLr hg:t/df uxg
;DaGw :yflkt 5 . ljDa / k|tLssf cfwf/df JofVof
If]qsf cflbjf;L, hghfltaLr
14 :dfl/sf–@)&(
ul/g] / ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts b[li6n] x'g t, ;fgf] kl/jf/df ;d]t lgdf{0fdf klg ef/tn] ;xof]u u/]sf]
3lgi7 dflgg] g]kfn–ef/t k/Dk/ slxn]sfxLF c;dembf/L x'g ;S5 . 5 . ef/tn] u/]sf] ;a} ;xof]usf]
fut ;DaGw x'g\ . g]kfnL tyf ef/ To;}n], b'O{ b]zaLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ lnP/ pNn]v ug{' ;Dej klg 5}g . ldqtfsf]
tLoaLr /x]sf] …/f]6L a]6Lsf] ;DaGwÚ slxn]sfxLF cfz+sf cflb x'g' :jefljs dfkb08 n]gb]g dfq} x'g ;Sb}g, tyflk
:j¿k gofF j}jflxs ;DaGw aGb} xf] . g]kfn ef/t b'a} b]z ;b}j blIf0f l5d]sL ef/tn] g]kfnnfO{ u/]sf]
cPsf 5g\ . g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGwsf] Psfk;df ;f}xfb{k"0f{ ;DaGw /fVg ;xof]u ldqtf:j¿ksf] pkxf/ xf] .
km]xl/:t tof/ ug{ w]/} ;do / rfxG5g\ . cfly{s ljsf;sf] ult tLj| sf]le8–!( sf] ;+s6df klg ef/tn]
ljåtf k|fKt u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . cufl8 a9fpg rfx]sf] g]kfnnfO{ u/]sf] ;xof]u clj:d/0fLo /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfn / ef/taLrsf] ;DaGwsf] l5d]sL d'n's ef/tåf/f lg/Gt/
;xof]usf] ck]Iff x'G5 g} . ctM b'O{ ;an kIfx¿ x'Fbfx'Fb} klg g]kfn–
cfkm\g} dxTj 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3, ef/t ;DaGwsf] csf]{ kIfnfO{ ;d]t
;fs{, laD:6]s, aLaLcfO{Pgn] o; b]zaLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ cfufdL lbgdf
cem prfOdf k'¥ofpg ;'ema'em tyf Wofg lbg' plQs} h¿/L 5 . d'Vo
If]qleq ;fd"lxs cfTdlge{/tfsf] s'/f ljjfb pTkGg x'G5 jf x'Fb}g eGg]
nIo xfl;n ug{ b'O{ b]zn] ldn]/ ;dembf/Lsf] 68\sf/f] cfjZostf
5 . ljZjf;df cfwfl/t ;DaGwnfO{ xf]OgÙ dxTjk"0f{ d'2f of] xf] ls oL
sfd ug{ yk s]xL If]q lj:tf/ u/]sf ;d:ofx¿ / lrGtfx¿nfO{ s;/L l56f]
5g\ . g]kfn / ef/t b'a} k|d'v cGt/ prfOdf k'¥ofpg] sf]lz; ul/g' ;bf
ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . / k|efjsf/L¿kdf ;Daf]wg ul/G5 .
f{li6«o ;+:yfsf ;b:o x'g\ / pgLx?n] g]kfnsf] /fli6«o lxt / ;d[l4nfO{ ef/
clwsf+z cGt/f{li6«o d'2fdf ;femf ef/t ;/sf/n] clxn] * xhf/ tl;tsf] ;DaGwnfO{ s;/L k|efjsf/L
wf/0ff / rf;f] JoQm ub}{ cfPsf s/f]8eGbf a9L ¿k}ofF g]kfnsf] ljsf; agfpg] eGg] g} cfhsf] g]kfnsf]
5g\ . lgdf{0fdf nufgL u/]sf] 5 . sltko s"6gLlts lrGtg xf] . g]kfn ef/t
g]kfn / ef/tn] hn>f]tsf] ;d'lrt kl/of]hgf k"/f x'g nfu]sf 5g\ eg] d}qL ;+3 oxL efOrf/f ;DaGwnfO{
k|of]u, Jofkf/ tyf kf/jxg s]xL ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfne/ cufl8 a9fpg nflu k/]sf] ;+:yf
Joj:yf, :jf:Yo, k"jf{wf/, lzIff, sf ljleGg lhNnfdf c:ktfn ejg xf] . ;lbcf}+ k'/fgf] g]kfn–ef/taLrsf]
tflndnufotsf Jofks If]qdf b'j} lgdf{0f, ;8s tyf k'nsf] lgdf{0f, ;DaGw lg/Gt/ ldqjt¿kdf cufl8
b]zsf] /fli6«o ljsf;df ;xsfo{ PDa'n]G; tyf :s"n a; pkxf/:j¿k al9/xf];\ . oxL ;DaGw ;'wf/sf] Ps
ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnsf k~r]Zj/, k|bfg, ljleGg txsf 5fq5fqfx¿nfO{ s8Lsf ¿kdf d}qL ;+3nfO{ cufl8
c¿0f t];|f], dflyNnf] s0ff{nL / 5fqj[lQdf ef/tsf :t/Lo SofDk; a9fpg ;lsof];\ .
sf]zL pRr afFwh:tf cfof]hgf / ljZjljBfnodf cWoogsf] cj;/
cfk;L ;xdltsf cfof]hgf x'g\ . k|bfg, ;Ldf rf}sLsf] lgdf{0f, /]ndfu{,
ef/t–g]kfn ;DaGwsf cg]s cfofd k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0fdf ef/tsf] dxTjk"0f{
5g\, h;nfO{ o:tf ;xof]un] cem ;xof]u /x]sf] 5 .
prfOdf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . b'a} b]zsf o;sf ;fy}, t/fO{sf
;/sf/df kl/jt{g cfpg] u/] klg !% j6f lhNnfdf @)
b'O{ b]zaLrsf] cfk;L ldqtfdf s'g} eGbf a9L ;8sx¿sf]
1
km/s k/]sf] 5}g . of] ;fem]bf/Ln] lgdf{0f sfo{, ;a} t/
b'a} b]zsf hgtfsf] lxtdf of]ubfg fO{ If]q / /fhwfgLnfO{
k'¥ofPsf] 5 . cfk;L ;DaGwnfO{ cem hf]8\g] @^ lsnf]ld6/
prfOdf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . b"/Lsf] sf7df8f}+–
x]6f}+8f ;8ssf]

Oltxf;sf s'/f Oltxf;sf s'/f Oltxf;sf s'/f
;DaGwsf] ljsNk eg]s} cfk;L
;b\efj, ;xcl:tTj / ;dembf/Ldf ;/juL / d s]Gb|Lo ;b:o
cfwfl/t c;n g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGw xl//fd kf}8]n xh'/sf] :jf:Yo cj:yf
g} xf] . cfk;L lxt, ;dembf/L / klg a'emf} / s]xL s'/fsfgL klg u/f}F
;b\efjsf] hu]gf{ tyf ;+j4{g / eGg] p4]Zon] cfPsf xf}+ . s'/fsfgL
;+/If0f u/L PsLs[t ljsf;sf] bL3{ z'? u/f} t <
;f]r;lxtsf] d"n nIf lnP/ wlge't /fi6«slj M :jfut 5 . tkfO{x?nfO{
;DaGw :yfkgf g} cfhsf] k|d'v dfu eGg'xf];\, s] eGg] ljrf/n] cfpg'
xf] . oxL dfunfO{ dWogh/ u/]/ eof] .
g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3 :yfkg ePsf]
Oltxf; 5 . xl//fd M xfdL b'a} g]kfn–ef/t
d}qL ;+3sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltdf
g]kfn / ef/taLrsf] 5f}F . o; :+f:yfsf] Oltxf;nfO{ hLjGt
k/fk"j{sfnb]lvsf] /fVg, o; ;+:yfsf] P]ltxfl;s kf6f]sf]
d}qL ;DaGwnfO{ ;do ;fk]If vf]hL ug{ nflu k/]sf 5f}+ . xh'/
?kdf ;'b[9 agfpg sfo{/t o; o; ;+:yfsf] ;+:yfks cWoIf xf] <
;+:yf ljleGg @)!! ;fn b]lvg} EfGg] ;'lgof] . To;}sf] jf/]df s]xL
g ] k f n – e f / t jtfO{lbg'x'G5 ls <
d}qL ;+3sf] cjwf/0fdf sfo{/t /fi6«slj M wGojfb Û dnfO{ ;Dem]/
/x]sf] 5 . ljqmd ;+Dat @)#* oxfF;Dd cfpg' ePsf]df w]/}
…ldq /fi6« ; F u ;DaGw

lj:tf/sf] nflu ;+ 3 agfPsf
xf} + Ú – /fi6« s lj l3ld/]
v';klg nUof] cfkm'n] :yfkgf
;fndf sfg"gL ?kdf :yfkgf u/]sf] ;+:yfsf] af/]df tkfO{x?nfO{
ePsf] of] ;+:yf g]kfn / jtfpFbf v';L 5' . To; ;dodf
ef/t aLrsf] zf:jt d}qL k/ :jtGq ef/tsf /fi6«klt g]kfn
Dk/fnfO{ cIf'0f /fVb} kf/:kl/s cfpg] eGg] s'/f eof] /fi6«sf]
;DaGwnfO{ ;'dw'/ agfpg] Ps tkm{jf6 5'§} :jfut ul/Psf] lyof] .
s8Lsf] ?kdf cufl8 a9]sf] xfdLx?n] klg :jfut ug{'k5{ eGg]
5 . sfg"gL dfGotf kfPkl5 o;sf] jf/]df ;fyLx? ;+u ;/ ;Nnfx
;+:yfks cWoIf x'g'ePsf /fi6«slj eof] . s;/L ug]{ t eGg] s'/f x'Fbf
pxfFg} l3ld/];Fu g]kfn–ef/t g]kfn / ef/t /fhgLlts ?kdf b'O{
d}qL ;+3sf cWoIf cf]d k|sfz 5'§–5'§} b]z ePtf klg xfd|f] wd{
;/fjuL / s]Gb|Lo ;b:o xl//fd ;+:sf/ ;+:s[lt /xg ;xg rfnrng
kf}8]nn] @)^* ;fn ;fpg @% ;a} Pp6} ePsf], ljjfxjf/L tyf
ut] /fi6«slj Ho"sf] lgjf; n}grf}/ k9fO{ n]vfO{ Jofkf/ Joj;fo ;a}
s7df08f}df e]6 ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . Ps cfk;df Ptfsf ptf / ptfsf
;f]xL e]6df ;+:yfsf ;b:o kf}8]nn] Ptf ePsf 5g\ . cfbLdsfn
lng' ePsf] cGt{jftf{ M b]lv xfd|f] ;DaGw e}+/x]sf] x'Fbf b'O{
g]kfn ef/t d}qL ;+3sf xl//fd M gd:sf/ xh'/ . :jf:Yo b]zsf hgtfsf ljrdf Ps vfnsf]
;+:yfks cWoIf x'g'x'G5, / cj:yf s] s:tf] 5 < cflTdo ;DjGw /x]sf] 5 . To;}n]
fi6«slj dfwj k|;fb l3ld/] . /fi6«slj M gd:t], of] pd]/df :j:Yo l5d]sL ldq /fi6«sf /fi6«klt g]kfn
g]kfnL / ef/tLo hgtf aLr Ps s:tf] x'GYof] l7s /fVg] xf], l7s} e|d0fdf cfPsf] j]nf xfdL slj
cfk;df efOrf/sf] ;DaGw 5 . tkfO{x?;+u s'/f ug{ ;Sg] n]vs j'l4lhaL ;dfh;]jL ldn]/
:yflkt ug{ nflukg'{ ePsf l3ld/] cj:yfdfg} 5' . g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3 agfPsf
b'O{ b]z aLr Pstf u/fpFg] kfq xf}+ . kl5 ToxL ;+:yfsf] gfdaf6 P/
dWo]sf Ps x'g'x'G5 . g]kfn–ef/t xl//fd M g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3sf kf]6{df pxfFsf] 5'§} :jfut uof}F .
s]Gb|Lo cWoIf bfh' cf]d k|sfz
2 :dfl/sf–@)&(
xl//fd M To; ;dodf of] ;+:yfdf u/]sf :jfutjf6 k|efljt eP/ sxfF cfpg' eof], w]/} v';L nfUof] . tkfO{x?sf]
sf]–sf] ;+nUg x'g'x'Yof] < ToxfFsf /fi6«kltn] xfdLx?nfO{ ef/t g]t[Tjn] cjZo /fd|f] sfd ug]{ 5, dnfO{ ljZjf;
/fi6«slj M d, e|d0fsf] lgDtf ug'{eof] . xfdL %÷^ 5.
/fdx/L zdf{, l8NnL/d0f /]UdL, hgf Toxf+ uof}F . xfdLnfO{ eJo
:jut ul/of] . otL;DdsL xfd|f] P]n]sf] cj:yf klxn]sf] h:tf] 5}g\ . lj1fg
r'8f/fh zdf{, sfzL/fd /]UdL, /fdg / k|ljlwn] ubf{ w]/} s'/fx?df kl/jt{g ePsf]
/]UdL, afnrGb| zdf{, ljZjgfy ;Ddfgdf xfdLx?nfO{ pRrsf]6Lsf]
/ydf /fv]/ gu/ kl/s|df ;d]t u/ 5 . cfk;L ;DaGw 5nkmnsf] cfbfg k|bfgjf6
pkfWoo, /fdxl/ hf]zL, nIdL k|;fb cljZj;x? x6]/ hfG5 . …j;'b}a s'6'DjddÚ
b]jsf]6f, 6+s k|;fb cfrfo{ c? fO{of] . k'/} /fhlso h:t} ;Ddfg ul/
of] xfdLx?nfO{ . eGg] ;Dem]/ ;a};+u ldqefj /fv]/ g} hfg'k5{ .
gfd klg !)÷!@ hgf lyof}F c?sf] tkfO{x?nfO{ z'e sfdgf 5 . g]kfn / ef/tsf
gfd ofb ePg . sfof{no ;lra xl//fd M To; kl5 s] s] eof] < hgtfsf ljrdf /x]sf] ldqtfk'0f{ ;DaGwnfO{
s[i0fk|;fb e08f/L x'g'x'GYof] . /fi6«slj M xfdL g]kfn cfPkl5 ;a} Jojxf/ / sfo{s|dx?n] cem j9L ;'dw'/ /
xl//fd M To; jvtd clkm; klg a;]/ ;/;Nnfx x'Gof] . b'O{ b]zsf dha't jgfpg] 5 eGg] cfzf lnPsf] 5' .
/x]sf] lyof] ls < hgtfx?sf] larsf] ;DaGwnfO{ xl//fd M xh'/sf] :jf:y cj:yf ;jn /xf];\
/fi6«slj M xf], P]n]sf] ljzfn jhf/ s;/L cflTdo agfpg eujfg;Fu k|fygf 5 .
/fi6«slj M wGojfb Ûg]kfn k|frLgsfnb]lv
:jtGq, cv08 / ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg /fi6«sf
¿kdf ljZj dfglrqdf /]vflÍt 5 . ef/t t
;g\ !($& df dfq la|l6; ;fd|fHosf] r+u'njf6
d'Qm ePsf] xf] . t/ g]kfn cg]sg sfnv08df
ljleGg a+zx?n] /fHo u/]tfklg :jtGq
;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg /fi6«s} ?kdf /Xof] .
/x]sf] 7fpFdf Pp6f 3/df clkm; / ;lsG5 < eg]/ ef/taf6

fv]sf lyof}F . n]vs ;lxTosf/x?sf] j]nf j]nfdf
g]kfn e|d0f eO{/xGof] . xfdLx?sf]
xl//fd M To;df klbo ljefhg h:tf] ljrdf /fd|f] ;DaGw lyof] .
klg s]xL lyof] sL <
xl//fd M b'O{ b]zsf hgtf lar
/fi6«slj M To:tf] vf;} klbosf] ;DaGw ;'dw'/ /fVg d}qL ;+3n] s]
s]xL s'/f cfPg ;a}n] Ps} :jf/ ug{'k5{ < s:tf] e"ldsf x'G5 <
df tkfO{ xfd|f] cWoIf x'g'kof}F eg]/
dnfO{ eGg'eof] . d]/}+ g]Tt[jdf Po/ /fi6«slj M xf], xfdL l5d]sL ePsfn]
kf]6{df tTsflng ef/tLo /fi6«kltsf] l5d]sL larsf] ;DaGw ljZjf;
:jfut ug]{ sfd eof] . of]Uo x'g'k5{ . o;sf s]xL st}af6
vnn kfl/g' x'b}g . slxn] sfFxL /
xl//fd M To;kl5 s]xL ultljlw klg fhgLlt w]/} tftLg] / slxn} lrl;g]
eP xf]nfg\ < u5{ . slxn] ljZjf; / slxg] cljZj;
/fi6«slj M xf], xfdL ef/tdf k|hftGq x'G5 t/ To:tf] s'/fn] hgtfsf txsf] ;DsGw
cfP/ j[l6;x?sf] bf;tfjf6 5'6sf/f lau|g x'b}g . sltko /fhgLltsf] u8j8LnfO{
kfPsf], To;df dxTdfufGwL, nf]xLo ;d]t hgtfsf ljrsf] /fd|f] ;DaGwn] ldnfPsf]
h:tf g]tfx?sf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] x'G5 .
pxfFx?sf] of]ubfgsf] ljifodf s'/ xl//fd M ca cGTodf xfdLnfO{ s]xL ;'emfj
fsfgL x'Yof] . 5g\ sL < 3
xl//fd M c? klg s]xL ultljlw eP /fi6«slj M of] ;+:yfdf lhljt 5 ls 5}g\ <
xf]nfg < eGg] s'/f dnfO{ yfxf+ lyPg . ;+:yf lhljt
/fi6«slj M xf], ToxfF P/kf]6df xfdLn] /x]5 . tkfO{x?n] g]t[Tj u/]/ Oltxf; vf]Hb} d

;+:yfsf] Oltxf;
cfTdLo ;DaGwnfO{ dhj'b

agfpFg d}qL ;+3
;femf snf, ;+:s[lt, wd{, /Lltl/jfh, Pp6f 3/df g]kfn ef/t d}qL
;flxTo / hg:t/sf] cGof]Gofl>t ;+3sf] klxnf] sfof{no :yfkgf ul/
;DaGwn] cToGt dhj't agfPsf] Psf] lyof] .
5.
g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3s} Ps ljefusf
;fdflhs, wfld{s Pj+ ;f+:s[lts ?kdf kl5 sfJo k|lti7fgsf]
;DaGwsf sf/0f g]kfn ef/taLrsf] u7g eof] . ;f] sfJo k|lti7fgn]
;DaGwnfO{ c? b]zx?;+u t'ngf ug{ dxfslj :j= nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf]
;lsb}g . log} cjwf/0ff k|]l/t eP/ cWoIftfdf :j afns[i0f ;d :j=
cfheGbf ^ bzs cufl8 of] ;+:yfsf] 8f= O{Zj/ a/fn, /fi6«slj dfwj
jLhf/f]k0f ePsf] xf] . lj=;= @)!! k|;fb l3ld/] / ;b:o ;lrjdf :j
;fn c;f/ dlxgfsf] clGtd ;ftfdf z+s/ nfld5fg] /xg' ePsf] lyof] .
af]ws[i0f ;'j]bL To; ;dosf k|l;4 ;flxTosf/x?
/ s]xL /fhgLlts JolQmx? dfwj @)!@ ;fndf ef/tsf] lbNnLdf
dxf;lra, g]kfn ef/t d}qL ;+3 ;DkGg ePsf] ck|mf]–PlzofnL 5lj
k|;fb l3ld/] -xfnsf /fi6«slj_,
dxfslj :j= nIdL k|;fb b]jsf]6f, tyf n]vsx?sf] ;Dd]ngdf dxfslj
:j= afns[i0f ;d, :j afnrG› :j nIdL k|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] g]t[Tjdf
blIf0f Plzofdf l;dfgf sfJo k|lti7fgsf kbflwsf/L tyf
hf]l8Psf g]kfn / ef/t b'a} :jtGq zdf{, :j r'8f/fh zdf{, :j /fdxl/
zdf{, :j= sflz/fh pkfWofo, h:tf ;b:oHo"x? ;xefuL x'g'sf ;fy}
;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg k|hftflGqs tTsfnLg g]kfn ef/t d}qL ;+3sf
d'n's x'g\ . ;lbof}Fb]lvsf k'/ k|l;4 JolQmTjx?sf] ;d'kl:yltdf /
fgLkf]v/Lsf] 5]pdf cjl:yt k|l;4 kbflwsf/L ;b:oHo"x?n] blIf0f ef/
fgf] gful/s ;DaGw / ljZjf;,
ef}uf]lns, wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s,
;f+:s[lts tyf cfly{s ;DaGwx¿
b'j} b]zsf nflu lgs} dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ .
ef/t / g]kfnsf] ;+:s[lt, efiff /
wd{sf] cGo d'n'ssf] t'ngfdf ljz]if
;DaGw /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGwsf] ljsNk
eg]s} cfk;L ;b\efj, ;xcl:tTj
/ ;dembf/Ldf cfwfl/t c;n
g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGw g} xf] . cfk;L
lxt, ;dembf/L / ;b\efjsf] hu]gf{
tyf ;+j4{g / ;+/If0f u/L PsLs[t b/af/ xfO{:s'nsf] Pp6f sf]7fdf tsf] e|d0f ug{' eO{ b'O{ b]zaLrsf]
ljsf;sf] bL3{ ;f]r;lxtsf] d"n e]nf eO{ g]kfn ef/t d}qL ;+3 ldqtfnfO{ ;an / ;'b[9 agfpg]
nIo lnP/ wlge't ;DaGw :yfkgf g} :yfkgfsf kl/sNkgf :yfkgf ug]{ sfo{ ug{'ePsf] lyof] .
cfhsf] k|d'v dfu xf] . oxL dfunfO{ lg0f{o ul/Psf] lyof] . xfnsf :jlu{o ef/tsf tTsfnLg /fi6«klt
dWogh/ u/]/ g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3 /fi6«slj dfwj k|;fb l3ld/]Ho'sf] tyf k|l;4 bfz{lgs ;j{kNnL /
:yfkg ePsf] Oltxf; 5 . g]kfn / cWoIftfdf jl/i7 clwjQmf s[i0f fwfs[i0fHo"sf] g]kfn cfudg
ef/taLrsf] k/fk"j{sfnb]lvsf] d}qL k|;fb e08f/LHo" dxf;lrj / x'Fbf g]kfn ef/t d}qL ;+3sf
;DaGwnfO{ ;do ;fk]If ?kdf ;'b[9 ;b:ox?df /fhgLlts / ;dfh;]jL kbflwsf/L / sfJo k|lti7fgsf
agfpg sfo{/t of] ;+:yf cu|0fL 8f= sflz/fh zdf{, r'8f/fh zdf{, kbflwsf/Lx?n] eJo :jfut
:yfgdf b]lvG5 . /fdxl/ zdf{, afnrG› zdf{ k"j{ ug{'ePsf] lyof] . To;kZrft\ ef/
g]kfn / ef/taLr sfod /xb} cfPsf] k|wfg Gofolwz ljZjgfy pkfWofo taf6 kfNg'x'g] ljlzi7 JolQmx?sf]
dfgj ;Eotfsf] z'?jftb]lvsf] o'u ;lxtsf] sfo{;ldlt u7g ul/of] . cfudgdf g]kfn ef/t d}qL ;+3sf
k'/fgf] d}qL cfTdLo ;DaGwnfO{ xfd|f] xfn ljzfn ahf/ /x]sf] Go"/f]8sf] kbflwsf/Lx? ;b}j ;lqmo / cu|;/
4 :dfl/sf–@)&(
/xg'ePsf] Oltxf; ;fIfL 5 .
@)!@ ;fndf d}qL ;+3sf tTsflng
cWoIf dfwj k|;fb l3ld/]Ho" /
fhf dx]G›af6 g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f
k|lti7fgdf dgf]lgt x'g'eof] . To;kl5
;dfh;]jL :jlu{o 8f= sflz/fh
pkfWofoHo"n] d}+qL ;+3sf] cWoIftf
u|x0f u/L ;+:yfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg]
sfo{ ug{'eof] . @)!# ;fndf :jlu{o
6+s k|;fb cfrfo{sf] k|wfgdGqLTjdf
ul7t dGqL d08ndf 8f sflz/fh
pkfWofo ;fd]n x'g'eof] . @)!#
;fndf 8f sflz/fh pkfWofoHo"n] jif{;Dd ;+:yf gjLs/0f ljlxg aGg lbg}k5{ . To;} ;dodf s0f]{n
cWoIf kbdf g/x]kl5 s[i0fk|;fb l/ k'Uof] . 8f= of]u]G› emfn] kl5 s0f]{n x]daxfb'/ sfsL{Ho"sf] ;lqmotfdf d}qL
dfnHo"n] o; ;+:yfsf] cWoIftf x]daxfb'/ sfsL{Ho"nfO{ dxf;lrjdf ;+3;Fu cfa4 ;fyLx?nfO{ hDdf u/L
u|x0f u/L nfdf] ;do;Dd cyf{t dgf]lgt ug{'eof] . emfsf] cWoIftfdf g]kfn /fli6«o e"tk"j{ ;}lgs ;+3sf]
@)#% ;fn;Dd ;+:yfsf] g]t[Tj u7g ePsf] sfo{;ldltdf pkfWoIf xndf ljz]if d}qL ;efsf] cfof]hgf
;DxfNg' ePsf] Oltxf; 5 . lj;+ kbdf o'j/fh l;+x k|wfg k"j{ / u/L k"j{ k//fi6«dGqL z}n]G› s'df/
@)#& ;fnsf] hgdt ;+u|xkl5 / fhb"t, dxf;lrjdf s0f]{n x]daxfb'/ pkfWofoHo"nfO{ ;j{;Ddt ?kdf
fhg}lts jftfj/0f pbf/ v's'nf] sfsL{Ho" nufot ;b:o kbdf olb ;+:yfsf] cWoIf dgf]gog ul/of] .
eof] . u}x;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf vf]Ng] k|;fb u'Ktf, s'hljxf/L nfn, jt{dfg @)^) ;fndf wgu9Ldf ePsf] d}qL
gLlt lgod tof/ eof] . ;f]xL gLlt cWoIf cf]d ;/fjuL, dxf;lrj ;efn] sf7df08f}df ePsf] ljz]if
cg'¿k tTsfnLg >L % ;/sf/n] z]v/ lul/, k|f=8f= nf]s/fh a/ d}qL ;efsf] lg0f{onfO{ cg'df]bg
;+3 ;+:yf btf{ P]g :jLs[t u/] nuQ} fn, ljlrq axfb'/ b]jsf]6f cflb ub}{ z}n]G› s'df/ pkfWofoHo"sf]
@)#^ ;fn j}zfvdf sf7df08f} ;lDdlnt x'g'x'GYof] . 8f= of]u]G› cWoIftfdf Ps sfo{;ldlt
lhNnf k|zf; sfof{nodf g]kfn emfsf] lgwgkZrft\ o'j/fh l;+x u7g ul/of] . pQm sfo{;ldltdf
ef/t d}+qL ;+3 @ g+ df btf{ eof] . k|wfg sf jf cWoIf x'g\ -rLgsf] / jt{dfg sfo{;ldltsf clwsfz
fhb"t ePsf]n] ;xdlt ghgfPsf] JolQmTjx? ;dfj]z x'g'x'GYof] .
ljqmd ;+Dat @)#^ ;fndf sfg"gL x'Fbf dxf;lrj s0f]{n x]daxfb'/ ldlt @)^# ;fndf 3/fo;L sf/0f
?kdf :yfkgf ePsf] of] ;+:yf sfsL{Ho" sf jf cWoIfsf] x}l;otn] b]vfpFb} cWoIf z}n]G› s'df/
g]kfn / ef/taLrsf] zf:jt d}qL ;+:yfsf] g]t[Tj ;DxfNg k'Ug'eof] . pkfWofoHon] cWoIf kbdf ga:g]
k/Dk/fnfO{ cIf'0f /fVb} kf/:kl/s To;} ;dodf >L % sf] ;/sf/n] lg0f{o u/]kl5 s0f]{n x]djxfb'/
;DaGwnfO{ ;'dw'/ agfpg] dWo]sf] gljs/0f gePsf ;+3 ;+:yfx?nfO{ sfsL{Ho"n] sf= af= cWoIfsf]
Ps xf] . ;fy} b'a} b]zsf hgtfaLr gjLs/0fsf] Psd'i6 /sd a'emfPdf x}l;otn] ;+:yfsf] g]t[Tj
;';DaGw :yfkgf ub}{ ;fdflhs gjLs/0f ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfg lbPsf]n] ub}{ cfpg'eof] . pxfFs} sfo{sfndf
cfly{s ljsfzsf ljljw If]qdf k/ s0f]{n x]daxfb'/ sfsL{Ho"sf] ljz]if lj=;+= @)^$ ;fndf g]=ef d}
Dk/ ;xof]u / ;b\efjnfO{ d"t{ ?k kxndf ;+:yfnfO{ gljs/0f u/fpg] ;+3sf] bf]>f] d}qL ;ef e}/xjfdf
lbg], lbnfpg] sfo{df nflu k/]sf] 5 . sfo{ eO{ ;+:yfnfO{ hLjGttf lbg] ;DkGg eof] / pQm d}qL ;efaf6
8f= of]u]G› emfnfO{ cWoIf kbdf sfo{ eof] . To; sfo{sf] >]o d'/f/Lnfn cu|jfnHo" cWoIf
kbdf lgjf{lrt x'g'eof] . pQm
sfo{;ldltdf jt{dfg cWoIf cf]d
k|sfz ;/fjuLHo" jl/i7 pkfWoIf
kbdf lgjf{lrt x'g' ePsf] lyof] .
dxf;lrjdf :j= lbjfs/bQ kf08],
;lrjdf g/gf/fo0f zfx dg' /
sf]iffWoIf kbdf rt'e{'h ;l/of
;fd]n x'g'x'GYof] .
ldlt @)^& 5 r}qdf lj/f6gu/
df ;DkGg rf}+yf] d}qL ;efjf6
cf]d k|sfz ;/fjuLHo" cWoIf
kbdf lgjf{lrt x'g'eof] . pQm
rog uof] tTsfnLg dxf;lrj sfo{;ldltdf rqmdfg >]i7Ho" jl/
OGb'sfGt zdf{sf] nfk/jfxLn] $ >4]o s0f]{n x]daxfb'/ sfsL{Ho"nfO{
i7 pkfWoIf kbdf lgjf{lrt x'g'eof]
eg] jt{dfg dxf;lrj z]v/ lul/ Pstf, cu|hx?sf] dfu{bz{gaf6 fi6« / hgtfsf] ljifodf ;/f]sf/ /
Ho"n] dxf;lrjsf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg' cufl8 a9]sf 5 . fVg], k|ljlw / ltgsf] ;+/If0f, ;Daw{g
ePsf] lyof] . jt{dfg sf]iffWoIf / pkof]u ;DaGwL k|jrg, uf]i7L,
rt'e{'h ;l/ofHo"n] sf]iffWoIfs} g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3 ljwfgsf] ;]ldgf/ / cGt{lqmofsf] cfof]hgf
sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg'ePsf] lyof] . k|:tfjgfdf pNn]lvt g]kfn / ef/ ug]{ /x]sf] 5 .
taLrsf] k/fk"j{ sfnb]lvsf] d}qL
ldlt @)&) df jL/u~hdf ePsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;do ;fk]If ?kdf ;'b[9 hg:jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg
g]kfn ef/t d}qL ;+3sf] kfFrf}+ d}qL agfpg sfo{/t Ps ;fdflhs :jf:Yo lzlj/, /Qmbfg h:tf
;efjf6 cf]d k|sfz ;/fjuLHo" k'gM ;+:yf xf] . b'O{ b]zaLr k/Dk/ hglxt / r]tgfd'ns sfo{x?
cWoIf kbdf lgjf{lrt x'g' eof] . al/i7 fb]lv rlncfPsf cfbz{ / ldqtfsf] ;+rfng ug]{, g]kfn / ef/tdf a;L
pkWoIfdf l;4fy{ cu|jfn lgjf{lrt ;DaGwnfO{ dha't kfb}{ cufl8 a9\g] k]zf Joj;fo ;+rfng u/L a;]sf
x'g eof] . dxf;lra, sf]ifWoIf nIo lnPsf] ;+:yfsf p2]Zox?n] b'a} b]zsf gful/sx?sf] ;]jf, ;'/
nufotsf cWoIf4f/f dgf]tLg ug]{ eG5g\ . Iff, xs–lxt / cfkt ljktdf
k|jwfg cg';f/ z]v/ lu/L / rt'{e'{h ;xof]u k'¥ofpg lqmoflzn /xg] 5
vl/ofnfO{ dgf]lgt ul/of] . g]kfn / ef/taLrsf] zf:jt d}qL k/ eg] ;dfg p2]Zo / k|s[ltsf ;+3
Dk/fnfO{ Jofks agfpg], kf/:kl/s ;+:yfx?;Fu elugL ;DaGw :yflkt
g]kfn / ef/tdf a;L k]zf Jofj;fo ;DaGwnfO{ ;'dw'/ Pj+ wd{, ;+:s[lt, u/L e|d0fsf] cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ 5 .
;+rfng u/L a;]sf b'a} b]zsf gful/ ;Eotf, efiff, snf, ;flxTo tyf / xfd|f Ps csf{sf cfw'lgs k|ljlw,
ssf] ;]jf, ;'/Iff, xs–lxt / cfkt– fli6«o ljsf;sf ljleGg kIfx?df cg'ej / >f]t ;fwgnfO{ hglxtdf
ljktdf ;xof]ub]lv /fhg}tLs, g]kfn / ef/taLr hg:t/df k|of]u ug]{ . pk/f]Qm sfo{qmdsf
;+f:s[lts ;befj nufotsf elugL Jofks hg;xeflutf sfod u/fpg] cltl/Qm cGo cfjZos / pko'Qm
;DaGw :yfkgf ug{sf] nflu ;xof]u /x]sf] 5 . b'O{ b]zaLrsf] ;fdflhs, sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug]{ jftfj/0f
k'Ug] pb]Zon] of] ;+:yfsf] pkl:ytL / cfly{s ljsf;sf
xL cfPsf] 5 . ldlt @)&# r}+tdf O6x/ ljljw If]qdf k/:k/
Ldf ePsf] g]kfn ef/t d}+qL ;+3sf] ;xof]u / ;b\efjnfO{
5}+6f} s]Gb|Lo d}qL ;efjf6 /fhs'df/ d"t{?k lbg], lbnfpg] .
l+;+wL lgjf{lrt x'g eof] . o; ;efn] ljZj eft[Tj Pj+ ljZj
pknWoIfdf 8f t'n axfb'/ ;fpb zflGtnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg
lgjf{lrt u/]sf] xf] . ;df;lradf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf]
ljwfg adf]lhd >Lk|;fb sf]O/fnf l;4fGt cg'?k dfgj
/ af]ws[i0f ;'j]bL ;fy} sf]ifWoIfdf sNof0fsf/L jftfj/0f
8f= >L/fd afF:sf]6fnfO{ dfgf]lgt tof/ ug{ ;lqmo /xg] .
u/]sf] xf] . o;}u/L @)&& r}qdf ef/tsf ljleGg :yfgdf
g]kfnu~hdf ePsf] g]kfn ef/t ul7t ef/t–g]kfn d}qL
d}+qL ;+3sf] ;ftf} s]Gb|Lo d}+qL ;+3÷;+:yfx?;Fu eft[ ;DaGw / ;+:yfn] to ug]{ nIosf ;fy of] ;+3
;efaf6 k'gM cf]dk|sfz ;/fjuLnfO{ fvL ;dfg p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu lqmoflzn /x]sf] 5 .
cWoIf agfPsf] 5 . eg] O+= z}n]Gb| ;xsfo{ ug]{ . g]kfn / ef/t b]zsf
df]xg emfnfO{ al/i7 pkfWoIfdf / hgtfaLr ;';DaGw sfod /fVg cfh o; ;+:yfdf sl/j !) xhf/
dxf;lradf af]ws[i0f ;'j]bLnfO{ k|oTgzLn /xg] . sf] ;+Vofdf cfhLjg ;b:ox¿
lgjf{lrt u/]sf] 5 . ;+zf]lwt ljBfg k'u]sf 5g\ . o; ;+:yf;Fu cfa4
adf]lhd ;x cWoIfdf O+= z}n]Gb| o; ;+:yfsf] ljwfgn] lglb{i7 k|To]s ;b:o ljleGg txdf u7g
df]xg emf / al/i7 pkfWoIfdf 8f= u/]sf p2]Zox? k'/f u/fpg / d}qL x'g] sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/L
t'n axfb'/ ;fpb, z'idf zdf{, ;DaGwsf gofF cfofdx?nfO{ /fi6« ;b:oHo"x?n] cToGt lhDd]jf/ agL
;x;lradf pd]z k|;fb l;+x / / hgtfsf] lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL, cg'zfl;t, dof{lbt aGb} st{Jo
sf]iffWoIfdf /fhs'df/ cu|jfn b'a} b]zsf /fli6«o kj{x?, :jtGqtf lgi7tfsf ;fy cufl8 a9\g'kg]{5 .
dgf]lgt x'geof] . lbj; Pj+ u0ftGq lbj;, a'4
hoGtL, ljZj clx+;f lbj; tyf ljleGg k]zf, Joj;fo / ;dfhsf
gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+df s]Gb|Lo dxfTdf ufGwL hoGtLsf] cj;/df ljleGg If]qdf sfo{/t ljlzi7
sfof{no /x]sf] o; ;+3n] b]zsf &@ ljljw sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ ul/ JolQmTjx? o; ;+:yfdf cfa4 eO{
lhNnfdf zfvf ;+rfng ub]{ cfPsf] Psf] 5 . To:t}, snf, ;+:s[lt / g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3sf lqmofsnfk
5 . lhNnf zfvf / ljleGg lhNnfdf ;flxTosf ljljw kIfdf cGt/lqmof tyf ultljlwdf ;l/s eO{ ;xof]u
pkzfvf lj:tf/ u/L cfkmgf sfo{ u/fpg]b]lv ljlzi6 ljåfg – ljb'ifL, / dfu{bz{g k|bfg ug{' ePaf6 klg
cufl8 a9fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . ljlzi6 s'6lglt1, ;dfh;]jL JolQmx?sf] xfd|f] ;+:yfn] cufl8 a9\g] k|]/0ff /
;b:o, cflhag ;b:o, cGo e|d0fsf] cfbfg–k|bfg tyf ljrf/sf] phf{ kfPsf] 5 .
;b:ox? ;lxtsf ;xof]uL xftx?sf] ljlgdo ug]{, u/fpg] /x]sf 5g\ . /
6 :dfl/sf–@)&(
l5d]sLsf ldqsf s'/f
cfufdL ;x;|fAbLdf låkIfLo ldqtfnfO{ k'g¿Tyfg

s¿kdf ;'¿ ePsf] lyof] . ef/ /fi6«sf] ¿kdf pbo ePkZrft\
t–g]kfn ;fem]bf/L / blIf0f Pl;ofnL g]kfnn] ;g\ !(%% df s"6gLlts
k'g¿Tyfg la|l6z O{:6 OlG8of ;DaGw sfod u/]kl5 ef/tsf] vt/
sDkgL ef/tLo pkdxfåLkdf fsf] wf/0ff /f0ffx¿n] ;femf u/]sf]
ePsf] xf] . oBlk, :juL{o /fhfn]
c+u|]hx¿nfO{ k"0f{¿kdf ljZjf; ug{
;s]gg\, pxfF pgLx¿nfO{ lj/f]w
gug{ xf]l;of/ x'g'x'GYof] . lsgls,
olb g]kfnn] hfgfhfgL la|l6z
lj/f]wL gLlt ckgfPdf cf}klgj]lzs
zlQmsf] xfgL ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ pxfFn]
;'wfs/ l;+x :jLsf/ ug{'eof] . la|l6; ef/t;Fu x'g;S5 . ;g\ !(%) sf] ;lGwn]
g]kfnsf] ;DaGw !*) jif{ -!&^&– g]kfnnfO{ ef/tsf] ;'/Iff 5ftfdf
k"j{s[lifdGqL ljxf/, ef/t !($& O{:jL_ sf] cjlwdf km}lnPsf] NofPsf] tYon] g} of] lrGtfsf]
lyof] . h;df cljZjf;, z+sf / ljifo ePsf] a'em\g ;lsG5 . ;Ldf
cfw'lgs g]kfnsf lgdf{tf /fhf zq'tf klg lyof] / !($& sf] lqkIfLo If]qdf ;'/IffnfO{ lnP/ ef/tn] ;g\
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] b'O{ ztfAbLeGbf ;lGw;Fu} of] ;dfKt eof] . o;n] !(%@ df cfkm\gf] ;}Go ld;g k7fof]
cufl8sf] of] b]znfO{ …b'O{ :jtGq ef/t / To;sf tTsfnLg / g]kfn–rLg ;Ldfdf r]skf]i6
9'ËfaLrsf] t¿nÚ;Fu t'ngf ubf{ cf}klgj]lzs dflnsnfO{ g]kfnL :yfkgf u¥of] . pQm r]skf]:6x¿
g]kfnsf] e"–/fhgLlts :yfgnfO{ gful/s etL{ ug{ cg'dlt lbPsf] kl5 x6fOPsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf]
¿ksfTds¿kdf lrq0f u/]sf lyP . lyof] . cf}klgj]lzs lj/f;tsf ;fj{ef}d x}l;otdfly k|ZglrGx v8f
tLg s/f]8sf] xf/fxf/Ldf hg;+Vof ¿kdf g]kfndf jfdkGyLx¿n] ePkl5 ^) sf] bzssf] pQ/f4{df
ePsf] g]kfn jf:tjdf ef}uf]lns / o;sf] lj/f]w u/] klg . ;g\ !*!^ r]skf]i6x¿ x6fOof] . g]kfn / rLg
hg;f+lVos b'a} lx;fan] ljZjsf sf] ;'uf}nL ;lGwcGtu{t g]kfnsf] cfh zflGtk"0f{ ;x–cl:tTjsf kfFr
b'O{ ;jf{lws hg;+Vof ePsf] b]z– cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf /]vf+sg ul/Psf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t zflGt tyf d}qL
pQ/df sDo'lgi6 rLg / blIf0fdf lyof] . g]kfndfly !)$ jif{ -!*$&– ;lGwåf/f afFlwPsf 5g\ . ;dfgtfsf]
k|hftflGqs ef/tsf] aLrdf cjl:yt !(%! O{:jL_ zf;g ug]{ /f0ffx¿n] l;4fGtsf kIfw/x¿n] g]kfn–
5 . Ps ca{ cem :ki6¿kdf eGg'kbf{ la|l6z ef/t;Fu …/fli6«o lxteGbf ef/t ;lGwnfO{ ToxL l;4fGtdf
e"–kl/j]li7t g]kfnsf] k"j{, klZrd klg zf;s kl/jf/sf] lxtdf sfd kl/dfh{g u/]sf] x]g{ rfxG5g\ .
/ blIf0f tLgtkm{ ef/t;Fu v'nf ug{Ú cToGt ;f}xfb{k"0f{ ;DaGw / ljut %) jif{sf] cjlwdf !(%)
l;dfgf /x]sf] 5 . ;d'›df kx'Frsf fv]sf lyP . sf] ;lGw jf:tjdf l6Sg ;s]sf]
nflu cfkm\gf] blIf0fL l5d]sLdf 5}g . ;g\ !(*( df g]kfnn] ;lGwsf
g]kfn / ef/taLrsf] ;g\ !(%) k|fjwfgx¿ pNn+3g u/]sf] cf/f]k
lge{/ 5 . g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGwnfO{ sf] zflGt tyf d}qL ;lGwn] b'O{
cfsf/ lbg] / k|efj kfg]{ k|d'v sf/ nufP/ ef/tn] Jofkf/ gfsfaGbL
b]zaLrsf] /fhgLlts ;DaGwdf gofF nufof], h;af6 o; b]zsf cfd
ssf ¿kdf oxfFsf] e"uf]n /x]sf] df]8 lnof] . g]kfnnfO{ ;fj{ef}d;Qf
5 . /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts, cfly{s hgtfnfO{ 7"nf] kL8f ef]Ug' k/]sf]
;DkGg :jtGq /fi6«sf] ¿kdf dfGotf lyof] . rLgaf6 s]xL xltof/ vl/b
/ hg;f+lVos lx;fan] ef}uf]lns lbg] ;lGw /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo
lgs6tfsf c;/x¿ hfFRg] / cfufdL ubf{ ef/t;Fu k/fdz{ / :jLs[lt
ug]{ hgcfGbf]ngsf] Ps jif{cl3 lng g;s]sf]df g]kfnnfO{ bl08t
;x;|fAbLdf låkIfLo ldqtfnfO{ nfu" ePsf] lyof] . xfnsf jif{x¿df
k'g¿Tyfg / k'g¿Tyfgsf nflu ul/Psf] ljZn]ifsx¿ atfpF5g\ .
g]kfnsf /fhgLlt1 / a'l4hLjLx¿n]
g]kfnL kl/k|]Iodf pkfox¿ ;'emfj pQm ;lGwnfO{ c;dfg egL o;nfO{
ug]{ k|of; oxfF ul/g]5 . kl/dfh{g / k|lt:yfkg ug{ cfXjfg
slxNo} s'g} cf}klgj]lzs zlQmsf] u/]sf 5g\ . /f0ffn] cfkm"nfO{ ;Qfdf
cwLgdf gk/]sf] b]z g]kfn /fli6«o sfod /fVgsf nflu h] klg :jLsf/
7
:jtGqtfsf] uf}/jzfnL Oltxf;df ug]{ a]nfdf of] ;lGw g]kfndfly
uj{ ub{5 . !*cf}+ ztfAbLdf / yf]kl/Psf] eGg] cfwf/df yk k|xf/
fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] g]t[Tjdf ul/Psf] 5 .
b]zsf] PsLs/0f k|lqmof cf}krfl/ ;g\ !($( df rLgsf] sDo'lgi6

ljZjgfy, g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]q / ef/ c;n / e/kbf]{ l5d]sLkgdf n}hfg]
tsf] pQ/ k|b]z, laxf/ tyf klZrd k|of;nfO{ æef/tlt/ 9Ns]sf]Æ jf
a+ufnsf 5]p5fpsf lhNnfx¿df æef/tsf cufl8 3'F8f 6]s]sf]Æ h:tf
a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;aLrsf] hftLo zAbfjnLn] lgGbf ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{
/ eflifs ;dfgtf cflb pbfx/0fx¿ g]kfnL sf+u|];n] dxTj lbFb}g . ef/
w]/} 5g\ . tn] g]kfnnfO{ cfly{s kIfdf klg
pNn]vgLo ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]
5 . ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ kIf g]kfnsf]
x/]s nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngnfO{
g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGw
;kmn / ;fy{s agfpg klg
 ch'{gg/l;+x s]=;L= clåtLo ;xof]u ef/tn] lbPsf]
;b:o, s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldlt 5 . cToGt lgs6td l5d]sL /
g]kfnL sfFu|]; b}lgs hLjgsf kIfx¿;Fu ufFl;Psf
;f+:s[lts, wfld{s k/Dk/f, dfGotf
/ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/j]z,
g]kfn / ef/t, sl/a !* zo ;txdf b]lvPsf xfdLaLrsf ljjfb
lsnf]ld6/ v'nf ;Ldf hf]l8Psf pRr:t/Lo s'6gLlts / kf/:kl/s
:jtGq d'n's x'g . ef/t;Fusf] ljZjf;, ;Ddfg / ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/
g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGw ax'cfoflds c;n / ;kmn l5d]sL ;DaGw g} df lg/fs/0f ug'{sf] s'g} ljsNk
ePsfn] ldqtf k|j4{gsf nflu xfd|f] k//fi6« gLltsf] ;kmntfsf] b]lvPg . t;y{ xfd|fjLr ljBdfg
dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf cGo kIfnfO{ k|d'v kIf xf] . g]kfn e"kl/j]li7t ;a} ;d:ofx¿nfO{ jftf{åf/f xn
cf]em]ndf kfg]{ ;g\ !(%) sf] d'n's xf], t/ /fli6«otfsf] gsf/fTds ug{'k5{, ;lsG5 .
;lGwdf ljutnfO{ vf]tNg] k|of; r]tgf af]s]sf sltkon] o;nfO{ …
ef/ta]li7tÚ (India locked) klg P]ltxfl;s jf:tljstf
ug{' x'Fb}g / To;df cNdlng] k|of;
ug{ gx'g] b'j} kIfdf a9\bf] cg'e"lt eGb5g\ . t/ v'nf ;Ldfn] ubf{ ;g\ !($& cu:6 !% -lj=;=@))$
/ ;xdlt 5 . b'j} b]z 7"nf] pT;fx, g]kfnnfO{ …ef/t v'nfÚ (India ;fpg #! z'qmaf/_ sf] dWo/ftdf
gofF ;f]r, b"/b[li6 / sNkgfsf ;fy open) d'n's jf ef/t;Fu hf]l8Psf] ef/tn] :jfwLgtf xfl;n u/]kl5
csf]{ ;x;|fAbLdf k|j]z ug]{ tof/Ldf (India linked) eGg ;lsG5 . g]kfndf sf7df8f}+, ;r]t If]q /
/x]sfn] kf/:kl/s lxtdf dxTjk"0f{ k'/ftg sfnb]lv g} b'O{ b]zjLr w]/} ljz]ifu/L t/fO{ dw]zdf ljz]if
s'/f eg]sf] cu|ufdL b[li6sf]0fsf ;dfgtfx¿ 5g . e"uf]n–hDd'låk, pNnf;sf] jftfj/0f aGof] . :jb]z
;fy} låkIfLo ;DaGwnfO{ gofF hf]8 ;+:s[lt–cfo{, wd{–j}lbs ;gftg, tyf ljb]z / ef/tdf /x]–a;]sf
lbg] /fhgLlts OR5fzlQm xf] . bz{g–lxGb', efiff–;+:s[t, lnkL– ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLx¿n] ef/tLo hgtfsf
kf/:kl/s nfesf/L ;xof]usf gjLg b]jgfu/L, ;+jt–laqmdL cflb ;fy v'zLofnL dgfP . ef/
sfo{qmdx?dfkm{t\ cfk;L ;DaGw
/ ltgnfO{ yk ;'b[9 agfpgtkm{
nfUg'kb{5 .
g]kfn / ef/taLrsf] ;fdflhs,
wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts ;DaGw ef}uf]lns
lgs6tf;Fu} cljefHo / ljutb]lv
g} /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf /fhf hgssL
5f]/L ;Ltf jf hfgsLsf] ljjfx kfFr
xhf/ jif{cl3 ef/tsf] pQ/ k|b]z
-o'kL_ ;x/ cof]Wofsf /fhf eujfg
/fd;Fu ePsf] lyof] . sf7df8f}+sf]
lzj jf kz'kltgfysf] dlGb/sf]
bz{g ug{ / eujfg jf/f0f;Lsf]
bz{g ug{ g]kfn / ef/taf6 k|To]s b'O{b]zsf ;DaGwsf cfwf/e"t tsf] :jtGqtfn] g]kfnnfO{ of]
jif{ xhf/f}+ lty{ofqLx¿ Pscsf{sf] tyf ;gftg ljz]iftf x'g . o:tf ;'lglZrttf lbof], ca /f0ffzf;gsf]
e"–efu kf/ u5{g\ . eujfg ;zQm cfwf/df :yflkt ;DaGwnfO{ ktg / /fli6«otf ;lxtsf] k|hftGq,
8 :dfl/sf–@)&(
gful/s :jtGqtf / ljsf;nfO{ /fhdfu{ -lqe'jg /fhky_ / klxnf] u/]sf] / ef/t :jtGq ePkl5sf]
s;}n] /f]Sg ;Sb}g . ljdfg:yn -uf}r/ xjfO{c8\8f_ sf] bz dlxgfkl5 g} cd]l/sL b"tfjf;
lgdf{0f z'¿ u/]/ . cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] :yfkgf ug{ lbg] lg0f{onfO{ ef/
:jtGq ef/tsf klxnf] k|wfgdGqL, ;+j}wflgs ljsf; / k|zf;g ;'wf/ tsf] gofF ;Qfn] rfx]sf] eP /f]Sg
k~rzLnsf] l;4fGtsf lxdfotL, tyf cfw'lgsLs/0fsf nflu klg ;SbYof] . la=;+ @))^ -;g\ !($(_
k+=hjfx/nfn g]x¿ To:tf] / lgs} 7"nf] ef/tLo ;xof]u /x]sf] 5 . df g]kfnn] klxnf] k6s ;+o'Qm /
fhg]tf x'g'x'GYof], h;n] cxdbfjfbsf] g]kfndf ef/tn] cfh;Dd @ xhf/ fi6«;+3sf] ;b:otfsf nflu cfj]bg
h]nhLjgdf n]Vg'ePsf] cfˆgf] k':ts $ ;oeGbf a9L /fli6«o :t/sf, lbof] . t/ To;nfO{ cj/f]w k'¥ofpg]
…l8:se/L ckm OlG8ofÚ df pNn]v k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo :t/sf ljsf; sfd ef/tn] u/]g, sDo'lgi6 zf;g
5, æef/tdf ;fFRr} :jtGq clw/fHo ePsf] tTsfnLg ;f]leot ;+3n]
pQ/–k"jL{ ;Ldfjlt{ g]kfndfq xf], u¥of] . g]kfnsf] ;b:otfsf lj¿4
oBlk of] cnu–ynuh:t} 5, h;n] ;f]leot ;+3n] le6f] k|of]u u/]sf]
ckmuflg:tfgsf] h:t} cjl:ylt lyof] .
lnPsf] 5 .Æ cfˆgf] of] cjwf/0ffnfO{
pxfFsf] !& jif]{ k|wfgdGqL sfnel/ cfhsf] g]kfn ef/t ;DaGw cGt/
;b}j sb/ u/]/ k|dfl0ft ug'{eof] . f{li6«o hutdf g]kfnsf] ;xh /
:jtGq k|j]zsf cfwf/df eP/
ef/tsf] :jtGqtf lagf g]kfndf ljsl;t, g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o
k|hftGq, ljsf; / gjo'usf] 9f]sf JolQmTjnfO{ ef/tn] cfTd;ft
v'Ng c;Dej 5 eGg] w/ftnLo u/]sf] ;Dawsf] Oltxf; xf] . @)!^
jf:tljstf a'em]/ g} g]kfnsf cfof]hgfx¿ ;~rfng ul/;s]sf]
5 . hnljB't, ;8s, eG;f/gfsf ;fndf hglgjf{lrt sfª\u|]; ;/
g]tfx¿ ef/tsf] :jtGqtf ;+3if{df sf/n] kfls:tfg;Fu bf}To ;DaGw
;lqmotfk"j{s ;l/s eP . hggfos ;'wf/, /]nj], k]6«f]lnod kfO{knfO{g,
b"/;~rf/nufot lzIff tyf :jf:Yo :yfkgf ubf{ ef/tn] s'6gLlts ?kdf
aLkL sf]O/fnf, ;af]{Rr g]tf u0f]zdfg c;xhtf b]vfP klg g]kfn;Fusf]
l;+x, s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{, 8f= l8NnL/ cflb ljljw If]qdf ef/tLo ljsf;
;xfotf k'u]sf] 5 . ;DaGwnfO{ vNalng lbPg . To;
d0f /]UdL, ;"o{k|;fb pkfWofo, sfndf ef/tsf] bf}To ;DaGw
dgdf]xg clwsf/L, /fdhgd ltjf/L, :jtGqtf kl5sf] ef/tn] ;g\ Oh/fon;Fu lyPg, t/ gofF lbNnLdf
dflqsfk|;fb sf]O/fnf, uh]G›gf/fo0f !(@# -la;+ !(*)_ sf] ;GwLnfO{ Kofn]:6fOg :jtGqtf ;Ë7g -PLO_
l;+x, /fdrG› ;fx, an/fd gfos, lg/Gt/tf lbg] k|lta4tf b]vfof] sf] sfof{no :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] .
uf]aw{gaxfb'/ sfsL{, dgdf]xg u'Ktf, h'g ;GwLn] g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s / g]kfnn] Oh/fon;Fu bf}To ;DaGw
?›k|;fb lul/ nufot sl/a tLg;o jfXo ;fj{ef}d;QfnfO{ dfGotf :yfkgf u/]sf] x'gfn] PLO n] sfof{no
:yfkgf ug]{ s'/f lyPg .
ltAatdf rLgsf] cfudgn]
ubf{ lgjf{;gdf ef/t
uPsf bnfO{nfdfnfO{ ef/
tn] z/0f lbof], t/ g]kfnn]
k|j]z lbPg . b'O{ d'n'ssf
jLr o:tf sltko ljljwtf
eP klg b'O{ b]zsf jLrsf]
;DaGwdf slxNo} b"/ufdL
k|efj jf vnn k'u]g .
ef/tsf k|wfgdGqL g/]Gb|
bfdf]b/bf; df]bL ;g\ @)!$
df klxnf]k6s k|wfgdGqL
lbPsf] lyof] . ;g\ !($& df gofF aGg'x'Fbf g]kfn hglgjf{lrt
g]kfnL k|hftGqjfbLx¿ ef/tsf] lbNnLdf ePsf] PlzofnL /fhgLlts ;+ljwfg;efåf/f ;+ljwfg n]Vg]
:jtGqtf ;+u|fddf ;lqmotfsf ;fy ;Dd]ngdf ef/tn] g]kfnnfO{ klg k|lqmofdf lyof] . …l5d]sL klxn]Ú eGg]
;xefuL ePsf dfq xf]Og, sl7g ;fj{ef}d d'n'ssf] x}l;otsf ;fy pxfFsf] d"ndGq cg'?k k|wfgdGqL
h]nhLjg latfPsf klg lyP . ;xeflutfsf nflu lgDTofPsf] lyof] . ePsf] b'O{d9lxgfd} !& jif{;Dd s'g}
ef/t :jtGq x'g] lg0f{o ePkl5 / ef/tLo k|wfgdGqLn] g]kfnsf] e|d0f
g]kfnLx¿sf] ;xh ck]IffnfO{ :jtGq gu/]sf] z"GotfnfO{ tf]8\b} @)&!
ef/tn] w]/} xb;Dd ;xof]u u¥of] . a]nfotn] ;Qf x:tfGt/f0f ug'{ rf/
dlxgfcl3 g]kfnn] cd]l/sf;Fu ;fpg !* ut] g]kfnsf] tLglbg] k"0f{
g]kfnsf] cfw'lgstf / ;d[l4sf] 9f]sf ;kmn / P]ltxfl;s cf}krfl/s e|d0f
vf]Ng] k|yd ldq/fi6« ef/t g} xf], klxnf] d}qL / jfl0fHo ;DaGw :yflkt

hg:t/Lo efO{rf/f, ;dflhs ;b\efj
/ ef}uf]lns ;fldKotfnfO{ s'g}
kl/l:yltn] laufg{ ;Sb}g . g]kfn–
ef/taLrsf] of] clåtLo ;DaGwnfO{
;dfgtf / ;Ddfg, ;xcl:tTj /
;fj{ef}ldstf, a]nfa]nfdf p7\g]
u/]sf ;a} ;jfnx¿ xfd|f P]ltxfl;s
ldqtf, b:tfj]h / s'6gLlts
sf}znsf] cff/df v'nf lbnn]
;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] d]/f]
ljZjf; 5 .
ug'{eof] . g]kfn / ef/t cGt/f{li6«o tyf …======lxGb':yfgn] s'g} n8fOF lht]sf]

ljZj ;+3–;+:yfx¿df ;dfgtfsf 5}g, h'g hLtsf ;fy g]kfnLsf] /ut
pxfFn] >fj0f !( ut] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ ;fy ;xefuL /x]sf 5g\ . b'j} gau]sf] xf];\, hxfF g]kfnLn] ;xfbt
æ===ef/tsf] sfd g]kfnnfO{ bvn lbg] c;+nUg d'n'sx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o glbPsf] xf];\ . ef/tsf] :jfledfg /
xf]Og, cfjZos kbf{ ;xof]u ug]{ xf]Æ cfGbf]ngsf ;+:yfks, blIf0f /Iffsf nflu g]kfnsf …axfb'/Ú dg{sf
h:tf cg]sf}+ pTk|]/0ffbfoL jf0fLåf/f PlzofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;+u7g nflu kl5 x6]gg\ .Ú
;+jf]wg ug'{eof], æ===ha d sfzLaf6 (SAARC) sf ;+:yfks, g]kfnsf]
k|ltlglw ag]+, d]/f] g]kfn;Fusf] gftf e"ld ef/tsf] lj?4 / ef/tsf] e"ld
cem a9\of] .======lxGb':yfgn] s'g} g]kfnsf lj?4 k|of]u x'g glbg]
n8fOF lht]sf] 5}g, h'g hLtsf ;fy k|lta4 l5d]sL x'g\ .
g]kfnLsf] /ut gau]sf] xf];\, hxfF
g]kfnLn] ;xfbt glbPsf] xf];\ . g]kfnsf] :jtGqtfnfO{ :jtGq
ef/tsf] :jfledfg / /Iffsf nflu ef/tsf /fhg]tfx¿n] lg/Gt/
g]kfnsf …axfb'/Ú dg{sf nflu kl5 ;Ddfg / sb/ ub}{ cfPsf] Oltxf;
x6]gg\ . ef/tsf nflu afFRg] dg]{jfnf 5 . g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] gjo'usf]
…axfb'/ g]kfnLÚ sf] d gdg ug{ ;+jfxs zlQm g]kfnL sfFu|];n] lj=;=
rfxG5' . ef/tLo ;]gfsf lkmN8df;{n @))^ df kf6L{–PsLs/0f u/]kl5
Pp6f /fd|f] s'/f ug{'x'GYof], eGg'x'GYof]– klxnf] 3f]if0ffkqdf g]kfn–ef/t
sf]xL ;]gfsf hjfgn] d d[To'b]lv ;DaGwnfO{ pRr dxTj lbO{Psf]
8/fpFlbgF eG5 eg], dfGg'xf];\ of 5 . g]kfnsf] kl/jt{gsf/L zlQm
t pm em'6 af]ln/x]sf] 5 of t pm sfFu|]; / :jtGq ef/tsf g]tfx¿n]
uf]vf{ xf] . o:tf jL/x¿sf] e"ld xf] b'j}b]zsf] :jtGqtf / :jfwLgtfnfO{
of] .Æ g]kfnsf kL/–dsf{ jf ;d:of sb/ ub}{ kf/:kl/s cl:tTjaf]w
/ cfjZostfx¿ oy]i6 ;d]l6Psf] u/] . cfh;Dd klg g]kfn–ef/t
pxfFsf] sl/a Ps 3G6fsf] pQm ;DaGwaf/] g]kfnL sfFu|];n]
;+jf]wgn] b'O{ b]zsf] ;DaGwdf gofF ckgfPsf] cfwf/e"t dfu{bz{g
cfofd yKof] . oxL xf] . t;y{, b'j} b]zdf /x]sf]
/fHo:t/Lo ;DaGwdfq xf]Og,
10 :dfl/sf–@)&(
…g]kfn ef/t;Fu efOsf] ;DaGw xf]Og,
;dfgtf rfxG5Ú M k"j{/fhb"t /l~ht /]
k"j{ ef/tLo /fhb"t /l~ht /] g]kfnaf/]sf /fd|f hfgsf/ x'g'x'G5 . :ki6 af]Ng] /] g]kfn nflu ef/ltoaf6
cfPsf /fhb't dWo] v'n]/ af]Ng] kfq dWo]sf Ps dflgg'x'G5 . g]kfndf cfkm\gf] sfo{sfn ;s]/ ef/t lkmtf{
ePklg /] n] g]kfnsf] af/]df gofF k':ts g} n]Vg' ePsf] 5 . g]kfn af/]df a]nf jvt cfkm\gf] wf/0ff ;fj{hlgs
ug]{ /]nfO{ g]kfn / ef/t larsf ;DaGw / To:df b]lvg] ;d:ofsf af/]df AoflQmut s'/fsfgL ul/Psf] 5 .
P]ltxfl;s¿kdf ;dy{g u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts :yfloTj
ef/tsf] :jfy{ xf] . ef/tn] jt{dfg ;/sf/;Fu sfd ubf{ub}{ klg
g]kfnsf ;a} /fhgLlts zlQm;Fu ;+nUg x'g' cfjZos 5 . g]skf
jf g]skfsf] 7"nf] lx:;f rLg kIfLo -k|f]–rfOgf_ 5 / of] ef/tsf]
lxtljk/Lt 5 egL rLgn] v8f u/]sf] unt b[li6sf]0faf6 ef/t
cndlnFb}g .
ef/tdf sfFu|]; u7aGwgsf] ;/sf/ x'Fbf tkfO{F g]kfnsf nflu /fhb"t
lgo'Qm x'g'eof] . ef/tLo hgtf kf6L{ g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/ x'Fbf tkfO{Fsf]
ljbfO . ef/tsf oL b'O{ km/s kf6L{n] ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj ubf{ rflxF
g]kfn gLltdf s]xL km/s cfpFbf] /x]5 <
ljb]z gLltsf ;DaGwdf ef/tdf Ps k|sf/sf] ;xdlt 5 . To;}n]
Pp6f /fhgLlts bnsf] ;/sf/ kl/jt{g eP/ csf]{ bnsf] ;/
sf/ aGbf To;n] ljb]z gLltdf gf6sLo km/s kfb}{g . ljb]z
ef/tLo kIf g]kfnn] s:tf] e"ldsf ef/t;Fu vf]h]sf] 5 eg]/ a'em\g] gLlt ;~rfngsf] tl/sfdf eg] km/s x'g ;S5 . ef/tsf jt{dfg
u5{ < k|wfgdGqL g/]G› df]bL dflg;aLr /xg ¿rfpg'x'G5 . g]kfn cfpFbf
klg pxfFn] w]/} dflg;nfO{ ;8sd} e]6\g'ePsf] lyof] . o:t}, pxfFn]
ef/tnfO{ g]kfn efO–efOsf] ;DaGwdf /xf];\ eGg] rfxgf 5 . t/, l5d]sL /fi6«;Fusf] ;DaGwnfO{ yk k|uf9 agfpg …l5d]s klxnf]
efO–efOsf] ;DaGwdf g]kfnåf/f ef/tsf] ;fgf] efO x'g OGsf/ gLltÚ clVtof/ ug{'eof] . s"6gLltsf] vf; ljifoj:t' slDtdf d]/f
ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . p;n] ;dfgtf rfxG5 . d}n] k"j{k|wfgdGqL kfnf;Dd kl/jt{g ePh:tf] nfUb}g . d c6nlaxf/L afhk]oL ;/
dfwjs'df/ g]kfn;Fu jftf{ ubf{ klg oxL wf/0ff kfPsf] sf/af6 sfFu|];sf] ;/sf/ aGb} ubf{ ljb]z dGqfno k|j]z u/]sf]
5' . Psk6s g]skf -Pdfn]_sf tTsfnLg jl/i7 g]tf dfwjs'df/ x'F . To;avt klg ;/sf/df /fhgLlts kl/jt{g cfPsf] lyof], t/
g]kfn;Fu pxfFsf] lgjf; sf]6]Zj/df e]6\g k'u]sf] lyPF . xfdLn] ljb]z gLlt ;~rfngdf eg] s]xL km/s kf/]sf] lyPg .
dL7f] dfNbf cfFksf]] :jfb lnFb} s'/fsfgL ul//x]sf lyof}+ . xfdL
lxGbLdf s'/fsfgL ul//x]sf lyof}+ . dfwj g]kfnn] dnfO{ x]/]/ ef/t g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts :yfloTjsf] kIfdf 5 . /fhgLlts
;f]Wg'eof]– …ef/tn] lsg b'O{ d'n'saLr efO–efOsf] ;DaGwsf] cl:y/tf x'Fbf g]kfndf emg\ j}b]lzs x:tIf]k a9\g] 5 . ef/tn]
s'/f u5{ <Ú o:tf] ;DaGwdf hlxn] klg 7"nf] bfO / ;fgf] efOsf] ;w}+ g]kfnsf] ax'bnLo k|hftGq / k|ultzLn kl/jt{gdf g]kfnnfO{
s'/f x'G5 . o;sf] cy{ g]kfn ;fgf] efO x'g rfxFb}g . g]kfn ef/ ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . b'O{ b]zsf k|ltlglwaLr pRr:t/Lo
tsf] ldq x'g rfxG5, ;dfg ;fem]bf/, g a9L, g sd . t/ ef/t e]63f6sf >[+vnfn] klg oxL k'li6 u5{ . afaf;fx]a cDa]8\s/n]
tTsfnLg ljb]zdGqL :j/fhn] eg] e}+m …ef/t 7"nf] bfO xf]Og, h]7f] eg]sf 5g\– ;+ljwfgn] Tolta]nf dfq /fd|f] sfd ug{ ;S5,
bfO xf], h;n] cfkm\gf] sfG5f] efOnfO{ ;w}+ x]/rfx u5{ .Ú hlta]nf o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] lhDd]jf/L kfPsf JolQmx¿n] /
fd|f] sfd u5{g\ . g]tfx¿n] cfkm}+ ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs g]kfnsf]
g]kfnL hgtfn] rflxF ef/tLo hgtfnfO{ s'g ¿kdf x]5{g\ lg < ;+ljwfgsf ljz]iftfdfly k|Zg ug{ / ;+ljwfgsf dfGotfnfO{
kl5Nnf] ;do g]kfnLdf cnL a9L g} /fi6«jfbsf] ¿kdf JofVof a]jf:tf ug{ yfn] eg] g]kfn yk cl:y/tftkm{ hfg]5 / ;d[4
x'g] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ef/tlj/f]wL ultljlw cnL a9L g} ePsf g]kfn, ;'vL g]kfnLsf] nIo ;'b"/ eljiotkm{ ws]lng]5 .
5g\ . ;g\ @)!# df bz/y /+uzfnfdf ef/t / ckmuflg:tfgsf] tkfO{ g]kfn hfgsf/ ePsfn] casf] s]xL jif{sf] g]kfnsf] eljio
km'6an v]ndf g]kfnLx¿n] ef/tLo v]nf8Lx¿nfO{ …wf]tLÚ sf] s:tf] b]Vg'x'G5 <
;+1f lbFb} ckmuflg:tfgL v]nf8Lsf] ;dy{g u/], h'g b'Mvb kIf
xf] . ;a}eGbf a9L uf}td a'4sf] hGdynf]sf] ljifodf ef/tLo g]kfnsf] cf;Gg eljio clglZrt b]lvG5 . w]/} s'/f cfGtl/s
kIfnfO{ a9L ufnL u/]sf] kfOG5 . uf}td a'4sf] hGdynf] ljifodf l:yltdf lge{/ u5{ . /fhfjfbL, lxGb"jfbL, /fhgLlts bn / cGo
ef/tLo ljb]z dGqfnon] a'4 g]kfnd} hlGdPsf] eg]/ lj1lKt g} cltjfbL jfd tTjx¿aLr sfo{ut Pstf b]lvG5 . o:tf] ky
PstkmL{¿kdf lgsfNg' k/]sf] 5 . oxfF tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL s]kL k|bz{g a9\b} uP eg] g]kfnn] km]l/ cl:y/tfsf] ;fdgf ug{'kg]{
zdf{ cf]nLn] eujfg /fd g]kfnd} hlGdPsf] eGg] cleJolQm lbFbf x'G5 / cGt/f{li6«o zlQmsf sf/0f g]kfn yk ;+s6df kg]{5 . of]
klg nf]slk|o x'g'eof] . ljZj e"/fhgLltsf] qm;kmfo/ -uf]nfjf/L_ sf aLrdf kg{ klg
;S5 . /fhgLlts / ;fdflhs–cfly{11 s kl/jt{gsf] ck]Iff;lxtsf]
;Qf ;~rfnsx¿ rflxF s'g lsl;dsf] b[li6sf]0f /fV5g\ < dfcf]jfbL lj›f]x / dw]; cfGbf]ngsf pknlAwnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/
ef/tLo kIf ;w}+ g]kfnL kIf;Fu ;DaGw ;'wf/sf] kIfdf cu|;/ Psf] @)&@ ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdfly k|Zg p7\g yfln;s]sf 5g\ .
5 . ef/tsf] k|of; lg/Gt/ ;+nUgtf / låkIfLo ;DaGwsf] lj:tf/ ca ;+3Lo k|0ffnLdfly g} k|Zg p7\g yfn]sf] 5 . tyflk, g]kfnL
df s]lG›t x'g'k5{ eGg] xf] . ef/tn] g]kfnLsf] ax'bnLo nf]stGq ;dfhsf cg]sg\ If]q o;sf kl/0ffdk|lt cfZj:t x'g ;s]sf
/ k|ultzLn, ;dfj]zL / Gofok"0f{ /fHo :yfkgfsf] ck]IffnfO{ 5}gg\, oL d'2f km]l/ p7\g yfn]kl5 g]kfndf yk åGå x'g]5 . ef/

tn] t g]kfnsf] :yfloTjsf] kIfdf /rgfTds ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] g]kfndf cf}iflwnufot ;fdu|L cefjnfO{ xn ug{ xfdLn] To;
5. ;dodf klg kxn u/]sf 5f}+ . gfsfaGbLsf ljifodf g]kfnLx¿sf]
wf/0ff;Fu d ;xdt 5}g .
g]kfn / ef/taLrsf] wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts ;DaGwnfO{ r}+ s;/L x]g'{x'G5
< g]kfn ef/taLrsf] ;DaGwsf] Oltxf; klg sf/0f xf] h:tf] ef/tn] g]kfndf x:tIf]ksf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{ eGg] 5 lg <
tkfO{FnfO{ nfUb}g < g]kfndf ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g] a]nf ef/tsf tTsfnLg ljb]z ;lrj
hoz+s/ g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpg'eof], ;+ljwfgdf lxGb" /fi6« cyjf wd{
g]kfn / ef/taLrsf] wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts ;DaGwnfO{ b'a} b]zsf ;fk]If /fi6«sf] ¿kdf ;Daf]wg ul/of];\ eGg] ;Gb]z lbg'eof] elgG5
zf;sn] agfPsf] xf]Og . of] cflbdsfnb]lv cfkm}+ ljsf; ePsf] xf] . lg < o;df slQsf] ;Totf 5 <
Oltxf; dfq} xf]Og, xfd|f] e"uf]n, ;Eotf, b'O{ b]zaLrsf] e"–efudf
/x]sf] leGgtf, of] k"/} unt a'emfO xf] . d}n] of] ljifodf k':tsdf klg rrf{ u/]sf]
ef/t / 5' . hoz+s/ tTsfnLg ;dodf ef/tLo k|wfgdGqLsf] ljz]if b"tsf
rLgaLrsf] ¿kdf g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpg'ePsf] lyof] . h'g k|sf/sf] ;+ljwfgsf]
;DaGwh:tf w]/} d:of}bf tof/ kfl/Psf] lyof], Tof] ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLnfO{ :jLsfo{ x'Fb}g
sf/0fn] o:tf] eGg] xfdLnfO{ yfxf lyof] . Tof] ;dodf ;+ljwfgsf ljifonfO{
cf/f]k nfUg] lnP/ ePsf] k|bz{gdf w]/} dflg; dfl/Psf lyP . of] kl/l:yltdf
u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfnh:tf] ljljwtfo'Qm b]zsf]
t, b'O{ b]zaLrsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;a} If]qsf dflg;sf] cfjfh ;d]6\g'k5{ eGg] xfd|f]
;DaGw hl6n 5, a'emfO lyof] . olb ;+ljwfgdf s'g} ;d"xn] ckgTj kfPg eg] To;n]
elgPsf] . d}n] xfdLaLrsf] ;DaGwsf] w]/} cfofdnfO{ vf]Ng] k|of; k|bz{g x'g;Sg] / c;'/Iffsf] l:ylt a9\g ;Sg]df xfd|f] rf;f] lyof] .
u/]sf] 5' . glhssf] ;DaGw ePsf] b]zdf slxn]sfxLF ;d:of ljb]z ;lrj oxL ;Gb]z k|jfx ug{ g]kfn cfpg'ePsf] lyof] .
cfpg' :jefljs xf] . b'a} b]zsf hgtfsf] cfk;L ;DaGwh:tf] ;+ljwfg hf/L ug{ l9nf] eO;s]sf] 5}g, c;Gt'i6 kIf;Fu jftf{
;DaGw ljZjsf cGo b]zdf kfpg ;lsFb}g . ef/t / g]kfnsf ug{'xf];\ eGg] pxfFsf] cfu|x lyof] . g]kfnsf] zflGt k|lqmofb]lv dw];
hgtfsf] ;DaGw d]6]/ gd]l6g] ;DaGw xf] . oxfF s]xL ljifonfO{ cfGbf]ngsf] ;xdlt k|lqmofdf ef/t ;xefuL lyof] . ;+ljwfgn] oL
lnP/ ;DaGwnfO{ cfnf]rgf ug]{ ul/G5 . b'a} k|lqmofnfO{ ckgTj glbPsf] cj:yfdf To;n] ;d:of Nofpg
;Sg] a'em]/ g} ef/tLo k|wfgdGqLsf] ljz]if b"tsf ¿kdf ljb]z
dnfO{ s] ofb 5 eg] d /fhb"t x'Fbf ef/tsf k|wfgdGqLn] kz'kltgfy ;lrjn] g]kfn e|d0f ug{'ePsf] xf] .
dlGb/ bz{g ubf{ b'O{ s/f]8 a/fa/sf] rGbg bfg ug{'ePsf] lyof] .
To;avt g]kfndf 7"nf] xNnfvNnf dlRrPsf] lyof] . rGbg /fHon]
bfg u/]sf] ls JolQmn] eGg] k|Zg p7]sf] lyof] . To; ;dodf d}n]
of] ef/t / g]kfnaLrsf] ;+:s[lt xf] eGg] wf/0ff ;fj{hlgs u/]sf]
lyPF . xfdLaLrsf] ;Eotf, wd{ / ;fF:s[lts ;DaGwsf sf/0f o:tf]
x'g] u5{ . rGbg bfg ug{ ef/tsf] sfFu|]; u7aGwgsf] ;/sf/n]
:jLs[lt lbPsf] lyof] .
g]kfnsf] k|foM ljifodf ef/tnfO{ klg hf]8]/ x]l/G5 . g]kfndf
kl5Nnf] ;do ljjflbt ePsf] Pd;L;L / OG8f]–Kofl;lkms /0fgLltsf
ljifodf ef/tsf] a'emfO s] 5 <
OG8f]–Kofl;lkms /0fgLltnfO{ ef/tsf] k"0f{ ;dy{g 5 . xfdLnfO{
of] rLgnlIft /0fgLlt xf] h:tf] nfUb}g . o;sf] cfofd 7"nf] 5 .
ef/t Sjf8sf] ;b:o /fi6« klg xf] . hxfF;Dd Pd;L;Lsf] k|Zg 5,
h;df s'g} ;}Go /0fgLlt hf]l8Psf] h:tf] dnfO{ nfUb}g . g]kfnsf g]kfn;Fusf] ;DaGw a9fpg ef/tsf] cfkm\g} e"ldsf sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5
s]xL /fhgLlts kf6L{n] Pd;L;LnfO{ ;}Go /0fgLlt;Fu hf]8]/ x]/]sf] eGg] xNnf klg 5 < tkfO{Fn] :jLsf/ ug{'x'G5 <
kfOG5, h'g unt xf] . g]kfnsf] kmfObf k'Ug] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] xfd|f] sfof{Gjog Ifdtf k|efjsf/L 5}g eGg] d :jLsf/ u5{' .
;xfotf :jLsf/ ug{'k5{ . dnfO{ Pd;L;Lsf] kIf ljkIfdf af]Ng' s'g} g]kfn;Fu ef/tn] w]/} ;Demf}tf u/]sf] 5, t/ sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf
cfjZostf 5}g, t/ g]kfnL eP/ ;f]Rg] xf] eg] Pd;L;L g]kfnsf] lkmtnf] b]lvG5 . d]/f] sfo{sfndf xfdLn] Pp6f ;+oGq agfPsf
kmfObfdf 5 h:tf] dnfO{ nfU5 . Pd;L;L 7"nf] cfly{s ;xfotf lyof}+, h;sf] sfd b'O{ b]zaLr ePsf ;Demf}tfcGtu{t ePsf]
xf], of] sfof{Gjog x'Fbf g]kfnn] 7"nf] dfqfdf ef/tdf ljB't\ lgof{t sfdsf] ;dLIff ug{' lyof] . k|To]s tLg dxLgfdf xfd|f] a}7s x'GYof],
ug{;S5 . o:tf] x'g ;s]sf] cj:yfdf g]kfnnfO{ bL3{sfn;Dd hxfF ljsf; sfof{Gjogsf] ;a} If]qsf ljifodf 5nkmn x'GYof] .
kmfObf k'U5 . ljB't\ k|zf/0f nfOg / af6f]sf] :t/pGglt ug]{ ljifo To;kl5sf] cj:yfdf sfof{Gjogsf] ultdf s]xL kl/jt{g cfPsf]
rLglj¿4 s;/L x'g;S5, dnfO{ crDd nfU5 . 5.
12 :dfl/sf–@)&(
kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGw
b]zsf hgtfsf] ;DaGw …/f]6L / a]6LÚsf]
;DaGw xf] . /Qm;DaGw;Fu ;fl6Psf]
of] ;DaGw ;xsfo{ / ;x–cl:tTjsf]
;DaGw klg xf] . g]kfn / ef/t b'a}
b]zsf hgtf Ps csf{sf] b]zdf /f]huf/
Ldf 5g\ eg] b'a} b]zsf hgtfaLr
ljjfxnufotsf ljleGg ;+:sf/ut sfo{
klg x'g] u/]sf 5g\ .
o; cfwf/df eGg'kbf{ g]kfn / ef/
taLr ljz]if ;DaGw :yflkt 5 . j}lZjs
kl/l:yltsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ xf] eg] o:tf]
;DaGw cGo b]zdf lj/n} /x]sf] kfpg
d"ntM lxGb" dlxnfx¿n] dgfpg] ;lsG5 . lxGb"x¿sf cf/fWo b]j b]jL /
wd]{Gb| emf dxTjk"0f{ kj{ tLh xf];\ jf k"jL{ dw]zdf fd / ;LtfaLrsf] j}jflxs ;DaGw o;
dgfOg] rf}/rg -rf}7 rGb|_ kj{ . ;Gbe{df dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . kf/Dkl/
sfo{sf/L cWoIf s¿kdf ljsl;t b'a} b]zsf] ;DaGw ;x–
/fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt lxGb"x¿s} dxfg rf8 bz}+, ltxf/ x'g\
jf 57 kj{, lxhf]cfh ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ cl:tTjsf cfwf/df yk ljsl;t x''g'k5{
oL rf8 dgfpg lgs} ;s; kg]{ u/]sf] eGg] ck]Iff ul/g' c:jefljs xf]Og .
5 . sf/0f xf], rf8 dgfpg cfjZos t/, a]nfavtdf ljsl;t x'g] /fhgLlts
;fdu|Lsf] d"Noj[l4 . pkef]Uo ;fdfgsf] 36gfqmdn] b'a} b]zsf hgtfnfO{
d"Noj[l4 / ckof{Kttfsf] s'/f ;fdfGo em:sfpg] u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{
alg;s]sf] cfdpkef]Qmfsf] a'emfO{nfO{ ;lsFb}g . jf:tjdf b'a} b]zsf hgtf,
cGoyf dfGg ;lsg] cj:yf /x]g . h;sf aLr j}jflxsnufotsf ;DaGw
b}lgs pkef]Uo ;fdu|Lsf] d"Noj[l4kl5 :yflkt 5g\, nfO{ /fhgLltn] vf;} 5'Fb}g
klg ;xh¿kdf pknAw x'Fbf] xf] t / 5'g' klg x'Fb}g . b'a} b]zdf b'a} b]zsf
pkef]Qmfn] h;f]t;f] lrQ a'emfpFy], t/ ljleGg vfn] gftf s'6'Da 5g\, h;nfO{
d"No lt/]/ klg ;xh¿kdf cfjZos /fhgLltn] 5'g] cj:yfsf] sNkgf;Dd
…of] ;DaGw Oltxf;eGbf ;fdu|L pknAw gx'g] cj:yfnfO{ s] eGg] ug{ ;lsFb}g . of] cj:yf a'em\g, g]kfnsf]
blIf0fL, k"jL{ / klZrdL ;LdfjtL{ If]qsf]
klg k'/fgf] 5 . b'a} b]zsf] < cfdpkef]Qmf /ge'Nndf kg'{ :jefljs
cWoog ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . rfx] blIf0fsf] t/
xf] . vf;u/L rf8kj{sf] ;dodf of]
;DaGw hg:t/sf] ;DaGw ;Gbe{sf] cf}lrTo emg} a9\g] ub{5 . bz}+, fO{ dw]zsf lhNnf xf]pg\ cyjf klZrd
g]kfnsf] a}t8L, bfr'{nf xf]pg\ jf k"jL{
xf] . hf] cfk;L ;+:s[ltdf ltxf/ / 57h:tf kj{ dgfpg cyf{t\
g]kfnL ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/f wfGg cfjZos
cfwfl/t 5 . b'a} b]zsf kg]{ ;/;fdfg cfk"lt{df a9\bf] j}b]lzs
hgtfsf] ;DaGw …/f]6L / k/lge{/tf s;}af6 n's]sf] 5}g .
a]6LÚ sf] ;DaGw xf] . / cfd gful/snfO{ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt
Qm;DaGw;Fu ;fl6Psf] of] ug'{ / gful/ssf cfjZostfsf] k"lt{
ug'{ s'g} klg b]zsf] s'g} klg ;/sf/
;DaGw ;xsfo{ / ;x– sf] d"n sfd st{Jo xf] . ha gful/
cl:tTjsf] ;DaGw klg xf] .Ú ssf b}glGbgsf cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{
g;Sg] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf x'G5 . Pp6f
;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] b]zdf hgtfsf nflu
cfjZos ;fdu|L cfkm" :jo+n] pTkfbg
u/]/ h'6fpg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf p;n]
cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw lj:tf/ u/]/ eP
klg hgtfnfO{ /fxt lbg] ;fdu|Lsf] g]kfnsf] Onfd, kfFry/h:tf lhNnf
hf]xf] cGoqaf6 klg ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . o;} xf]pg\, ;f+:s[lts¿kdf ef/t;Fusf]
k[i7e"ld / ;Gbe{df oxfF g]kfn / ef/ ;fOgf] lgs} ;'b[9 /x]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 .
tsf] ;DaGwaf/] rrf{ ug'{ pko'Qm 7fgL
s]xL n]Vg] k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf]df xfd|f nflu ef/t;Fusf] ;DaGw
lgs} dxTjk"0f{ x'g hfG5 . xfd|f] l:ylt
g]kfn / ef/tsf] ;DaGw ztflAbof}+ k"/fgf] ;+j]bgzLn 5 . xfdL cfkm\gf] cfjZostf
;DaGw xf] . g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGw slxn] :jo+ k"/f ug{13
;Sg] cj:yfdf 5}gf}+ . xfd|f
;'¿ eof] eGg]af/]df cflwsfl/s¿kdf cfjZostf k"/f ug{ klg ljutsf] …/f]6L
s]xL eGg ;lsFb}g . ;du|df eGg'kbf{ of] a]6LÚ sf] ;DaGwnfO{ dxTj lbg'kg]{ s'/
;DaGw Oltxf;eGbf klg k'/fgf] 5 . b'a} fnfO{ 7f8} c:jLsf/ ug{ ;lsg] l:ylt
b]zsf] ;DaGw hg:t/sf] ;DaGw xf] . 5}g .
hf] cfk;L ;+:s[ltdf cfwfl/t 5 . b'a}
g]kfnn] cfkm\gf l5d]sLaLr ;db"/Lsf]

;DaGw ljsl;t ug{ x'g\ . cfhsf] g]kfndf g'g / ;a} k|sf/sf t]n ef/taf6 cfoft
;Sg'k5{ . g]kfnsf] ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 . c¿ cfjZosLo s'/f t k/} hfcf];\, g'g /
s"6gLlts ;kmntf t]nh:tf] ;fdfGo pkef]Uo j:t'sf nflu klg ef/td} lge{/ /
o;}df lglxt xg'kg]{ cj:yfn] klg g]kfn / ef/tsf] ;DaGwsf] ;+j]bgzLntf
5 . g]kfn / ef/tsf] :ki6 x'G5 . of] oyfy{nfO{ g]kfn / ef/t b'a}n] la;{g ldNb}g .
;DaGwsf] s'/f ubf{ of] t ;du|tfsf] ljifo xf] . cfhsf] csf]{ oyfy{k|lt klg cfFvf
w/ftnLo oyfy{nfO{ lrDng ldNb}g . Tof] s] eg], cfhsf] lbgdf g]kfnsf] t/fO{–dw]zsf]
la;{g ldNb}g . kl5Nnf] ;Dk"0f{ cy{tGq Ps lsl;dn] ef/tLo cy{tGqaf6 k|efljt 5 .
sfnv08sf] ljZn]if0f ;fob sf7df8f}+n] of] oyfy{sf] ;+j]bgzLntf cg'e"t ug{ ;Sb}g .
ug]{ xf] eg] g]kfn– sf7df8f}+n] g]kfn ef/taLrsf] /f]6L–a]6L / g'g–t]nsf] ;DaGwsf]
ef/t ;DaGwnfO{ oyfy{ cfFsng ug{ g;Sbf sxfF s] k|efj k5{, Tof] t d"Nof+sgsf]
g'g–t]n ;DaGwsf k[ys ljifo aGnf t/ t/fO{–dw]zsf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf k|lts"n
¿kdf klg a'em\ k|efj kg]{ s'/fnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsFb}g . oxL s'/f gofF lbNnLsf xsdf
g'kg]{ l:ylt 5 . ljutsf] Oltxf;sf] cWoog ug]{ xf] eg] g]kfn klg nfu" x'G5 .
/ ef]6aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ g'gsf sf/0f ljsl;t ;DaGwsf ¿kdf
lng ;lsG5 . ef]6df g'g pTkfbg x'GYof] / Tof] g'gsf] ahf/ g]kfn To;f] t, ;dfg ;+:s[ltdf cfwfl/t b'a} b]zaLrsf] ;fdflhs ;+/
x'Fb} ef/t;Dd la:tfl/t lyof] . clxn] ;do kl/jt{g eO;s]sf] rgfsf] oyfy{ g]kfnn] dfq a'em\g] s'/f xf]Og, ef/tn] klg cfTd;ft
5 . clxn] ef]6af6 g'g cfk"lt{ x'Fb}g . o;sf] cy{ clxn] ef]6 ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . /fhgLlt km/s ljifo xf] / ;dfh km/s ljifo .
cyf{t\ rLg;Fu g]kfnsf] ;DaGw g} 5}g eGg] xf]Og . cfjZostfsf] b'a}tkm{sf] ;dfh k|lts"n¿kdf k|efljt x'g] u/L sxLF st}af6 s'g}
;+j]bgzLntfsf cfwf/df ;DaGwx¿n] gofF+ :j¿k u|x0f u/]sf klg k|sf/sf] /fhgLlt ;~rflnt x'g' x'Fb}g . /fhgLlts¿kdf g]kfn
5g\ eGbf c:jefljs x'Fb}g . cfk;L ;DaGwsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{x¿n] / ef/t b'O{ b]z x'g\ . o;sf] x]Ssf /fv]/ b'a} b]zn] Ps csf{k|lt
g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGwnfO{ kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{d} JofVof ug'{ jf~5gLo ;Ddfg / cfb/sf] efj JoQm ug'{ ck]lIft 5 .
5 . /, clxn]sf] kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{ s] xf] eg] g'g / t]nh:tf
cTofjZosLo ;fdu|Lsf] pknAwtfsf nflu ;d]t ef/tsf]
;xof]u afWosf/L¿kdf cfjZos 5 . g'g–t]nsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ oxfF
k|tLsfTds¿kdf u|x0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
g'g / t]n cfhsf dflg;sf nflu clgjfo{ cfjZostfsf ;fdu|L
14 :dfl/sf–@)&(
g]kfnsf] cfly{s pGgogdf dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u
lglZrt ;dosf] kl/lwleq afFWg ;Sb}gf}+ hgsk'/wfddf 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]Gh ejgsf]
lsgeg] j}lbs 1fgsf] cl:tTjnfO{ xfdL lgdf{0fdf klg ef/tn] ;xof]u u/]sf] xf] .
cfkm";Fu} ;'Gb} / a'em\b} cfPsf 5f}+ .
:jf:Yo If]qdf klg ef/tsf] pNn]vgLo
o;afx]s, g]kfn–ef/taLr ef}}uf]lns, ;xof]u /x]sf] 5 . aLkL sf]O/fnf :jf:Yo
;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts dfq x}g, oL b'O{aLrsf] lj1fg k|lti7fg, k|;"lt u[x yfkfynL,
cfly{s ;DaGw klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{ lzIf0f c:ktfnsf nflu pks/0f tyf
5 . g]kfn–ef/taLrsf] låkIfLo cfly{s cg]sf}+ lhNnf jf c:ktfn ejgsf]
;DaGwsf] yfngL ;g\ !(%) sf] zflGt lgdf{0fdf ef/tsf] ;xof]u /x]sf]
tyf d}qL ;DaGwb]lv ePsf] xf] . vf;u/L, 5 . To:t}, z}lIfs k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f If]qdf
lqe"jg /fhdfu{, s]G›Lo 6]lnu|fd ;]jf, jL/ lqe"jg ljZjljBfno, sLlt{k'/sf] lj1fg
c:ktfn cflb k"jf{wf/ cfh klg b'O{kIfLo ejg k':tsfno, 5fqfjf;, sd{rf/L
;DaGwsf k|tLssf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . s]xL ejg, lqrG› sn]hsf] lj1fg ejg, lj/
jif{cl3 dfq} pb\3f6g ul/Psf] sf7df8f}+sf] f6gu/nufot b]zsf ljleGg efudf ;of}}+
/fli6«o 6«df ;]G6/sf] lgdf{0f klg ef/ts} ljBfno ejgsf] lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u u/]sf]
cfly{s ;xof]uaf6 ePsf] xf] . 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm u|fdL0f ljB'lts/0f,
jL/u`h ;'Svf aGb/ufxnfO{ /]n;Fu hf]8\g]
ef/tn] g]kfnsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf sfd, k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] ;xh cfk"lt{sf]
dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . nflu cdn]vu~h;Dd kfOknfOgsf]
/fhgLlts ¿kn] g]kfn / ef/t b'O{ k[ys ef/ts} cfly{s ;xof]udf g]kfnsf] k"j{– lgdf{0f tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df
;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg Pj+ cnu–cnu klZrd dx]G› /fhdfu{, lqe'jg /fhky, ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u /x]sf] 5 . To:t},
cl:tTjsf b]z x'g\ . ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts ;'gf}nL–kf]v/f /fhdfu{ tyf sf7df8f}+– ef/tsf ljleGg If]qdf g]kfnLx? /f]huf/
Pj+ wfld{s¿kn] oL b'O{ /fi6« Pscsf{sf blIf0fsfnL, sf7df8f}+–afnfh', sf7df8f}+– Lsf nflu k'Ug] u/]sf 5g\ eg] uf]/vf
lglDt cleGg x'g\ . g]kfn–ef/t cfWoflTds, lqz"nL, sf7df8f}+–uf]bfj/L dfu{ ag]sf] /]lhd]G6dfkm{t\ xhf/f}+ o'jfnfO{ ef/tLo
wfld{s Pj+ ;f+:s[lts¿kdf k/:k/ xf] . o;}u/L, ef/t ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf ;]gfdf etL{ lng] u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 klg
cgGo efjn] hf]l8Psf 5g\ . rf/ wfd, 8]9 xhf/ lsnf]ld6/ nfdf] x'nfsL ;8ssf] g]kfnsf] cfly{s pGgogdf dxTjk"0f{
kljq lty{:yn, b]jLb]jtf, k"hg k4lt, lgdf{0f sfo{ hf/L 5 eg] t/fO{sf clwsf+z ;xof]u k'Ug] u/]sf] 5 .
sd{sf08Lo dfGotf / ;+:sf/, Clifd'lg, lhNnf ;b/d'sfdx¿nfO{ k"j{–klZrd /
rf/ j]b, c7f/ k'/f0f, uLtf, dxfef/t, / fhdfu{l;t hf]8\g] ;8ssf] lgdf{0f klg
fdfo0f cflb wd{zf:q tyf xfd|f dxfg\ ef/t ;/sf/s} ;xof]udf x'Fb} cfPsf]
Clifd'lg Pj+ dxfk'¿ifsf] dxfg\ jf0fL tyf 5 . To:t}, k"j{–klZrd dx]G› /fhdfu{sf]
lbJo pkb]z xfd|f] lglDt ;femf / Pp6} sf]xnk'/ / dx]G›gu/ ;8scGtu{t @@
x'g\ . wd{, cWofTd / ;f+:s[lts ;dfgtfn] j6f k'nnufot cGo If]qdf bh{gf}+ k'nsf]
b'j} b]znfO{ Ps cfk;df o;/L afFlwlbPsf] lgdf{0f / gbL lgoGq0fdf ef/tsf] ;xof]u
5 ls b'a} b]z k[ys eP/ klg cleGg 5g\ . /x]sf] 5 . ;fy}, afudtL, as}of / sdnf
g]kfnl;t ef/tsf] ;DaGw Tolt g} k|frLg gbLdf t6aGw lgdf{0f klg ef/ts} cfly{s
5, hlt o;sf] ;f+:s[lts r]tgf 5 . g]kfn ;xof]udf ag]sf] xf] .
/ ef/t Pp6} ;f+:s[lts r]tgfsf ;+jfxs hnljB't\tkm{ b]jL3f6, u08s, lqz"nL,
x'g\ . lxdfno b'j}sf] lglDt cfTd;fwgfsf] 6gsk'/nfO{ lng ;lsG5 eg] dflyNnf]
:yn /lxcfPsf] 5 . cgGtsfnb]lv g} s0ff{nL tyf c¿0f t];|f] hnljB't\ kl/
lxdfnosf dxfg lzv/n] oxfF cfWoflTds of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ klg ef/t ;/
zflGt k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . sf/s} ;xof]udf x'g] ePsf] 5 . b'a} kl/
To;f] t, ef/tsf of]Uo u'¿ju{, k|lzIfs, of]hgf (÷( ;o d]ufjf6sf x'g\ . ef/
8fS6/ lj1x¿n] ;do–;dodf cfP/ taf6 lah'nL cfoft eO/x]sf sf/0f ljut
g]kfnLnfO{ bLlIft u/]sf 5g\ . ef/tsf] s]xL jif{b]lv g]kfndf nf]8;]l8ª x6]sf] 5 .
;+ljwfgdf g]kfnL efiffnfO{ dfGotf lgs6 eljiod} g]kfnn] ef/tnfO{ lah'nL
lbOPsf] 5 . g]kfnL, d}lynL, lxGbL / lgof{t ug]{ ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . ef/tl;t
ef]hk'/Lsf n]vs, ljåfg Pj+ ;flxTosf/ ePsf] ljB't\ ljsf; tyf ljB't\ Jofkf/
b'a} b]zdf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] snf, ;+uLt, ;Demf}tfn] g]kfnsf] cy{tGqnfO{ yk d2t
;flxTo / lj1fgsf] If]qdf ;d]t ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5 .
x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ef/tLo l;g]df hutdf olt dfq geP/ lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o
g]kfnsf snfsf/n] dfg / ;Ddfg kfPsf ljdfg:yn tyf kf]v/f, lj/f6gu/,
5g\ . Pp6f g]kfnL ef/tdf k'Ubf cyjf hgsk'/, l;d/f / e}/xjf ljdfg:ynsf]
s'g} ef/tLo g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpFbf cfkm\g} lgdf{0f klg ef/t ;/sf/s} ;xof]udf 15
b]zdf /x]sf] h:tf] cg'e"lt x'g] ub{5 . ePsf] xf] . To;}u/L, ;~rf/ If]qdf k"j{–
g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo / ;+uLtsf] pGgogdf klZrd clK6sn kmfOa/ g]6js{, uf]Zjf/f
ef/tLo ljåfg / snfsf/sf] klg dxTjk"0f{ x'nfs sf7df8f}+, j}b]lzs x'nfs sfof{no
of]ubfg /lxcfPsf] 5 . g]kfn / ef/ ejg, emfkf, jL/u~h, lj/f6gu/ tyf
taLrsf] ;f+:s[lts ;DaGwnfO{ xfdL s'g}

g]kfnL :jtGqtfdf ef/t, ef/tLodf g]kfnsf] ;fy
;Sy] . t/, ¿b| zdz]/ gofF kf;f v]Ng lyof] . To;kl5sf lbgdf dxfTdf ufGwLsf]
rfxGy] . ¿› zdz]/n] /fhfnfO{ n'sfpg] g]t[Tjdf …gdsÚ ;Tofu|xb]lv ljb]zL j:q
ljifodf Pp6f zt{ /fv]sf lyP . pgsf] alxisf/h:tf cfGbf]ng eP . t/, ;g\
zt{ lyof]– …ToxfF cfpg]lalQs} /fhfn] !(!( sf] k~hfasf] hlnofFjfnf jfusf]
df]xg zdz]/nfO{ k|wfgdGqLaf6 avf{:t lj›f]xn] ef/tLo :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngdf
u/]sf] sfuh dnfO{ agfP/ lbg'k5{ .Ú 7"nf] dxTj /fV5 . hh{ /f]n6åf/f k|:tfljt
sfg'gsf] lj/f]wdf dxfTdf ufGwLn] ;g\
To;df lqe'jg ;xdt klg ePsf lyP . ¿b| !(!( dfr{ @# df cg;g k|f/De ug{'sf
zdz]/ /fhfsf] lr6\7L kfPkl5 cem gofF ;fy} b]zel/ cfd x8tfnsf] cfXjfg u/]sf
if8\oGqdf nfu]sf lyP . t/, of] if8\oGqsf] lyP . To;kl5 ;Dk"0f{ ef/tdf cfdx8tfn
uGw Pl/sf No's6\ofu gfdsL Ps g;{n] ;'? eof] . k~hfasf] cd[t;/l:yt
yfxf kfOg\ . Pl/sf lqe"jgsf] 5f]/Lsf] hlnofFjfnf jfudf xhf/f}+ hgtf c+u|]hsf]
pkrf/sf nflu ef/taf6 NofOPsL la|l6z lj¿4df cfd;ef u/L efif0f ug{ yfn] .
g;{ lyOg\ . lqe"jgsf] pgL;Fu 3lgi7 ToxfFsf pRr k|x/L clwsf/L hg/n 8fo/
;DaGw lyof] . lqe"jgn] w]/} s'/f pgL;Fu sf] cfb]zdf cGwfw'Gw uf]nL rnfOof] .
O{= z}n]Gb|df]xg emf ;]o/ ug]{, clg pgn] n}grf}/df ;xof]usf To;df sl/a rf/ ;ohgfsf] 36gf:ynd}
nflu ;'gfpg] u/]sL lyOg\ . of] of]hgf d[To' eof] eg] xhf/ hgfeGbf a9L 3fOt]
sfo{jxfs cWoIf Pl/sf No's6\ofusf] d'vaf6 tTsfnLg
g]kfn ef/t d}+qL ;+3 eP . o;/L, c+u|]h zf;sn] cfGbf]ngsf/
ef/tLo /fhb"t ;LkLPg l;+xsf] sfgdf LnfO{ qm'/tfk"j{s s'lNrof] . t/ klg c+u|]h
k'Uof] . /fhf yk aGwgdf kg]{ eGg] s'/ zf;glj¿4 cfGbf]ng a9\b} uof] .
fsf] lgSof}{n ePkl5 n}grf}/n] lqe"jgnfO{
g]kfn / ef/taLr ax'kIfLo ;DaGw / cfkm}+n] eufpg] of]hgf agfof] . ;g\ !($@ sf] ef/t 5f]8f] cfGbf]ngn]
xFb} cfPsf] 5 . cem oxfFsf] ;DaGw b]z lg0ff{os e"ldsf v]Nof] . ef/tLo /
b]zsf] xf]Og, klxnf hgtf–hgtfaLrsf] Tof]a]nf sf7df8f}+af6 kfNkf k'Ug klg fli6«o sfFu|];sf] ;g\ !($@ sf] cu:6 *
;DaGw xf] . b'O{ b]zsf] ;DaGw x'g'cufl8 af6f]3f6f]sf sf/0fn] w]/} ;do nfUYof] . sf lbg d'DaO{df ePsf] dxflwj]zgdf
g} hgtfaLrdf ;DaGw sfod ePsf] ToxfF gk'Ub} /f0ffx¿n] e]p kfpg ;Sy] . dxfTdf ufGwLåf/f …c+u|]h t'?Gt ef/t
xf] . t/, ;DaGw slxn] hf]l8of], o;sf] x'g t, ToxfFsf] lty{:yn l/8L hfg] axfgfdf 5f]8Ú egL ;+sNk k|:tfj kfl/t ul/
s'g} klg cflwsfl/stf 5}g . cflwsfl/ uPsf] eP klg x'GYof] . t/, lqe"jgn] of] . To;kl5 ;Dk"0f{ ef/tdf c+u|]hlj¿4
stf s]jn b]zn] u/]sf ;Demf}tfdf dfq n}grf}/ g} hfg ;lhnf] ;lDemP . ToxL eP/ s8f cfGbf]ng ;'¿ eof] . ef/tsf g]tf
5 . dg, dl~hndf /x]sf ;DaGwx¿ klg /fhfn] g;{ Pl/sfnfO{ pQm s'/f eg]sf 8f= /fh]G›k|;fb;Fu} aLkL sf]O/fnf klg
sfnfGt/df uP/ e"–efu, ;Ldfaf6 b]z lyP . ;f]xLcg';f/, /fhf lqe"jg ef/tLo y'lgP . c¿ h]ndf dft[sfk|;fb sf]O/
x'Fb} gofF cWofo ;'¿ ePsf] 5 . g]kfn b"tfjf;df z/0f lng k'u]sf lyP . ;f]xL fnf, dgdf]xg clwsf/L, s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{,
/ ef/taLrdf ljljw d}qL ;DaGw t 5 cfwf/df g]kfndf /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo ;'Gb//fh rfln;], afnrG› zdf{, s'z]Zj/
g}, /fhg}lts ;DaGw klg /x]sf] 5 . b'O{ eP/ k|hftGqsf] pbo ePsf] lyof] . kf7sh:tf sof}+ g]kfnL lyP .
b]zaLr /fhg}lts ;DaGw dfq xf]Og,
g]kfnsf] :jtGqtfdf ef/tLo kIfsf] / o;/L, k|hftGqsf] pbo x'g'df ef/tLo o;} qmddf xhf/Ljfu h]n tf]8]/ hok|sfz
ef/tsf] :jtGqtf ;+u|fddf g]kfnLsf] 7"nf] g]tf hjfx/nfn g]x¿, aNneefO k6]nn] gf/fo0f, 8f= /fddgf]x/ nf]lxof, ;'/
b]g /x]sf] 5 . s]Gb|df ;fy lbPsf lyP eg] hgtf :t/df hgf/fo0f l;+xx¿ efu] . pgLx¿ ef/
klg 7"n} ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . olb tsf ljleGg ;x/df e"ldut¿kdf
g;{sf] ;xof]udf cfPsf] k|hftGq ef/tn] ;fy glbPsf] eP /f0ff zf;sx¿sf] a:b} cfGbf]ng xfFSg yfn] . ef/t a:bf
u2L vfnL ug{ g]kfnn] nfd} ;do kv{g'kg]{ c+u|]h zf;saf6 kqmfp kl/g] 8/ lyof] .
g]kfnsf] /fhgLltdf ef/t kIfn] 7"nf] lyof] eg] g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf cK7\of/f] kl/
;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . ljz]ifu/L, g]kfndf g]kfn ;'/lIft / cfGbf]ng ;~rfng ug{
l:yltdf g} nfdf] ;do;Dd kl//xGYof] . cg's"n :yn x'g;Sg] 7fg]/ qmflGtsf/L
ePsf] /f0ff zf;g lj/f]wL ultljlwdf ef/
tn] g]kfnsf /fhfnfO{ 7"n} ;xof]u u/]sf] ef/tLo :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngdf g]kfnL ;'/hgf/fo0f l;+x e"ldut¿kdf g]kfn
lyof] . ef/tLo ;xof]uaf6 g} g]kfnsf ;lxb cfP/ jftfj/0f agfpg yfn] . ;Kt/Lsf]
:juL{o /fhf lqe"jgn] !)$ jifL{o /f0ff ;LdfjtL{ lgof]/ ufpFsf qmflGtsf/L g]tf
zf;g 9fNg ;kmn ePsf] Oltxf; 5 . ef/tsf] :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngdf g]kfnLsf] cjw l;+xnfO{ ;fy lnP/ pgL klxnf]kN6
dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . ef/tdf ;Kt/L lhNnfsf] sf]Onf8L a/;fOgl:yt
g]kfndf /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo s;/L ug]{ c+u|]hx¿n] sl/a b'O{ ;o jif{;Dd lg/Gt/ /fd]Zj/ l;+xsf] 3/df cfOk'u] . /fd]Zj/
eGg]df aLkL sf]O/fnf / ;'j0f{ zdz]/aLr zf;g rnfP . ;j{k|yd ;g\ !&%& df n8{ afa'n] ef/tdf cWoog/t x'Fbf ef/tLo
lgs} 5nkmn eof] . b'a} kfq /fh lqe"jgsf SnfOjn] klxnf] ueg{/sf ¿kdf sDkgL :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL eO{ r]tgf
klg ljZjf;kfq lyP . @))& ;fneGbf ;/sf/sf] zf;g :yfkgf u/]kl5 $! hgf xfl;n u/]sf lyP .
s]xLcl3 lqe"jgnfO{ eufP/ kfNkf n}hfg] ueg{/ / efo;/fon] ef/tnfO{ pklgj]z
/ ¿› zdz]/sf] ;'/Iffdf /fVg] eg]/ aLkL agfO{ zf;g u/] . clGtd efo;/fo n'O{ /fd]Zj/ afa'n] ef/tLo g]tfx¿nfO{ 7"nf]
sf]O/fnf / ;'j0f{ zdz]/n] of]hgf agfPsf dfpG6j]6g ;g\ !($& sf] cu:6 !$ hf]lvd lnP/ cfkm\gf] 3/df cf>o lbP .
lyP . ¿› zdz]/ To;a]nf kfNkfsf] ;Dd ef/tdf /x] . c+u|]hlj¿4 ef/tLo /f0ff zf;gsf] babaf ePsf a]nf ef/
t}gfyjfnf zf;s lyP . b'a}nfO{ ljZjf; :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngsf] ;+ul7t ;'¿jft tLo cfGbf]ngsf/LnfO{ 3/df cf>o
lyof] ls ¿b| zdz]/n] /fhfnfO{ ;'/Iff lbg ;g\ !*%& sf] l;kfxL lj›f]xaf6 ePsf] lbg' rfgr'g] cfF6 lyPg . zLif{ g]tfx¿
pgsf] 3/df cfOk'Ug'cl3 g} k"l0f{of, ;xif{
16 :dfl/sf–@)&(
/ efunk'/lt/sf bh{gf}+ cfGbf]ngsf/ efu lnPsf lyP . ;a} ;xefuLsf] vr{ / ;f]gf/nufotsf qmflGtsf/L;Fu} ;Kt/Lsf
Ln] pgsf] 3/df cf>o lnO;s]sf lyP . fd]Zj/ afa'n] Joxf]/]sf lyP . o'jfn] /ftf/ft uf]:jf/fdf cfqmd0f ug{
;a}nfO{ /fd]Zj/ afa'n] cfjf; / ef]hgsf] cfOk'u] . xg'dfggu/ uf]:jf/f / sf/fuf/
Joj:yf u/] . ef/tsf ljleGg k|fGtaf6 ;Dd]ng lglj{£g?kdf ;DkGg ePkl5 ef/ df cGwfw'Gw uf]nL k|xf/ eof] . 6]nLkmf]gsf]
ef/t 5f]8f] cfGbf]ngsf g]tf z/0f tLo g]tfx¿ hok|sfz gf/fo0f / ;'/hgf/ tf/ sfl6of] . a8fxflsdsf] lgjf;sf]
lnO/x]sf lyP . tLdWo] s]G›Lo g]tfx¿ fo0f l;+xx¿ emg\ pT;flxt eP . ;Kt/Ldf ;~rf/ ;Dks{ ljR5]b ul/of] . 8\o'6Ldf
hok|sfz gf/fo0f, 8f= /fddgf]x/ nf]lxof e"ldut u'l/Nnf o'4sf nflu k|lzIf0f lbg] /x]sf ;]G6«L hgfb{g emfsf] 36gf:yndf
eg] ;Kt/Ld} lyP . ;Kt/Lsf sf]Onf8L, 7fpFsf] vf]hL ug{ yflnof] . o;sf nflu uf]nL nfuL d[To' eof] . qmflGtsf/Ln]
;s/k'/f, ljifx/Lof, ;v8f, a/;fOg, ag/ lgh{g / zflGtk"0f{ :yfgsf] cfjZostf rf/}lt/af6 3]/f xfnL kmfol/ª ug{ yfn] .
e'nf ufpFdf w]/} ef/tLo g]tf / sfo{stf{ lyof] . sf]zLsf] lsgf/eGbf ;Kt/Lsf] a8fxflsd 8/fP/ 3/leq n's] . pgsf] ;'/
al;/x]sf lyP . ltgnfO{ :yfgLo ufpFn]n] klZrdL Onfsf s'zxfb]lv pQ/ r'/] Iffy{ vl6Psf ;'/IffsdL{x¿ Hofg hf]ufP/
cfjf; / ef]hgsf] Joj:yf u/]sf lyP . kxf8sf] vf]+rdf /x]sf] ;'¿Ëf h+unnfO{ efu] . qmflGtsf/Ln] sf/fuf/sf] 9f]sf
k|lzIf0f lzlj/ ;~rfng ug]{ pko'Qm ynf] kmf]/L ef/tLo g]tfx¿ hok|sfz gf/fo0f,
;Kt/Ll:yt a/;fOgdf /fd]Zj/ afa'sf] 7x¥ofOof] . k|lzIf0fsf lglDt !* hgf 8f= /fddgf]x/ nf]lxofnfO{ d'Qm ub}{ …ho
3/df 7"nf g]tfsf] a9\bf] ;+Vofn] ubf{ / hjfg 5flgP . To;sf] sdfG8/ cfhfb g]kfnÚsf] uuge]bL gf/f nufP .
f0ff zf;sn] yfxf kfpF5g\ ls eGg] 8/ lxGb kmf}haf6 cfPsf ;/bf/ lgTofgGb
a9\g yfNof] . To;}n], cfGbf]ngsf/LnfO{ l;+xnfO{ lgo'Qm ul/of] . cGo k|lzIfsdf kl5 xg'dfggu/ uf]:jf/fdf cfqmd0f
e"ldut¿kdf ljleGg 7fpFdf 5/]/ a;fpg] cjw l;+x / u'nfaL ;f]gf/ lyP . u/]sf] cleof]udf ! ;o @& hgfnfO{ lu/
of]hgf agfOof] . of]hgfcg';f/, /fd]Zj/ km\tf/ u/L tLdWo] clwsf+znfO{ /fhlj/fh
afa'n] cfkm\gf] hldGbf/L sfdt ePsf ;Kt/Ljf;Ln] e"ldut ef/tLo cfGbf]ngsf/ h]n rnfg ul/of] . s]G›Lo sf/fuf/df y'gf
7fpF aGb/em'nf, udxl/of s'zxf–aqmf LnfO{ dlxgf}+b]lv n'sfP/ /fv]sf lyP . s]xL k/L ;hfo kfpg]df /fd]Zj/k|;fb l;+x,
6Kk'df hok|sfz gf/fo0f, 8f= /fddgf]x/ lbgkl5 c+u|]h ;/sf/sf] bafadf /f0ff ;/ tfl/0fLk|;fb l;+x, hod+unk|;fb l;+x,
nf]lxofx¿nfO{ a:g gofF lsl;dsf 3/} sf/n] oL e"ldut cfGbf]ngsf/LnfO{ ;'/ rt'/fgGb l;+x, ldgaxfb'/ l;+x, /fdhL
agfPsf lyP . s]xLnfO{ sf]Onf8Lsf rt'/ fsL nufP/ kQf nufO{ kqmfp u¥of] . / l;+x, sfdfgGb ld>, zq'£gk|;fb l;+x,
fgGb l;+x / hod+unk|;fb l;+xsf] 3/df f0ff ;/sf/n] ;]gf k7fP/ sf]zLkfl/ s'zxf ljGb]Zj/ l;+x, /fdbQ sf]O/fnf, j}Bgfy
a:g] aGbf]a:t ldnfOPsf] lyof] . udx/Lofdf a;]sf ef/tLo g]tf hok|sfz pkfWofo, cfgGbLk|;fb l;+x, rG›gf/
gf/fo0f, 8f= /fddgf]x/ nf]lxof, 8f= fo0f l;+x, b]jgf/fo0f l;+x, ;d/axfb'/
hok|sfz gf/fo0f, ;'/hgf/fo0f l;+xx¿n] j}Bgfy emf, sLlt{k|;fb l;+xnfO{ kqmfp k|hfklt, lji0f'Wjh >]i7, ;]js dfemL /
sfFu|]; ;f];ln:6 kf6L{sf] ;Dd]ng ul/of] / xg'dfggu/ uf]:jf/fsf] sf/fuf/ s[i0fjL/ sfdL lyP . tLdWo] tfl/0fLk|;fb
e"ldut¿kdf ;Kt/Ld} ug{ OR5f k|s6 df aGbL agfOof] . g]tfx¿ kqmfp k/]sf] l;+x / s[i0fjL/ sfdLsf] sf/fuf/d} d[To'
u/]kl5 /fd]Zj/ afa'n] a/;fOg k"j{sf] a/ va/ k"/} ;Kt/L lhNnfdf cfuf]em}+ km}lnof] . eof] . o;/L ef/tLo :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngdf
em'nf ufpFdf ;g\ !($# clk|n !@ sf ;Kt/Lsf o'jfn] ef/tLo qmflGtsf/LnfO{ g]kfnsf jL/ ;k't ;lxb eP . xg'dfggu/
lbg ;f] ;Dd]ng cfof]hgfsf nflu Joj:yf xg'dfggu/ sf/fuf/af6 d'Qm ug]{ ;+sNk h]n tf]8L lj=;+= @))) ;fn h]i7 ( ut]
ldnfP . tLg lbgsf] pQm ;Dd]ngdf ef/ u/] . /fd]Zj/ afa'sf elthf tfl/0fLk|;fb ef/tLo qmflGtsf/LnfO{ lgsflnPsf] lyof] .
tsf ljleGg k|fGtaf6 cfPsf sfFu|];– l;+xsf] g]t[Tjdf ;/bf/ lgTofgGb l;+x,
;f];ln:6 kf6L{sf sl/a kfFr ;o sfo{stf{n] ;'/hgf/fo0f l;+x, cjw l;+x, u'nfaL
17

g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGw
;LdfxLg cfTdLotf, ax'cfoflds ;Gbe{
;+Vof klg a9]sf] 5 . lrlsT;f lzIff cfof]usf] xf], gftf;DaGw . b'a} b]zsf ;LdfjtL{ If]qdf
tYof+scg';f/, @)&* ;fndf @ ;o ^% ef/tLo laxfjf/L rNg] qmd hf/L 5 . To;n] ;fdflhs
ljBfyL{ lrlsT;fzf:q cWoogsf lglDt g]kfnsf / ;f+:s[lts cGt3'{ngnfO{ Jofks agfPsf] 5 .
lzIf0f ;+:yfdf egf{ eP . of] ;+Vof @)&^, eflifs¿kdf klg ;dfg lnlksf] k|of]u, efiff,
)&& sf] t'ngfdf ^ u'0ff a9L xf] . g]kfndf z}nLdf ;dfgtfsf y'k|} pbfx/0f 5g\ . d}lynL,
PdaLaLP; sfo{qmdsf nflu @! j6f lzIf0f ef]hk'/L, cjwL;lxtsf cg]sf}+ efiff b'a} b]zdf
;+:yf 5g\ . ! xhf/ * ;o (% ljBfyL{n] egf{ ;dfg¿kn] k|rngdf 5 . ljleGg wfld{s,
kfpg] tL lzIf0f ;+:yfdf egf{ x'g] cfsif{0f ef/ ;fdflhs, hGd, d[To' / ljjfx ;+:sf/sf ;dfgtf
tLo ljBfyL{df a9\bf] 5 . b'O{ b]zsf] ;DaGwsf] csf]{ alnof] kIf xf] . g]kfnL
/ ef/tLo ;dfh Pp6} wfld{s dfGotf, pxL kf}/
:jf:Yo, ef}lts k"jf{wf/;lxt cgluGtL fl0fs kfq / rl/qx¿af6 k|]l/t 5 . kf}/fl0fs
hgsNof0fsf/L sfo{qmd;lxt ef/tn] g]kfndf sfnv08sf sltko ef/tLo Clifd'lg, hf]uL,
cfkm\gf] ;xof]ufTds pkl:ylt hgfO/x]sf] 5 . tk:jLn] Wofg ug]{, bLIffk|fKt ug]{ / cfkm\gf
pmhf{, ko{6g, ;Dkbf, wfld{s :yn, ;8s;lxt ofjt ultljlw lgjf{w¿kdf ug]{ e"ld g]kfn xf] .
cgluGtL If]qdf ef/tLo nufgL lelqPsf] 5 . oxL k|sf/n] ef/tLo e"lddf g]kfnsf y'k|} hf]uL,
8f=åfl/sf pk|]tL g]kfnn] klg cfkm\gf] txaf6 ;Sbf] 9+un] ldqjt\ tk:jL k'u]sf kf}/fl0fs k|;+u 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf
Pp6f ;fj{ef}d d'n's / csf]{ To:t} e"ldsf lgjfx{ ul//x]sf] 5 . nflu ljZjzflGtsf cu|b"t uf}td a'4 g]kfnsf]
;fj{ef}d d'n'saLrsf ;DaGwx¿ lglZrt ;Ldf If]qdf lgjf{w cfjt–hfjt x'g] ljZjsf slknj:t'l:yt ltnf}/fsf]6df hlGdP . t/,
;Ldfn] afFlwPsf x'G5g\ . ef}uf]lns ;Ldf t lj/n} d'n'sleq kg]{ oL b'O{ l5d]sL b]zsf sfdbf/ pgn] a'4Tj eg] ef/tLo e"lddf xfl;n u/] .
clgjfo{ g} xf] . o;afx]s ;a} gLlt, sfo{z}nL / g]kfnaf6 ef/tdf / ef/taf6 g]kfndf cfpg] ef/t jif{sf] Pp6f P]ltxfl;s, kf}/fl0fs /fHo
Jojxf/ ;Ldfa4 x'G5g\ . o;sf afah'b g]kfn– qmd hf/L 5 . v'nf ;Ldfsf sf/0f sfdbf/sf] cof]Wofsf /fhf /fdn] g]kfnsf] ldlynf gu/Lsf
ef/t ;DaGwn] cf}krfl/s ;Ldfx¿ :jLsf/] olsg ;+Vof u0fgf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . t/, ljleGg /fhf hgssL 5f]/L ;Ltf;Fu j}jflxs ;DaGw
klg ;f/df b'O{ b]zaLr ;LdfxLg ;DaGw 5 . b]zdf /f]huf/Lsf lglDt hfg] ef/tLo sfdbf/n] ufF;] . k|sf/fGt/df oxL 7fpFnfO{ …hgsk'/Ú sf
o:tf] k|uf9 ;DaGw ljZjdf ;fob} s'g} d'n'ssf cfkm\gf] b]zdf k7fpg] ljk|]if0f -/]ld6\ofG;_ gfdn] lrlgof] .
aLrdf xf]nf . sf] b/ x]bf{ g]kfn kfFrf}+ d'n'sdf k5{ . cyf{t\, -n]vs 8f=åfl/sf pk|]tL j}b]lzs /f]huf/ af]8{sf
of] k+lQmsf/ cfkm}F klg ef/t ;/sf/sf] sf]nDaf] g]kfndf cfP/ ljleGg k]zf / If]qdf sfd ug]{ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs x'g'x'G5 ._
KnfgcGtu{t pBdzLntf tflnd k|fKt JolQm ef/tLo gful/sn] ToxfF k7fpg] /]ld6\ofG;n] g}
xf] . o; gftfn] klg eGg ;lsG5, Psfk;sf eG5, ;fgf] ;+Vofdf ef/tLo sfdbf/ g]kfndf
lxt / k|ultafx]s b'O{ b]zaLr c¿ ;/f]sf/ 5}gg\ . oxL ult 5, ef/tdf g]kfnL sfdbf/
5}gg\ . ;Ldfx¿ e"uf]nn] to ul/Psf 5g\ . sf] . g]kfndf ef/taf6 jif]{gL lelqg] /]ld6\ofG;
sfg'g, efiff, d'b|fdf leGgtf 5g\ . olt x'Fbf # va{eGbf a9L 5 . g]kfndf stf/af6 ;aeGbf
klg ;+:s[lt, ;Eotf, Oltxf;, /xg;xg / a9L /]ld6\ofG; lelqG5 eg] ef/t bf];|f]df
gftf;DaGwn] g]kfn / ef/t o;/L afFlwPsf 5g\ k5{ . sfdbf/sf] ;+Vof olsg ug]{ ;+oGq, ljlw
ls, o;df s'g} cf}krfl/s afFwx¿ sfd nfUbf jf k|lqmof s] x'g;S5 < o;af/]df xfdL 5nkmn
5}gg\ . g]kfnsf nflu ef/t / ef/tsf nflu ul//x]sf 5f}+ . b'a} b]zsf] >lds hgzlQmsf]
g]kfn …ufFl:bgÚ eGbf klg ufFl;g'kg]{ ;DaGw nut tYo /fVg'kg]{ cfjZostf Psflt/ 5 eg]
ePsf d'n's x'g\ . csf{lt/ tL >ldsx¿sf] cj:yf, kfl/>lds
k|flKtsf c;xhtf, a;f]af;, vfgkfg, :jf:Yo
ef/tn] jif]{gL ljZjsf &@ d'n's, ;Dk"0f{ / bIftfsf ;DaGwdf b'O{ b]zn] uDeL/tfsf ;fy
dxfb]zsf ljBfyL{nfO{ sf]nDaf] Knfg;lxt ljleGg lglZrt k|lqmofdf cfwfl/t eP/ cWoog ug'{
z}lIfs sfo{qmdcGtu{t 5fqj[lQ lbFb} cfPsf] h¿/L 5 .
5 . g]kfndf p;n] cfkm\gf] s]Gb|Lo ljBfno g}
;~rfngdf NofPsf] 5 . ef/tdf cWoogkl5 clxn] klg g]kfn–ef/taLrsf] Jofkfl/s ;DaGw
g]kfn cfP/ ljleGg txdf ;dsIftfsf] gª / df;'h:t} 5 . ef/tsf] s"n lgsf;Lsf] @
k|df0fkqsf] k|df0fLs/0f -Osf]Eofn]G6_ ug]{ bzdnj !^ k|ltztsf] c+z g]kfnn] cf]u6]sf] 5
;+Vofsf cfwf/df x]bf{ g]kfnaf6 jif]{gL @% xhf/ eg] ef/tsf] kIfdf 6«]8 ;/Kn; ePsf d'n'sdf
ljBfyL{ ef/tsf ljleGg lzIf0f ;+:yfdf egf{ g]kfn t];|f] xf] . cyf{t\, g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/
x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . kl5Nnf] ;do ef/taf6 sf] b'O{ ltxfO{ c+z ef/tn] cf]u6]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf cWoogsf lglDt cfpg] ljBfyL{sf] g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGwsf] ;aeGbf ha/h:t cfwf/
18 :dfl/sf–@)&(
g]kfn cf}/ ef/t :jfefljs ldq cf}/ Tof]xf/f]+ s] /+uf]+ ;] eL ;h] x} . h'8Þ] wfld{s :ynf]+ sf] Ps ;ls{6 ;]
Og ;DaGwf]+ d]+ bLjfnL s] bLks sL hf]8Þ\g] sL of]hgf x}, bf]gf]+ b]zf]+ s]
rds cf}/ vLn–atfzf]+ sL dxs x} aLr dhÞa"t ;f+:s[lts j wfld{s
tf] Ogd]+ xf]nL s] /+uf]+ sL w"d cf}/ ;DaGwf]+ sf k|tLs x} . sf7df+8"
u'+lemof]+F sL v'Za' eL ;dfoL x'O{ x} . s] afudtL gbL s] t6 k/ l:yt
ox ;DaGw s]jn bf] k8Þf];L /fi6«f]+ kz'kltgfy dlGb/ eujfg lzj s]
s] gxL+ alNs ;femf ;+:sf/f]+ s] x}, kz'klt :j¿k sf] ;dlk{t x} . pQ/
;femf ;+:s[[lt s] x} . ox ;DaGw fv08 s] k|l;4 s]bf/gfy dlGb/ sL
s]jn O; ;bL s] gxL+ x} . ef/t ls+jbGtL s] cg';f/ kf08jf]+ s]
cf}/ g]kfn s] aLr clt k|frLg :ju{ k|of0f s] ;do e}+;] s] :j¿k
;f+:s[lts ;DaGw /x] x} . d]+ eujfg ef]n]gfy s] bz{g x'P,
hf] afb d]+ w/tL d]+ ;df uP, k/Gt'
lxdfno uh]l6o;{ s] cg';f/, eLd;]g g] pgsL k"F5 ks8Þ nL .
:sGbk'/f0f ;lxt x/ k'/f0f d]+ cf]d P];] d]+ lh; :yfg k/ k"F5 :yflkt
kj{t cf}/ cflb s}nf; sf] ef/tLo x'P, jx :j¿k s]bf/gfy sxnfof
;Eotf s] ljrf/ sf s]G› dfgf tyf hxfF w/tL ;] afx/ pgsf
hftf x} . ef/t cf}/ g]kfn b'lgofF d'v k|s6 x'cf, jx kz'kltgfy
s] bf] P];] b]z x}, lhgsL ax';+Vos sxnfof . ;lbof]+ ;] O; dlGb/ sL
cfjfbL lxGb" x} . bf]gf]+ d'Nsf]d]+ k/Dk/f /xL x} ls oxfF Ps d'Vo
ljgf l;+x wfld{s cf}/ ;f+:s[lts ;dfgtf x} . cf}/ rf/ cGo k'hf/L blIf0f ef/t
lxdfno ;] k|jflxt u+uf, u08sL s] xL /v] hft] x} . p;L t/x ef/t
ldq cyf{t\ bf]:t, ;vf . :jfefljs cflb cg]s glbof+ ckg] cfFrn d]+
ofgL k|fs[lts, oxfF xd g]kfn cf}/ s] jf/f0f;L s] nlntf3f6 k/ eL
Og bf]gf]+ /fi6«f]+ sL ;femf ;+:s[[lt g]kfn s] /f0ff zf;sf]+ g] !*$#
ef/t sL :jfefljs ldqtf sL sf] ;d]6] x'P x} . xd cfof]{+ sL p;L
aft s/g] hf /x] x}+ tf] h};f ls kz'klt dlGb/ sf lgdf{0f s/jfof
zfvf ;] ;DalGwt x}, hf] O08f]– yf, hxfF cfh eL sf7df08" s]
xd ;eL sf ktf x} ls g]kfn, ef/ cfo{g x}, xdf/] d"n ;f+:s[lts u|Gy
tsf Ps ;a;] lgs6td k8Þf];L kz'kltgfy sL k"hf k4lt ckgfO{
j]b x} . j]b, pklgifb\ cf}/ k'/f0f hftL x} cf}/ pQm dlGb/ d]+ xf]g]
b]z x} . bf]gf]+ b]zf]+ s] aLr !*%) xdf/L ;femf yftL x} .
lsnf]ld6/ ;] clws nDaL ;femf jfn] Joo sf] g]kfn ;/sf/ jxg
;Ldf x}, lh;;] ef/t s] kfFr / g]kfn cf}/ ef/t b'lgofF s] bf] k|d'v s/tL x} . O;L t/x Ps cg'dfg
fHo–l;lSsd, klZrd a+ufn, laxf/, wdf]{+–lxGb" cf}/ af}4 wd{ s] ljsf; x} ls lbNnL d]+ xL Ps xhf/ s]
pQ/ k|b]z j pQ/fv+8 h'8Þ] x} . sf Ps ;f+:s[lts Oltxf; ;femf sl/a g]kfnL k'hf/L k"hf kf7 s/
ef/t–g]kfn sL v'nL ;Ldf bf]gf]+ s/t] x} . q]tfo'u d]+ lxGb'cf]+ s] cf/ jft]] x} . Ps hfgsf/L s] cg';f/
b]zf]+ s] ;+a+wf]+ sL ljlzi6tf x}, fWo b]j eujfg /fd sf ljjfx pQ/L lbNnL d]+ kLtdk'/f s] kf;
lh;;] bf]gf]+ b]zf]+ s] nf]uf]+ sf] jt{dfg g]kfn s] dw]z k|b]z sL sf]xf6 OGsn]j s] aLrf] aLr l:yt
cfjfudg sL P];L cg'7L ;'udtf /fhwfgL hgsk'/ d]+ /fhf hgs Pg8L uf}/Lz+s/ dlGb/ d]+ lk5n] bf]
x} ls lagf /f]s6f]s s], lagf aLhf sL ;'k'qL ;Ltf s] ;fy x'cf yf . bzs ;] xl/x/ zf:qL] k|wfg k'hf/L
tyf kf;kf]6{ s] bf]gf]+ xL b]zf]+ s] eujfg a'4 sf hGd jt{dfg g]kfn x} hf]ls klZrdL g]kfn s] :ofª\hf
gful/s Ps b";/] s] oxfF cf hf d]+ l:yt n'lDagL d]+ x'cf yf . afb lhn] s] /xg] jfn] x} . ox aft x'O{
;st] x} . bf]gf]+ b]zf]+ s] gful/sf]+ s] d]+ a'4 1fg sL vf]h d]+ jt{dfg ef/ wfld{s ;DaGwf]+ sL .
aLr cfhLljsf s] ;fy–;fy ljjfx tLo If]q af]wuof cfP, hxfF pGx]+ eflifs b[li6 ;] b]v] tf] ef/t tyf
cf}/ kfl/jfl/s ;+a+wf]+ sL dhÞa"t cfTd1fg k|fKt x'cf . af]wuof ;] g]kfn sL /fi6« efiff lxGbL cf}/
gL+j x} . O; gL+j sf] xL …/f]6L–a]6L dxfTdf a'4 cf}/ pgs] cg'ofloof]+ g]kfnL efiff sL lnlk b]jgfu/L xL
sf ;DaGwÚ sf gfd lbof hftf x} . g] ljZj s] sf]g]–sf]g] ts af}4 wd{ gxL+ x} alNs19zAbfjlnofF eL Ps
;+a+wf]+ sL ox 8f]/ ax't xL dxLg sf k|rf/–k|;f/ lsof . h};L x} . bf]gf]+ xL efiffcf]+ sf ljsf;
cf}/ ux/L x} . o] ;+a+w /f]6L–a]6L k|fs[t efiff ;] x'cf x} . hf] lxGbL
s] x}, Aofx–zfbL s] x}, o] ;Da+w / ef/t sf /fdfo0f ;ls{6 lh;s]
cGtu{t eujfg /fd cf}/ ;Ltf ;] hfgtf of k9Þtf x}, jx yf]8ÞL ax't
fvL s] wfuf]+ ;] aFw] x}+, tf] pT;j

g]kfnL eL k9Þ cf}/ ;dem ;stf x} . cf>o :yn agtf /xf x} . g]kfn s] hn ;+;fwg, lzIff, u|fdL0f cf}/
g]kfn s] clwsf+z ;flxTosf/f]+ sL sO{ k|wfgdGqL ef/t ;] xL lzlIft ;fd'bflos ljsf; h};] d'2] zfldn
lzIff–bLIff ef/t s] agf/;, k6gf, bLlIft x'P y] . x}+ . låkIfLo /Iff ;xof]u s] txt
nvgpm cf}/ snsQf d]+ xL x'O{ x} . pks/0f cf}/ k|lzIf0f s] dfWod ;]
O;lnP Og ;af]+ g] n]vg k|]/0ff lxGbL ca xd aft s/t] x}, cfly{s If]q g]kfn sL ;]gf sf cfw'lgsLs/0f
;flxTosf/f]+ ;] xL kfO{ x} . sL . g]kfn ;] ef/t sf/f]af/ cf}/ zfldn x} . ef/t jif{ @)!! ;] g]kfn
gf}sl/ofF s/g] @* nfv nf]u hft] s] ;fy k|lt jif{ …;"o{ ls/0fÚ gfd
ko{6g sL b[li6 ;] b]v] tf] ;a;] x} . cyf{t\ g]kfn ;] ljb]z sfd s/g] ;] ;+o'Qm ;}Go cEof; s/tf cf /
Hofbf ko{6s g]kfn d]+ ef/t ;] hfg]jfnf]+ sL s'n ;+Vof sf #&=+% xf x} .
xL cft] x+ . cfg]hfg] sL ;'ljwf, k|ltzt ef/t xL hft] x} . jxL+ ef/t
kf;kf]6{ cf}/ jLhf sf emGem6 gxL+, ;] #)–#* nfv ef/tLo sfdbf/ ef/tLo ;]gf sL uf]/vf /]lhd]G6\;
efiff cf}/ d'b|f sf cf;fgL ;] cfbfg g]kfn s] ljleGg If]qf]+ d]+ sfd s/g] d]+ g]kfn s] kxf8ÞL Onfsf]+ s] xhf/f]+
k|bfg g] eL bf]gf]+ b]zf]+ sL lgs6tf kx'Frt] x} . ljZj a}+s s] Ps cWoog o'jfcf]+ sL etL{ sL hftL x} . uf]/
sf] ;xh agfP /vf x} . cfh ef/t cg';f/ g]kfn ;] jflif{s kfFr v/a vf /]lhd]G6 d]+ #),))) g]kfnL
sf ;LdfjtL{ g]kfnL If]q xf] of b'u{d /]ld6]G; ef/t kx'Frtf x} . hals ;}lgs x} . ef/tLo ;]gf d]+ x/]s
kxf8ÞL of lxdfnL If]q nf]u Onfh ef/t ;] ;jf v/a g]kfn sL emf]nL ;fn nueu !#)) uf]/vf hjfgf]+
x]t' eL ef/t s] xL ;x/f]+ d+] xL d]+ kx'Frtf x} . sL etL{ xf]tL x} . g]kfn d]+ eL ef/
kx'Frt] x} . k8Þf];L b]z k|fyldstf tLo ;]gf ;] l/6fo8{ &(,))) uf]/vf
gLlt s] txt ef/t g] xd]zf g]kfn ef/t, g]kfn sf ;a;] a8Þf Jofkf/ k]Gzg/ x}, lhgk/ s/f]8Þf]+ ?kP ef/t
sf] k|fyldstf bL x} . ha k"/f ljZj efuLbf/ xf]g] s] ;fy–;fy ljb]zL ;/sf/ Joo s/tL x} .
sf]/f]gf s] qf; ;] s/fx /xf yf p; lgj]z sf ;a;] a8Þf ;|f]t x} . ef/t
ljs6 kl/l:ylt d]+ ljZj s] wgjfg s] lnP g]kfn ( jfF ;a;] a8Þf g]kfn d]+ cS;/ e"sDk, e"–:vng
b]z sf]/f]gf s] j}S;Lg sf] Ps t/x lgof{ts b]z x} hals g]kfn ef/t cf}/ lxd:vng, afbn km6\g] cf}/
;] ckg] wg s] ana"t] sAh] d]+ s] lnP k|yd ;a;] a8Þf lgof{ts af9Þ h};L k|fs[lts cfkbfcf]+ sf
s/ /x] y] . 5f]6] b]zf]+ sL hgtf uGtJo b]z x} . @)@!÷@@ d]+ g]kfn vt/f /xtf x} . P];f d'Vo ¿k ;]
sf] O; dxfdf/L ;] arfg] s] lnP sf s"n lgof{t *& v/a d]+ ;] &) ef}uf]lns sf/sf]+ s] sf/0f xf]tf x} .
sf]O{ cfu] gxL+ cf /xf yf p; ljs6 c/a ef/t sf] xL lsof yf . hals Sof]+ls g]kfn Ps k|fs[lts ¿k ;]
kl/l:ylt d]+ ef/t sL df]bL ;/sf/ cfoft sf s'n !@ v/a d]+ ;] sl/a ;+j]bgzLn If]q d]+ l:yt x} . ef/t
g] …sf]ljl;N8Ú j}S;Lg sL b; nfv & v/a eL ef/t ;] xL x'cf . cfkbf ;] ;DalGwt P];] ls;L eL
v'/fs e]hs/ g]kfn s] gful/sf]+ s] dfdn]+ d]+ tsgLsL cf}/ dfgjLo
g]kfn jfl0fHo a}+s s] Ps tYof+s ;xfotf eL k|bfg s/tf /xf x} .
:jf:Yo cf}/ ;'/Iff sf] k|fyldstf bL cg';f/ ;g\ @)@!÷@@ sL cjlw
yL . ox ef/t sf c;n ldq xf]g] e"sDk tyf af9Þ kLl8Þtf]+ s] lnP c/
d]+ g]kfn sf s"n j}b]lzs Jofkf/ af]+ ?kP sf 3/ agjfg] tyf cGo
sf ;a"t x} ls ;+s6 sL 38L d]+ !# v/a s] a/fa/ yf lh;d]+ ef/
;a;] kxn] jxL cfu] cfof . Oltxf; dfgjLo ;xfotf s/g] d]+ ef/t
tLo Jofkf/ sf g]kfn s] ;fy sf ;a;] cfu] x} .
ujfx x} xd]zf xL ef/t :jfefljs lx:;f * v/a x} . ef/tLo sDklgofF
ldq sL e"ldsf lgeftf /xf x} . g]kfn d]+ ljleGg cfly{s ultljlwof]+ g]kfn Ps e"–kl/j]li7t b]z x} hf]
g]kfn g] eL ef/t sf] oyf;Dej d]+ ;+nUg x} . Og sDklgof]+ sL g]kfn tLg t/km ;] ef/t ;] cf}/ Ps t/km
ljsf; tyf cGo If]qf]+ d]+ ax't d]+ ljlgdf{0f, lahnL, ko{6g cf}/ ltAat ;] l3/f x'cf x} . ef/t–g]kfn
a8Þf of]ubfg b]tf /xf x} . ef/t ;]jf If]q d]+ pkl:ylt x} . g]kfn s] g] ckg] gful/sf]+ s] dWo ;Dks{
sL cfhfbL sL n8ÞfO{ d]+ xf] of ef/ pBf]u d]+ # v/a ?kP s] s"n ljb]zL a9Þfg] cf}/ cfly{s j[l4 Pj+ ljsf;
tLo ;Ldf sL ;'/Iff d]+, g]kflnof]+ lgj]z d]+ ef/tLo lgj]z nueu Ps sf] a9Þfjf b]g] s] lno] ljleGg
åf/f lsof uof alnbfg ce"tk"j{ x} . ltxfO{ cyf{t\ *$ c/a ?kof a/ sg]lS6lj6L sfo{qmd z'¿ lso] x} .
ef/t s] :jtGqtf cfGbf]ng d]+ eL fa/ sf x} . ef/t, g]kfn sf] cGo lh;d]+ /]n, ;8Þs, lahnL tyf lzIff
g]kfn s] cg]s lbUuh /fhgLlt1 b]zf]+ s] ;fy Jofkf/ s/g] s] lno] ;] ;DalGwt of]hgfcf]+ k/ ;Demf}t]
;lqmo ef}lts ;fy b]g] d+] seL kf/udg ;'ljwf eL k|bfg s/tf x} . cf}/ ;xdlt x'O{ x+ .
eL kL5] gxL+ /x] . p;L t/x g]kfn g]kfn ckg] ;d'›L Jofkf/ s] lno]
sf]nsftf aGb/ufx sf pkof]u s/ /fhgLlts b[li6 ;] cg]s ptf/ r9Þfj
s] x/]s hgcfGbf]ng d]+ ef/tLo cfg] s] afjh"b hg:t/ k/ ;DaGw
g]tfcf]+, ;/sf/ cf}/ jxfF sL hgtf tf x} .
xd]zf xL ldqjt\ /xtf x} . k|slt
sf eL ;fy cf}/ ;xof]u ldntf / ef/t ;/sf/ g]kfn d]+ hÞldgL :t/ g] xL xd]+ ox ;x'lnot k|bfg sL x}
xf x} . ef/tLo :jtGqtf cfGbf]ng k/ a'lgofbL 9fFr] s] lgdf{0f k/ ls sO{ huxf]+ k/ xdf/] ;DaGwf+] sL
d]+ cg]s ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;]gflgof]+ Wofg s]lG›t s/t] x'P ;do–;do ckgfkg ;Ldf /]vf sf] eL ld6f b]tL
sf cf>o :yn of u'Kt lgjf; k/ ljsf; ;xfotf k|bfg s/tL x} . hf]ls ;lbof]+ ;] bf]gf]+ b]zf]+ s] aLr
g]kfn /xf yf . p;L t/x g]kfn s] x} . O;d]+ a'lgofbL 9fFr] d]+ :jf:Yo, rn] cf /x] ef}uf]lns, P]ltxfl;s,
hgcfGbf]ng s] g]tfcf]+ s] lnP ef/t
20 :dfl/sf–@)&(
atfpg'x'G5 . g]kfnsf] kz'kltdf 5g\ . c3f{vfFrLsf gfdb]j kf]v/]n
em}+ ef/tel/sf em08} !@^ j6f tLdWo]sf Ps k'hf/L x'g'x'G5 . pxfF
kf}/fl0fs 7"nf dlGb/x¿df g]kfnL g]kfndf /x]sf] kl/jf/sf] u'hf/fsf
k'hf/L /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . ef/tsf] nflu g} ;f] dlGb/df k'hf/Lsf] sfd
uf]/vgfy dlGb/, sfdfIff dlGb/, ub}{ cfpg'ePsf] xf] .
sfzLdf /x]sf] ljZjgfy afafsf]
dlGb/df d'Vo k'hf/L g} g]kfnL /x]sf ef/tsf] emf/v08l:yt /fj0f]Zj/
5g\ . To;}u/L, ef/tsf] jf/f0f;Ldf dxfb]j dlGb/ klg ljZje/ /x]sf
Ps kz'kltgfy dlGb/ 5, h;sf] lxGb"x¿sf] 7"nf] lty{:yn xf] . oxfF
k'hf/Lb]lv ;kmfO{ sd{rf/L;Dd x/]s lbg >åfn'x¿sf] 3'OFrf] /
;a} g]kfnL dfq x'g kfpg] k|fjwfg xG5 . g]kfnL lxGb"x¿sf] >åfsf]
agfOPsf] 5 . pQm dlGb/sf] cf8df s]G› :yndf g]kfnL k'hf/L y'k}| e]6\g
sl/a !)) eGbf a9L g]kfnL a;]sf] ;lsG5 . laxf/sf] ;'Ntfgu~hl:yt
hfgsf/ atfpF5g\ . ;lbof}+ k'/fgf] of] u+uf gbLaf6 hn e/]/ of] dlGb/
ef/tdf g]kfnL, g]kfndf ef/tLo k'hf/L

ef/tsf k|wfgdGqL g/]Gb| df]bL
g]kfn cfpg'ePsf a]nf ;+ljwfg;ef dlGb/nfO{ ;g\ !($# kl5 kz'kltgfy
a}7snfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ sfzLl:yt dlGb/ eg]/ g} gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] df r9fpg g]kfnsf] d]rLb]lv
ljZjgfy dlGb/sf g]kfnL k'hf/ 5 . o;/L gfdfs/0f ug'{k5fl8sf] dxfsfnL;Ddsf lxGb" wdf{jnDaLx¿
Ln] cfkm\gf] g]kfn;Fusf] gftf cem} sf/0f klg g]kfnL k'hf/L g} /x]sf] k'Ug] ub{5g\ . ;'Ntfgu~hdf pQ/
uf9f agfPsf] atfpg'eof] . ef/tsf] Oltxf;sf/ atfpF5g\ . lt/af6 u+uf gbL axg] ePsf] /
;f+:s[lts /fhwfgL dflgg] sfzLsf] oxfFsf] hn /fj0f]Zj/ dxfb]j dlGb/
;+;bLo If]qaf6 lgjf{rg lht]/ To:t}, pQ/L lbNnLl:yt kLtdk'/f df r9fpgfn] eujfg lzj v'zL eO{
k|wfgdGqL x'g'ePsf df]bLn] To;a]nf glhs} /x]sf] sf]xf6 PGSn]edf dgf]sfdgf k"0f{ x'g] ljZjf;sf ;fy
eGg'ePsf] lyof]– …ha d sfzLsf] vf;u/L dWod juL{o ef/tLox¿sf] ToxfF g]kfnL lxGb"x¿ w]/} ;+Vofdf
k|ltlglw ag]F, d]/f] g]kfn;Fusf] gftf 3gf a:tL 5 . ToxL a:tLdfem /x]sf] k'Ug] ub{5g\ . oxfF a;]/ sfd ug{'
cem} hf]l8of] . lsgeg] sfzLdf
Pp6f dlGb/ 5, hxfF k'hf/L g]kfnsf]
x'g] u5{ . /, g]kfndf kz'kltgfy 5,
hxfFsf k'hf/L ef/tLo x'G5g\ .Ú
df]bLn] o;f] elg/xFbf a}7s ;ef;b\
x¿sf] tfnLn] u'~hfodfg ag]sf]
lyof] . k|d df]bLsf] of] egfO{ Ps
pbfx/0f dfq xf] . ef/tLo dlGb/df
g]kfnL k'hf/L / g]kfnsf dlGb/df
ef/tLo k'hf/Lsf] 7"n} of]ubfg /x]sf]
5 . kz'kltdf e§ k'hf/L /fVg] sfd
eof], of] Ps wfld{s k/Dk/f xf] . of]
b'O{ b]zaLrsf] kf/:kl/s ;DaGwsf]
Ps s8L klg xf] . h;/L g]kfnsf
dlGb/df ef/tLo k'hf/L /x]sf 5g\, Pg=8L= uf}/Lz+s/ dlGb/df ljut eg]sf] Ps t eujfgsf] ;]jf clg
To;}u/L ef/tLo dlGb/df klg aL; jif{eGbf cufl8b]lv xl/x/ bf];|f] sdfpg] dfWod ePsf] k'hf/L
g]kfnL k'hf/Lsf] ks8 /x]sf] 5 . zf:qL d"n k'hf/Lsf] ¿kdf sfo{/t / kf]v/]n atfpg'x'G5 . o;af6 g]kfnd}
g]kfndf /x]sf ef/tLo k'hf/L / ef/ xg'ePsf] 5 . zf:qL klZrd g]kfnsf] /x]sf cfkm\gf 3/kl/jf/ rnfpg
tdf /x]sf g]kfnL k'hf/Lsf] ;+Vof :ofª\hfsf /}yfg] x'g'x'G5 . ;]tf] ;xh ePsf] pxfFsf] egfO 5 .
slt 5, o;sf] s'g} tYof+s 5}g . dfa{n laR5\ofOPsf], x]b}{ ;'Gb/ o; 21
dlGb/df snfTds tj/n] agfOPsf ef/tsf] lbNnLdf dfq ;fgf 7"nf
ef/tsf nflu g]kfnsf k"j{/ dlGb/ u/]/ !))) hgf g]kfnL
fhb"t gLnfDa/ cfrfo{ g]]kfnsf] y'k|} b]jLb]jtfsf d"lt{x¿ 5g\ . tL
;a}sf] x]/ljrf/ / k"hfkf7sf nflu k'hf/L sfo{/t 5g\ . sl/a Ps
kz'kltgfydf dfq ef/tLo k'hf/L xhf/ g]kfnL kl08tx¿ lbNnLdf
/x]sf] cfkm"nfO{ yfxf ePsf] cGo ;xfos g]kfnL k'hf/Lx¿ klg

sfo{/t /x]sf] xl/x/ zf:qLsf] bfaL eGg] s'/fsf] cfFs8f ;+sng ug]{ xhf/ ;+Vofdf g]kfnL k'hf/L ef/
5 . lbNnLs} Pp6f lzjsf] dlGb/ sfd eO/x]sf] 5 . tLo If]qdf sfo{/t /x]sf 5g\ .
zxfb/f eGg] 7fpFdf 5 . of] dlGb/ cgf}krfl/s cfFs8fcg';f/ ef/tdf
klg g]kfnL k'hf/Ln] g} ;~rfng ef/tsf] sfzL, agf/;, u'xf6L, wfld{s sfo{df dfq @) xhf/eGbf
ul//x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnLåf/f ;~rflnt uf]/vk'/, o'kL÷laxf/ h:tf If]qdf a9L g]kfnL sfo{/t /x]sf 5g\ .
To:tf dlGb/x¿ 7\ofSs} slt xhf/f}+sf] ;+Vofdf k'hf/L /x]sf 5g\ . ;+Vof hlt ePklg oL dlGb/x¿n]
;+Vofdf 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] cflwsfl/s dlGb/df k"hf ug]{ k'hf/Lsf] rrf{ k|jfx u/]sf efjgfnfO{ eg] w]/} g}
cfFs8f eg] 5}g . lbNnLl:yt g]kfnL ul//xFbf 3/–3/ uP/ >f4 ug]{, k'/ cg'kd dflgG5 . o;nfO{ g]kfn /
b"tfjf;df snf, ;+:s[lt;DaGwL f0f eGg], k"hf nufpg] kl08tsf] ef/taLrsf] ;f+:s[lts efOrf/fsf]
dfldnf x]g]{ clwsf/L ch{'g kGtsf ;+Vof cg'dfgeGbf w]/} /x]sf] 5 . gd"gfsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
cg';f/, o:tf dlGb/x¿ slt 5g\ dlGb/df tna ;'ljwf lnP/ sfd
ug]{ :yfoL k'hf/LeGbf aflx/ bzf}+
22 :dfl/sf–@)&(
g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGwsf] dgb]lv x[bo;Ddsf] Pstf
sDkgL ef/tLo pkdxfåLkdf ePsf] xf] . x6fOPsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d x}l;otdfly
oBlk :juL{o /fhfn] c+u|]hx¿nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf k|ZglrGx v8f ePkl5 ^) sf] bzssf] pQ/
ljZjf; ug{ ;s]gg\, pxfF pgLx¿nfO{ lj/f]w fw{df ld;g / r]skf]i6x¿ x6fOof] . g]kfn
gug{ xf]lzof/ x'g'x'GYof] . lsgsL olb g]kfnn] / rLg cfh zflGtk"0f{ ;xcl:tTjsf kfFr
hfgfhfgL la|l6z lj/f]wL gLlt ckgfPdf l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t zflGt tyf d}qL ;lGwåf/f
cf}klgj]lzs zlQmsf] xflg ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ pxfFn] afFlwPsf 5g\ . ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtsf kIfw/
:jLsf/ ug{' eof] . la|l6; ef/t;Fu g]kfnsf] x¿n] g]kfn–ef/t ;lGwnfO{ ToxL l;4fGtdf kl/
;DaGw !*) jif{ -!&^&–!($& O{:jL_ sf] dfh{g u/]sf] x]g{ rfxG5g\ . ljut %) jif{sf]
cjlwdf km}lnPsf] lyof] . h;df cljZjf;, z+sf cjlwdf !(%) sf] ;lGw jf:tjdf l6Sg ;s]sf]
/ zq'tf klg lyof] of] ;g\ !($& sf] lqkIfLo 5}g . ;g\ !(*( df ef/tn] ;lGwsf] cfXjfg
;lGwn] ;dfKt e};s]sf] 5 . ubf{ g]kfnn] cfˆgf k|fjwfgx¿ pNnª3g u/]sf]
cf/f]k nufP/ Jofkf/ gfsfaGbL ePsf] lyof] .
h;n] :jtGq ef/t / To;sf tTsfnLg o:n] cfd hgtfnfO{ 7'nf] kL8f ef]Ug afWo kl/
cf}klgj]lzs dflnsnfO{ g]kfnL gful/s etL{ Psf] lyof] . of] 5f]6f] cjlwsf] c;n l5d]sL
ug{ cg'dlt lbPsf] lyof] . cf}klgj]lzs lj/ ;DaGwsf] af6f] Psbd} b'ef{Uok"0f{ lyof] . rLgaf6
f;tsf ¿kdf g]kfndf jfdkGyLx¿n] o;sf] s]xL xltof/ vl/b ubf{ ef/t;Fu k/fdz{ /
lj/f]w u/] klg . ;g\ !*!^ sf] ;'uf}nL ;lGw :jLs[lt lng g;s]sf]df g]kfnnfO{ bl08t ul/
Pd= kL= nf]xgL cGtu{t g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf/]vfªsg ul/ Psf] ljZn]ifsx¿n] bfaL u/]sf lyP .
Psf] lyof] . g]kfndfly !)$ jif{ -!*$&–!(%!
cfw'lgs g]kfnsf ;+:yfks /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f O{:jL_ zf;g ug]{ /f0ffx¿n] la|l6z ef/t;Fu æ/ g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGw ax'cfoflds ePsfn] ldqtf
zfxn] b'O{ ztfAbLeGbf cufl8sf] of] b]znfO{ …b'O{ fli6«o lxt eGbf klg zf;s kl/jf/sf] lxtdf k|j4{gsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf cGo kIfnfO{
9'ËfaLrsf] t?nÚ;Fu t'ngf ubf{ g]kfnsf] e"–/ sfd ug{æ cToGt ;f}xfb{k"0f{ ;DaGw /fv]sf lyP . cf]em]ndf kfg]{ ;g\ !(%) sf] ;lGwdf ljutnfO{
fhgLlts :yfgnfO{ ¿ksfTds ¿kdf lrq0f g]kfn / ef/taLrsf] ;g\ !(%) sf] zflGt tyf vf]tNg] k|of; ug{'x'Fb}g / To;df cNdlng] k|of;
u/]sf lyP . d}qL ;lGwn] b'O{ b]zaLrsf] /fhgLlts ;DaGwdf ug{ ug'{ x'Fb}g\ . b'j} kIfdf a9\bf] cg'e"lt /
em08} tLg s/f]8 hg;Vof ePsf] g]kfn gofF df]8 lnof] . ;xdlt 5 . b'j} b]z 7"nf] pT;fx, gofF ;f]r,
jf:tjdf ef}uf]lns / hg;f+lVos b'j} lx;fan] b"/b[li6 / sNkgfsf ;fy csf]{ ;x;|fAbLdf k|j]z
g]kfnnfO{ ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg :jtGq /fi6«sf] ul/;s]sf 5g\ .
ljZjsf b'O{ ;jf{lws hg;Vof ePsf] b]z– pQ/ ¿kdf dfGotf lbg] ;lGw /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo
df Ps ca{eGbf a9L hg;Vof ePsf] sDo'lgi6 ePkl5 ePsf] xf] . xfnsf jif{x¿df g]kfnsf kf/:kl/s lxtdf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f eg]sf] cu|ufdL
rLg / blIf0fdf sl/a cj{ g} hg;+Vof ePsf] /fhgLlt1 / a'l4hLjLx¿n] ;g\ !(%) sf] b[li6sf]0fsf ;fy} låkIfLo ;DaGwnfO{ gofF
k|hftflGqs ef/tsf] aLrdf cjl:yt 5 . cem ;lGwsf s]xLpkwf/fx¿ nufotsf kqx¿, hf]8 lbg] /fhgLlts OR5fzlQm xf] . kf/:kl/s
:ki6 ¿kdf eGg'kbf{ e"kl/j]li7t g]kfnn] k"j{, d'Votof b'j} kIfsf gful/sx¿nfO{ kf/:kl/s nfesf/L ;xof]usf gjLg k|f]u|fd/x¿ dfkm{t
klZrd / blIf0f tLg tkm{ ef/t;Fu v'nf l;dfgf Jojxf/ / /fli6«o Jojxf/df cfklQ hgfpFb} ;DaGwx¿ / ltgLx¿nfO{ yk ;'b[9 agfpg'
u/]sf] 5 . d'›f / kx'Frsf nflu cfˆgf] blIf0fL cfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] c;dfg ePsf] eGb}
l5d]sL;Fu g]kfn a9L lge{/ 5 . g]kfn–ef/t ;lGwnfO{ kl/dfh{g / k|lt:yfkg ug{ cfXjfg
;DaGwnfO{ cfsf/ lbg] / k|efj kfg]{ k|d'vsf/ ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . /f0ffn] cfkm"nfO{ ;Qfdf sfod /
ssf ¿kdf o; kqsf] ljifoj:t' e"uf]n fVgsf nflu h] klg :jLsf/ ug]{ a]nfdf of] ;lGw
/x]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts, cfly{s / g]kfndfly yf]lkPsf] eGg] wf/df klg a'l4lhaLsf]
hg;f+lVosLo lx;fan] ef}uf]lns lgs6tfsf 5.
c;/x¿ hfFRg] / cfufdL ;x;|fAbLdf låkIfLo
ldqtfnfO{ k'g?Tyfg / k'g?Tyfgsfnflu g]kfnL ;g\ !($( df rLgsf] sDo'lgi6 /fi6«sf] ¿kdf
kl/k|]Iodf pkfox¿ ;'emfj ug]{ k|of; kqdf pbo ePkl5 g]kfnn] ;g\ !(%% df dfq}
ul/g]5 . slxNo} s'g} cf}klgj]lzs zlQmsf] s"6gLlts ;DaGw sfod u/]sf] xf] . ;g\ !(%)
cwLgdf gk/]sf] b]z, g]kfn /fli6«o :jtGqtfsf] sf] ;lGwn] g]kfnnfO{ ef/tsf] ;'/Iff 5ftfdf
uf}/jzfnL Oltxf;df uj{ ub{5 . NofPsf] tYon] g} of] lrGtfsf] k|df0fsf ?kdf
b]lvG5 . 23
c7f/f}+ ztfAbLdf /fhf k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxsf]
g]t[Tjdf b]zsf] PsLs/0f k|lqmof cf}krfl/s ;Ldf If]qdf ;'/IffnfO{ lnP/ ef/tn] ;g\ !(%@
?kdf ;'? ePsf] lyof] . ef/t–g]kfn ;fem]bf/L df cfˆgf] ;}Go ld;g k7fof] / g]kfn–rLg ;Ldfdf
/ blIf0f Pl;ofnL k'g?Tyfg la|l6z O{:6 OlG8of r]skf]i6 :yfkgf uof]{ . ldzg / r]skf]:6x¿ kl5

cfhsf] cfjZoQmf xf] . u5{g\ . eujfg ljZjgfy CifL g]kfnsf] t/fO{ Oltxf; sfnb]lvg} cfkm} lj:tf/ x'Fb} cfPsf]
If]q / pQ/ k|b]z, laxf/ / klZrd aËfnsf xf] . o:sf] lg/Gt/ ljsf;sf] nflu hgtf b]lvg}
;fdflhs, wfld{s / ;fF:s[lts ;DaGw ef}uf]lns 5]p5fpsf lhNnfx¿df a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x¿ hfu/0f cfpFg' cfjZos 5 . -ef/tLo n]vs
lgs6tfaf6 cljefHo / k'/ftg ljutb]lv g} aLrsf] hftLo / eflifs ;dfgtf / ;dfgtfsf nf]xgL g]kfn– ef/t ;DaGwdf snd rnfpg]
/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf /fhf hgssL 5f]/L ;Ltf pbfx/0fx¿ w]/} 5g\ . lj1 x'g\ ._
jf hfgsLsf] ljjfx kfFr xhf/ jif{cl3 ef/
tsf] pQ/ k|b]z -o'kL_ ;x/ cof]Wofsf /fhf g]kfn / ef/t larsf hgtf hgtf larsf] Pstf
eujfg /fd;Fu ePsf] lyof] . sf7df8f}+sf] lzj ljZjsf cGo b]zx?df kfpFg ;lsb}g\ . wfld{s
jf kz'kltgfysf] dlGb/sf] bz{g ug{ / eujfg ;f+:s[t, ef}uf]lns Pstf dfq xf]Og g]kfnx? /
jf/f0f;Lsf] bz{g ug{ g]kfn / ef/taf6 k|To]s ef/tLox?sf] Pstf eg]sf] dg b]lv x[bo;Dsf]
jif{ xhf/f}+ tLy{ofqLx¿ Pscsf{sf] e"efu kf/ Pstf xf] . of] ;DaGw s;}n] agfP/ ag]sf] xf]Og
24 :dfl/sf–@)&(
hg:t/af6 ag]sf] g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGw
;f}xfb{k"0f{ ;DaGw x'g g;Sbf ;fs{af6 ck]Iff
ul/Psf] e"ldsf lgjf{x x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . xfn
g]kfn Ps e"–kl/j]li7t /fi6« xf]– h;sf] k"j{, cfP/ lad:6]ssf] pbon] ;fs{nfO{ emg\
klZrd / blIf0f u/L tLgtk{m ef/tLo l;dfgf v'DRofOlbPsf] cfef; x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
/x]sf] 5 . g]kfn / ef/taLr ;lbof}+b]lv
cToGt lgs6 tyf ;f}xfb{k"0f{ ;DaGw /x]sf]df jf:tjdf g]kfn tyf ef/taLr x'g'kg]{ clt
s'g} ;Gb]x 5}g . v'nf l;dfgf, wfld{s cf:yf, dha't ;DaGwdf s]–s:tf tuf/fx¿ 5g\ t <
;f+:s[lts kl/j]z tyf eflifs lgs6tfn] ubf{ ef/tn] lxdfnosf] km]bnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;'/Iff sjr
klg b'O{ b]zaLr hg:t/sf] ;DaGw /xL cfPsf] ;f]Rg' g} ;d:of xf] . g]kfn k|frLgsfnb]lv
5– h;n] ubf{ oL b'O{ d'n'ssf gful/snfO{ :jtGq, cv08 / ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg /fi6«sf
cfjthfjtsf nflu s'g} le;f lng' kb}{g . ¿kdf ljZj dfglrqdf /]vflÍt 5 . ef/t
t ;g\ !($& df dfq la|l6; ;fd|fHosf]
g]kfn ef/tsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] Jofkfl/s ;DaGw r+u'naf6 d'Qm ePsf] xf] . t/, g]kfndf ljleGg
ePsf] /fi6« klg xf] . b'O{ b]zaLr x/]s jif{ sfnv08df ljleGg j+zx¿n] /fHo u/]tf klg
vaf{}+ ¿k}ofFsf] Jofkf/ x'G5 . t/, ef/t;Fusf] ;w}+ :jtGq / ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg /fi6«s}
Jofkf/ 3f6fdf 7"nf] cGt/ 5 . l;of]b]lv cf}iflw ¿kdf /Xof] . To;}n], g]kfnL hgtfn] ef/tn]
/ d]l;ghGo ;fdu|Lnufot xhf/f}+ lsl;dsf ljleGg txtKsfdf ug]{ x:tIf]knfO{ l:jsf/
;fdfgx¿ g]kfn cfoft ug{'kg]{ cj:yfn] ef/ l5d]sL /fi6«x¿;Fu ;f}xfb{|k"0f{ d]nldnfksf]
of]Uo dfGb}gg\ . ef/tsf] o:tf] /j}ofn] klg jftfj/0fdfkm{t\ kf/:kfl/stfdf gcNemL
t;Fusf] Jofkf/ 3f6f pRr b]lvG5 . kl5Nnf slxn]sfxLF k|To'Tkfbs kl/0ffd lbg] u/]sf] 5 .
jif{x¿df a9\b} uPsf] cfoftd'vL Jofkf/ ljZjf; lhTg'kg]{df u'h/fnsf] hf]8 lyof] . o;f]
pQ/df rLgh:tf] ljzfn / ljZj zlQmzfnL x'g ;s] l5d]sL /fi6«x¿af6 ef/tnfO{ lg/Gt/
sf] babafn] sxfnLnfUbf] Jofkf/ 3f6f /x]sf] /fi6«sf sf/0f ef/tsf] ;'/Iff rf;f] /xg'
5– h'g tTsfn 36\g] ;Defjgf klg b]lvGg . ;xof]u tyf ;dy{g k|fKt x'g] g} 5 . ;+o'Qm /
:jefljs xf] . of] rf;f] lgjf/0fsf nflu ef/ fi6«;+3 ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] :yfoL ;ldlt ;b:o
cfoftsf] t'ngfdf lgof{t lgs} sd cg'kftdf tn] s'6gLlts kxndfkm{t\ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
x'g] u/]sf] 5 . sRrf kbfy{x¿ lgof{t u/]/ aGg rfx]sf] ef/tn] klxnf cfkm\gf] l5d]sL /
ljZjf; lhTg'sf] ljsNk 5}g . fi6«x¿;Fu ;dembf/L a9fpg'sf] ljsNk 5}g .
tof/L j:t'x¿ cfoft ug{'kg]{ afWotf /x];Dd
g]kfnn] jif]{gL vaf{}+ ¿k}ofFsf] Jofkf/ 3f6f To:t}, cfly{s ljsf;sf] ult tLj| cufl8
;xg'sf] ljsNk 5}g . a9fpg rfx]sf] g]kfnnfO{ l5d]sL ef/tsf]
lg/Gt/ ;xof]usf] ;w} ck]Iff x'G5 g} . ctM
blIf0f PlzofnL dfglrqdf ef/t 5f]6f] cjlwd} b'O{ b]zaLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ cfpg] lbgdf cem
x/]s b[li6sf]0fn] 7"nf], ;|f]t ;DkGg tyf ;an prfOdf k'¥ofpg ;'ema'em tyf ;dembf/Lsf]
/fi6« aGg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . ;g\ !(*% df 68\sf/f] cfjZostf 5 . o;}u/L, b'O{ b]zaLr
blIf0f PlzofnL /fi6«x¿sf] ;+u7g -;fs{_ ePsf] ;g\ !(%) sf] ;lGwnfO{ ;dofg's"n
sf] :yfkgfkZrft\ o; If]qsf] b'|tt/ cfly{s kl/dfh{g u/L ;Ldf;DaGwL ljjfbsf] xn
ljsf;sf] nflu ef/tsf] cxd\ e"ldsf /xFb} ug{'kg]{ g]kfnsf] wf/0ffdfly klg ef/tn]
cfPsf] 5 . t/, ef/t tyf kfls:tfgaLr Wofg lbg h?/L 5 . g]kfn ef/t k|j'4 ;d"x
-O{kLhL_ n] tof/ kf/]sf] k|ltj]bg;d]t ef/
tLo k|wfgdGqLåf/f ;do pknAw gu/
fOPsf] sf/0f TolQs} ylGsP/ /x]sf] 5 . ;f]
k|ltj]bgdf ;d"xsf ;b:o hoGtk|;fbn] …gf]6
ckm l8;]G6Ú g} n]Vg'ePsf] 5 . ef/tsf] tkm{af6
g]t[Tj ug'{ePsf eutl;+x sf]l;of/Lsf] sfd
;Gtf]ifhgs g/x]sf] tyf ef/teGbf g]kfnsf]
kIfdf ljz]if e"ldsf v]n]sf] pxfFsf] cf/f]k 5 .
O{kLhLn] !(%) sf] c;dfg ;lGw k|lt:yfkg
ug{'kg]{ ;'emfj lbPsf] cg'dfg ul/G5 .
ef/tsf] a9\bf] zlQm tyf o; If]qdf 25
v]Ng'kg]{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsfsf] nflu ;g\ !((&
lt/ k"j{k|wfgdGqL O{Gb/s'df/ u'h/fnåf/f
k|ltkflbt gLlt ;'xfpFbf] x'g;S5 . ef/t Ps
7"nf] / zlQmzfnL d'n's ePsfn] cfkm\gf ;fgf

;DaGwx¿nfO{ hg:t/df ;Gb]z k|jfx ug{ d}qL ;+3
d'n'sdf ;fj{ef}d g]kfnL hgtfn] lgjf{lrt l;+rfO{ / ljB't cfof]hgfdfkm{t\ pGgt s[lif
u/]sf] ;fj{ef}d ;+ljwfg;efaf6 gofF ;+ljwfgsf] k|ljlw / ljB't\ pTkfbgaf6 b]znfO{ cfTdlge{/
3f]if0ff x'g'cufj} k"jL{ t/fO{ dw];, ;'b"/ klZrd agfpg ;lsG5 . ;jf]{kl/ /fli6«o lxtsf nflu
/ kxf8sf ljleGg ;d'bfox¿ tyf dw];L, Jofks ;xdltsf cfwf/df b"/b[li6 lglb{i6
yf¿, d'l:nd dlxnf, blnt, v; / ljleGg cfly{s ;d[l4sf] /f]8Dofk tof/ ug{ ca l9nfO{
hghflt Pj+ ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfox¿ cfkm\gf] ug{'x'Gg . o;/L, /fi6«nfO{ cfly{s ;d[l4 /
xs / clwsf/ :yflkt u/fpg cfGbf]ng/t k|ultsf] af6f]df 8f]¥ofpg ;lsG5 . clg dfq
lyP . o;}aLr ;+ljwfg;efaf6 g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf ;an / ;'b[9 x'G5 . o;sf nflu
;+ljwfg, @)&@ 3f]if0ff eof] . ;+ljwfg;efaf6 zflGt ;'/Iff / /fhgLlts :yfloTj rflxG5 .
gofF ;+ljwfgsf] 3f]if0ff x'g' lgZro g} t;y{, xfd|f /fhgLlts bnx¿ o;tkm{ ;r]t
o'ufGtsf/L pknAwL xf] . ;ft bzs nfdf] x'g cfjZos 5 . /fli6«o :jfledfg / :jfy{nfO{
;+3if{, ;xfbt / alnbfgkl5 k|fKt ;+ljwfg;ef ;jf]{kl/ /fvL /fli6«o xs lxtsf nflu ca
dxfg slj uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfnsf] zAbdf …Ps xfdLn] cfFvf em'sfP/ xf]Og, cfFvf lemDsfP/
o'udf Ps rf]6L cfpg]Ú dxfg\ pT;j xf] . of] klg xf]Og, a¿ k/:k/ k|]d / ;b\efjn] cfFvfdf
pT;jsf] :jfldTj ;a}n] u|x0f ug{'kg]{ xf] . of] cfFvf h'wfP/ cfkm\gf s'/fx¿ /fVg] kl/kSj
pT;jdf x/]s 3/df v'l;ofnLsf] lbof] aNg'kg]{ s"6gLltsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ cEof;df
z]v/ lu/L lyof] . t/, xfd|f] b'ef{Uo o;f] x'g ;s]g . of] cEo:t x'g'kb{5 .
o'ufGtsf/L 36gf / dxfg pT;j st} bLkfjnL
g]kfn–ef/taLr k/fk"j{sfnb]lv /xFb} cfPsf] t st} …ANofs cfp6Úsf ¿kdf b]vf k¥of] . g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3n] ljleGg ;dodf
hg:t/sf] d}qL ;DaGwnfO{ cfhsf] ablnFbf] ljZj ;'b"/ klZrdaf6 ;Ns]sf] cfGbf]ngsf] /fk–tfk :yfgdf b}ljs k|sf]k, dxfljgfzsf/L e"sDkdf
/ If]qLo kl/j]zsf] kl/k|]Iodf b'O{ b]zaLrsf] k"jL{ dw];df pu|¿kdf km}lnof] . o; qmddf ;'/ k/L lhpHofg u'dfPsf kl/jf/hgnufot
wfld{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / cfly{s nufot IffsdL{ / ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf u/L %) hgfeGbf kLl8t kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ nQfsk8f,
ljleGg cfofdsf ;DaGwx¿nfO{ hg:t/ a9Lsf] Hofg uof] . tof/L vfgf, bfn, rfdn, sDan ljt/0f ug{'sf
df k'¥ofO{ hgtf–hgtf aLrsf] of] zfZjt ;fy} kLl8tsf] pkrf/sf] nflu :jf:Yo SofDk
;'–;DaGwnfO{ c¿ a9L ;do;fk]If ;'dw'/, ;xdlt / ;dembf/Ldf jftf{dfkm{t\ ;xL lg0f{o v8f u/]sf] lyof] .
;'b[9 Pj+ Jofks agfpg] lbzfdf g]kfn–ef/t lng l9nfO{ ug{ x'Fb}g eGg] cfhsf] cfjZostf
d}qL ;+3 ;b}j ;dlk{t /x]sf] 5 . o;af6 xf] . g]kfnh:tf] cljsl;t d'n'ssf] d'Vo g]kfn–ef/taLr pTkGg ePsf] c;xh cj:yfdf
g]kfn–ef/taLrsf] o; P]ltxfl;s ;DaGwnfO{ ;DklQ egf}+ jf k'FhL eg]s} dfgjLo ;+;fwg kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdfkm{t\ hgr]tgfdf ;'wf/ ug]{
hg:t/df k'¥ofO{ ldqtfsf] ;Gb]z k|jfx / xf], To;kl5 hn;|f]t xf] . sfd / dfdsf] sfd u/]sf] 5 . jftfj/0f ;xh / ;/n agfO{
;Dk|]if0f eO/x]sf] 5 . ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL g/]G› vf]hLdf xhf/f}+ g]kfnL o'jf ljb]lzg afWo 5g\ . b'O{ b]zaLrsf] ldqjt\ ;DaGwdf cfFr cfpg]
df]bLHo"sf] g]t[Tjdf ;/sf/ u7g ePkZrft\ d'n'sdf /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ 5}g . d'n'snfO{ sfo{ x'g glbg b'a} b]zsf k|wfgdGqLHo", k//
g]kfndf ax'k|ltlIft ljB't Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf ;d[l4 / k|ulttkm{ 8f]¥ofpg cfjZos fi6«dGqLHo" / /fhb"tHo"x¿nfO{ cg'/f]w kq
/ ljB't ljsf; ;Demf}tfh:tf lbuf] cfly{s 7"nf] k"FhL o'jf hgzlQm b}lgsh;f] knfog k7fOPsf] lyof] . To;nuQ} g]kfn ;/sf/
ljsf; / ;d[l4sf 9f]sf v'n]sf 5g\ eg] x'Fb}5g\ . tL o'jf hgzlQmx¿sf] l;h{gzLn sf dGqLx¿, k"j{k|zf;s, s"6g}lts If]qsf
sf7df8f}+sf] kz'kltgfy / sfzLsf] ljZjgfy,
hgsk'/sf] hfgsL / cof]Wofsf] /fd, a'4sf]
n'lDagL, af]wuof / ;f/gfyjLr elugL ;x/sf]
;DaGw :yflkt ePsf] 5 .
o;n] xfd|f j}lbs ;gftg cf:yfsf ;femf
w/f]x/x¿nfO{ ;hLj / hLjGt t'NofPsf] 5 .
@)&@ ;fn j}zfv !@ sf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDk /
To;kl5sf] k/fsDkaf6 d'n's c:tJo:t /xFbf
ef/t ;/sf/n] dfgjLo ;+s6sf] ljifd\ 38Ldf
k'¥ofPsf] ;xof]u / dfgjLotfn] g]kfn–ef/
taLrsf] c;n l5d]sLsf] ;DaGwdf 7"nf] k|efj sd{ / kfv'/L xftx¿nfO{ /f]huf/ lbg ;s] JolQmx¿, ;'/Iff lgsfosf k"j{kbflwsf/L,
kf/]sf] 5 . t/, tL ;xof]u, ;b\efj / ldqtf dfq /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] dxTj / pkfb]otf cy{ljb\, a'l4hLlj, ;dfh;]jL, kqsf/nufot
cfh cf]em]ndf kg{ yfn]sf] 5 . of] xfd|f] lrGtf k|dfl0ft x'g]5 . d'n'sn] ;xL cy{df sfFr'nL ef/tLo /fhb"t;d]tsf] pkl:yltdf sf7df8f}+df
/ rf;f]sf] ljifo x'g k'u]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;dod} km]g]{5 . dfgj ;+;fwgkl5sf] bf];|f] 7"nf] k"FhL ljz]if cGt/lqmofsf] sfo{qmd /fvL g]kfn–ef/
;Daf]wg ug{' jf~5gLo b]lvG5 . hn>f]t xf] . hn>f]tsf] ;b'kof]u u/L To;af6 taLrdf pTkGg ePsf] c;xh jftfj/0f /
26 :dfl/sf–@)&(
JolQmnfO{ dfq geP/ ;+:yfsf] 5ljnfO{ ;d]t
w'ldn agfpg] x'Fbf cfTd;+od / cfTdfg'zf;gsf]
dfWodaf6 ;+:yfsf] lxt / pTyfgdf b[9 ;+slNkt
x'Fb} ;+:yfn] cjnDag u/]sf cfbz{ / l;4fGtnfO{
:yflkt ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg dGqfno,
ljefu / lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo ub}{ g]kfnsf] ckf/
hn;Dkbf, hl8a'6L / ko{6gh:tf ljljw kIfdf
b'j} b]zsf] lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL d"ntM g]kfn
/ g]kfnLsf] :jfledfg / cfTd;Ddfgsf] /Iff
ub}{ ef/tLo ;/sf/, /fhb"tfjf; / ef/tLo
;DaGwdf ;'wf/sf nflu ul/Psf] k|of; dxTjk"0f{ e|d0fdf kfNg'x'g] ef/tLo ;dfh;]jL, /fhg}lts hgtfaLr klg hg:t/sf] d}qL efjnfO{ ljsf;
lyof] . Pj+ ljåt ju{x¿;Fu klg e]63f6, 5nkmn / ug{ b'a} b]zsf wfld{s ko{6sLo If]qdf e|d0fsf]
ljrf/sf] cfbfgk|bfg u/L b'O{ b]zsf hgtfaLr cfbfg–k|bfg ug{ of] ;+:yf nflu kg]{5 .
g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3 / g]kfn ca{'b /f]u /x]sf] d}qL ;DaGwsf cnfjf xfd|f k|fs[lts
lgjf/0f ;+:yf eQmk'/ SofG;/ c:ktfnsf] ;+o'Qm >f]t ;fwgsf] ;d'lrt ljsf;, ljt/0f / o;}u/L, lzIff, :jf:Yo, oftfoft, lj1fg /
cfof]hgfdf ut jif{ ;Kt/L lhNnfsf] /fhlj/ cfw'lgs lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] nfe b'j} b]zsf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf ef/tn] u/]sf] ljsf;sf] nfe
fhnufot b]zsf ljleGg lhNnfx¿df dlxnfsf] hgtfsf] lxtdf s;/L k|of]u ug]{ eGg] ljifodf xfdLn] klg lng ;Sg] jftfj/0f tof/ u/L
kf7]3/ tyf :tg SofG;/sf] lgMz'Ns k/LIf0f 5nkmn s]lG›t ub}{ cfPsf 5f}+ . ;+:yfsf] ljsf;sf k|To]s cfofdx¿df xft]dfnf] u/L /fi6«
u/L hg;]jfd'vL sfo{;d]t ;Dkfbg ePsf kxn / l;kmfl/;df ljleGg ljwfdf ul/a tyf lgdf{0fsf] a[xt\ of]hgfdf o; ;+:yf klg ;xefuL
lyP . To;}u/L, ut jif{ g} kf]v/fdf dxfdlxd h]x]Gbf/ ljBfyL{nfO{ 5fqj[lQ pknAw u/fpg'sf eO{ k|To]s JolQmsf] hLjgdf ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf
ef/tLo /fhb"tHo"sf] k|d'v cfltYotfdf kf]v/ ;fy} ljleGg ljBfno, sn]h / ;+3, ;+:yfsf dfWodaf6 JolQmTj ljsf;df nflu kg]{ ;+sNk
fdf ko{6gsf] ljsf; / ;DefJotf ljifos cGt/ k':tsfnodf k':tsx¿ pknAw u/fpg'sf ;fy} ug'{sf ;fy} ;+:yfsf] ;d'Tyfgdf ;xof]u, ;b\efj
lqmof uf]i7Ldf k|:t't ul/Psf] sfo{kq lgs} cGo dfgjLo ;]jfsf If]qdf ;d]t sfo{ ub}{ / dfu{bz{g ug]{ sfd o; d}qL ;+3n] ug]{5 .
k|efjsf/L /Xof] . cfPsf 5f}+ . -n]vs g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3sf k"j{ dxf;lrj
o:tf hglxtsf/L sfo{qmdsf] ;fy;fy} g]kfnsf] u}/lhDd]jf/ k|j[lQ / cdof{lbt Jojxf/n] x'g'x'G5 ._
27

ljrf/ km]g{ ;lsG5, l5d]sL km]g{ ;lsFb}g
nf]s]Gb| >]i7 …O{Zj/Ú dfq} xf] . To:tf] ;dembf/L /x];Dd ;LdfjtL{ / zlQmzfnL /fHon] v]Ng'kg]{ cleefjsLo
If]qdf lxF8\g] k}bnofqLsf] uf]8fdf laem\g] e"ldsf / ;a}eGbf 7"nf] k|hftflGqs /fHo
k|frLgsfndf cfhsf] cfw'lgs ef/t sfF8fnfO{ t"n lbg x'Fb}g . / p;sf] lhDd]jf/L vf]hLsf ljifo aGg
jf g]kfn eGg] d'n's cl:tTjdf lyPgg\ . ;Sb5g\ .
lxGb" wd{sf k|frLg u|Gy k'/f0f, /fdfo0f / kl5Nnf] ;do ljleGg 36gfqmdsf
dxfef/tdf clxn]sf] g]kfn / ef/tn] rr] sf/0f b'O{ b]zsf] ;LdfgfnfO{ v'Nnf /fVg ef/tsf k|wfgdGqL g/]G› df]bLn] l5d]
{sf] e"v08 / To; ;/xbleqsf kfqx¿sf gx'g] xf] ls eGg] ts{ klg ;'lgg yfn]sf sL d'n'sx¿;Fu ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf
cgluGtL k|;+u ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . g]kfn–ef/t 5g\ . x'gklg, ;dosf] k|jfx cg';f/ b'O{ b] ;f+:s[lts ;DaGw ;'b[9 agfpg rfn]sf
;DaGwdf pkdf / cn+sf/sf] h'g k|sf/sf] zaLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ultzLn agfOg' kb{5 sbdx¿ b"/ufdL ¿kn] k|efjsf/L /x]sf
k|of]u x'G5, Tof] ;fob} cGo s'g} b'O{ b]zsf] . ljutsf cg'ejsf cfwf/df ljBdfg ljZn]if0f x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ef/t o; If]qsf]
xsdf b]Vg ;lsG5 . ;d:ofx¿ ;'NemfOg' k5{ . g]kfn–ef/t ljsf;sf nflu hlxNo} klg blIf0f Pl;ofnL
;DaGwnfO{ ;do ;Gbe{cg';f/ k'gk{l/eflift d'n'sx¿n] ldn]/ sfd ug{'kg]{ kIfdf 5 .
k|frLgsfndf h] ePklg cfhsf] cfw'lgs ub}{ ;Ldf ;d:ofnfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf kl/ tbg'¿k g} k|wfgdGqL g/]G› df]bLn] l5d]sL /
o'udf g]kfn ef/tsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ l5d]sL jt{g Nofpg' kb{5 . ljrf/ km]g{ ;lsG5 fi6«x¿;Fu ;xsfo{sf] cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbFb}
xf] . ;lbof}F k'/fgf] gful/s ;DaGw / ljZjf;, t/ b'a} b]zn] l5d]sL km]g{ ;lsFb}g . oxL cfpg'ePsf] 5 . ef/t blIf0f Pl;of If]qdf
ef}uf]lns, wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s, ;f+:s[lts d"n dd{nfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ ;Ldf ;d:ofsf] zflGt / dfgjtfsf] lxtdf ;j{kIfLo ;xof]
tyf cfly{s ;DaGwx¿ b'j} b]zsf nflu lgs} ;dfwfgsf nflu b'a} b]zsf cfjZostf / usf] cfzf ub{5 . To;cg'¿ksf sfd klg
dxTjk"0f{ kIf x'g\ . g]kfn / ef/taLrsf] jf:tljs cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ h¿/L 5 . ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0f xf],
;DaGw g]kfnn] ef/tnfO{ s] lbof], abnfdf g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGw . nfdf] ;dob]lv ;femf
ef/tn] g]kfnnfO{ s] lbof] eGg] k|Zgsf ablnFbf] kl/j]zcg';f/ g]kfn–ef/t ;kgf / ;kmntfsf] cfsf+Iff;lxt cl:tTjdf
cfwf/df tf}lng] ;DaGw eg] xf]Og . g]kfn / ;DaGw s:tf] x'g'k5{ / s:tf] ;DaGw /x]sf] g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGw ;f}xfb{k"0f{ ultdfg
ef/tsf] ;DaGw ;lbof}Fsf] k/Dk/fdf lg/Gt/ ljsl;t ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf] eGg] s'/f k|i6 5, h'g b'a} d'n's / o; If]qs} nflu ;d]t
rln/x]sf] 5 . la/fdL kbf{ g]kfnL pkrf/sf x'g h¿/L 5 . ef/t ljZjs} 7"nf] hg;+Vof lxtcg's"n 5 . ;do–;dodf b]lvg] cj/f]
nflu ef/tdf hfg ;S5 . tLy{j|t ug{ km'¿Ë ePsf] k|hftflGqs d'n'sx¿dWo] Psdf kb{5 wsf afah'b g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGwsf] dxTj
x'Fb} hfG5 . a]/f]huf/L ePsf] Ps o'jf sfd . lgZro klg pu| /fi6«jfb cfhsf] k|d'v lg/Gt/ a9\bf] 5 . g]kfn / ef/tsf pRrtd
vf]Hg ef/t hfg ;S5 . o;}u/L, ef/tLo r'gf}tL xf] . h;sf nflu b'a} /fi6« cToGt s"6gLlts clwsf/Lx¿n] ztfAbLcf}+ k'/
hgtf klg otf cfpF5g\ . ;Ldf v'nf 5 . t/ zfnLgtf / lhDd]jf/k"0f{ 9+uaf6 k|:t't x'g / fgf] g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGwnfO{ @!cf}+ ztfAbL
k|Zg /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs ;/sf/df x'g] gful/s:t/;Dd k'u]/ bf]iff/f]k0f ug]{ :t/af6 ;'xfpFbf] t'Nofpg kf/:kl/s ljZjf; /
sf] dg slt v'nf 5 eGg] xf] . dfly p7\g h¿/L 5 . ef/t cGt/f{li6«o If] ;xof]u clej[l4 ub}{ To;nfO{ gofF prfOdf
qdf p;sf] pkl:ylt yk ;zQm / dha't k'¥ofpg] k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfn
7"nf] cfsf/ / ljZj zlQmsf] ¿kdf agfpg] af6f]df cu|;/ 5 . o:tf] ;Gbe{df ef/taLr sltko 7fpFdf ;Ldf ;d:of 5g\
pbLodfg ef/tsf ;Qf;Lgsf] dg klg ;Ldf Ps l5d]sLsf gftfn] g]kfnsf] e"ldsf s] / . tL ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg l56f]eGbf l56f] ug{
/ b'j}lt/sf gful/ssf] h:t} v'nf ePsf] xg ;S5 < o;sf] vf]hL x'g cfjZos 5 . h¿/L 5 .
lbg b'O{ b]zsf ;d:of jf:tjd} lgld6\ofGg To;}u/L, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 tyf If]qLo ;+u7gdf
eP/ hfg]5g\ . o;sf nflu Oltxf;sf s] g]kfn / ef/tsf] ;dfg j}b]lzs gLltcg';f/
xL 36gfaf6 l;Sg / s]xL 36gf la;{g eg] ldn]/ hfg ;lsg] kIfx¿ s]–s] x'g ;Sb5g\
h¿/L 5 . oL b'O{ b]zaLrsf] v'nf ;Ldfgfn] < / s]–s:tf /0fgLltx¿ tof/ ug{ ;lsG5,
klg oL d'n'ssf] ;DaGwsf] cljlR5Ggtf / ljrf/0fLo kIf aGg cfjZos 5 . To:t},
df}lnstfnfO{ :ki6 kf5{ . l5d]sLsf aLrdf ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«sf ¿kdf cufl8 a9\g vf]
;fgfltgf ljjfb ;w}+ g} x'G5g\, h'g gf}nf] xf] h]sf] g]kfnsf nflu ef/tLo e"ldsf s:tf] /
Og . t/, tL ljjfbn] :yfoL / bL3{sfnLg xg'kg]{ xf] < e"–kl/j]li7t /fi6«sf ¿kdf /x]
;DaGwdf vf;} c;/ kfb}{gg\ . d'Vo s'/f, b'O{ sf] g]kfnsf] ;fd'l›s kx'Fr :yfkgfsf nflu
b]zaLr cfk;L ;dembf/L 5 ls 5}g eGg] ef/tsf] s] e"ldsf /xg ;S5 < Pp6f 7"nf]
28 :dfl/sf–@)&(
kf/:kl/s ;Ddfgdf cfwfl/t gofF ;+:sf/ cfjZos
o:tf] e|d0fn] b'O{ d'n'saLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ k|ltlqmof an -Pg8Lcf/Pkm_ 6f]nL / ljz]
cem alnof] / 3lgi7tf k|bfg ug]{ ub{5 . if ljdfg p4f/sf nflu k7fof] . g]kfndf
dx]z l3ld/] e"sDk uPsf] ^ 306fleq g]kfn cfOk'u]sf]
;+;bLo cfbfgk|bfg M g]kfnsf] ef/tsf] ;xfotfdf !^ Pg8Lcf/Pkm 6f]nL,
ef/t / g]kfnaLr jiff}{+b]lv 3lgi7 Joj:yflksf–;+;b\sf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] #( ef/tLo jfo' ;]gfsf ljdfg;lxt kfFr
;DaGw /xL cfPsf] 5 . oL b'O{ l5d]sL d'n's k|ltlglwd08n cWoog e|d0fsf nflu ;do– ;o &! 6g p4f/ ;fdu|L, :jf:Yo ;fdu|L,
dfq x}gg\, oxfFsf] wd{, ;+:s[lt, e]ife"iff klg ;dodf ef/tsf ljleGg :ynx¿df k'Ug] u/] vfgf, kfgL, 6]G6, sDan / lqkfn ;dfj]z
p:tfp:t} /x]sf] 5 . cem b'O{ d'n'saLrsf] sf 5g\ . o;} qmddf g]kfnsf] Joj:yflksf– lyof] . g]kfnsf ljleGg :yfgdf ef/taf6 d]
v'nf ;Ldfsf sf/0f b'a} b]zsf hgtfnfO{ ;+;b\sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw tyf >d l8sn 6f]nL v6fOPsf] lyof] . o;sf cnfjf,
Ps csf{sf] d'n'sdf cfjthfjt ;xh ;ldltsf] !# ;b:oLo k|ltlglwd08nn] ;g\ ef/tn] sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf tLg j6f
x'g'sf ;fy} a;f]af; / /f]huf/Lsf nflu hfg] @)!& dfr{ % b]lv !@ ;Dd ;b\efjgf, ;x– ljB't\ ;a:6];g k'glg{df{0fdf ;xof]u u/]sf]
cfpg] ub{5g\ . olt dfq geP/ ef/tn] g] cWoog e|d0fsf nflu gofF lbNnL / u'h/ 5 . g]kfnnfO{ s"n ef/tLo /fxt ;xfotf /
kfnsf] ljsf; / ;d[l4sf nflu ljleGg If] ftsf] e|d0f u/]sf] lyof] . olt dfq geP/, sd ^& ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/eGbf a9L 5 .
qdf ljljw ;xof]u k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;g\ @)!( d] dlxgfdf g]kfnsf] ;+3Lo ;+;b\
ef/t–g]kfn ljsf; ;xsfo{ sfo{qmdcGtu{t sf] k|ltlglw;ef -tNnf] ;bg_ / /fli6«o;ef o;}u/L, @)!^ km]a'|c/Ldf @% s/f]8
ef/t ;/sf/sf] cfly{s ;xof]udf g]kfndf -dflyNnf] ;bg_ b'a}af6 gf} hgf ;b:o /x] cd]l/sL 8n/a/fa/sf] cg'bfgsf] pkof]
ljleGg ljsf; kl/of]hgfx¿ cufl8 a9] sf] …g]kfn–ef/t ;+;bLo d}qL ;d"xÚ sf] u;DaGwL Pdcf]o"df x:tfIf/ ePsf] lyof] .
sf 5g\ . ef/t / g]kfnaLr ax'cfoflds u7g ePsf] 5 . %) xhf/ lghL 3/x¿sf] k'glg{df{0fdf ;xof]
Pjd\ ax'kIfLo ljsf; ;fem]bf/L /x]sf]] 5, u ug{ !) s/f]8 cd]l/sL 8n/ / :jf:Yo,
h;n] b'O{ b]zsf hgtfaLrsf] lgs6tfnfO{ /Iff If]qdf ;xof]u M g]kfn / ef/taLr lzIff tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf If]qsf nflu
k|ltlalDat u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, oL kl/of] /Iff If]qdf Jofks ;xof]u /x]sf] 5 . ef/ %) ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/ ljlgof]hg ul/
hgfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogn] g]kfndf ;fdflhs– tn] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fdf ;}Go Psf] lyof] . To;}u/L, @)!^ ;]K6]Da/df
cfly{s k"jf{wf/ cem alnof] agfpg tyf pks/0f cfk"lt{ / tflnd k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] e"sDkkl5sf] k'glg{df{0f kl/of]hgfsf nflu
;d'bfo txdf JolQmsf] ljsf;df of]ubfg 5 . ljkb\sf] ;dodf ;xof]u, ;+o'Qm ;} &% s/f]8 cd]l/sL 8n/sf] C0f -Pncf];L_
k'¥ofpg ef/tn] lg/Gt/ b]vfpFb} cfPsf] Go cEof;, ;fxl;s ultljlw / låkIfLo ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ePsf] lyof] . ;g\ @)!&
;xof]unfO{ k|ltlalDat ub{5 . e|d0fx¿ g]kfn;Fu ef/tsf] /Iff ;xof] dfr{ dlxgfdf ;/sf/n] g]kfnsf uf]/vf /
usf cGo kIf x'g\ . g]kfnL ;]gfsf w]/} ;'/ g'jfsf]6 lhNnfx¿df cfjf; nfefyL{x¿nfO{
ef/t / g]kfnaLr v'nf ;Ldfgf x'g'sf IffsdL{x¿ ef/tLo ;]gfsf ljleGg tflnd ;xof]u ug{ ;fdflhs–k|fljlws ;xhLs/0f
;fy} b'O{ d'n'sx¿ 3lgi6 l5d]sL x'g\ . o;n] ;+:yfx¿df tflnddf ;xefuL x'G5g\ . …ef/ k|bfg ug{ o"Pg8LkL / o"Pgcf]kLP;;Fu
ubf{ oL b'O{ d'n'ssf hgtfaLrsf] ;DaGw / t–g]kfn a6flnog:t/Lo ;+o'Qm ;}Go cEof; b'O{j6f ;fem]bf/L ;Demf}tfx¿df x:tfIf/ u/]
;xof]usf] cgf}7f] ;DaGw 5 . ;Ldfgf jfl/ ;"o{ ls/0fÚ ef/t / g]kfndf j}slNks¿kdf sf] lyof] . ef/t ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf g]
kfl/ :jtGq cfjthfjt ug]{ k/Dk/f nfdf] ;~rfng ul/G5 . !$cf}+ ;"o{ls/0f cEof; kfnsf uf]/vf / g'jfsf]6 lhNnfsf %)
;dob]lv rNb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn / ef/ ;g\ @)!( l8;]Da/ )#–!^ ;Dd g]kfnsf] xhf/ e"sDkkLl8t nfeu|fxLdWo] xfn;Dd
tsf kfFr /fHo l;lSsd, klZrd aËfn, ;fnem08Ldf ePsf] lyof] . ;g\ !(%) b]lv $% xhf/eGbf a9L 3/x¿ lgdf{0f ;DkGg
laxf/, pQ/ k|b]z / pQ/fv08;Fu !,*%) g} g]kfn / ef/tn] b'O{ ;]gfaLrsf] cfk;L ePsf 5g\ .
lsnf]ld6/eGbf a9L ;Ldf hf]l8Psf] 5 . ;'dw'/ ;DaGwsf] sb/ ub}{ Pscsf{sf ;]
;g\ !(%) sf] ef/t–g]kfn zflGt tyf d} gf k|d'vnfO{ dfgfy{ hg/nsf] pkflw;d]t o;afx]s, ef/t ;/sf/åf/f g]kfndf
qL ;lGw g} ef/t / g]kfnaLr ljBdfg ljz] k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . k"jf{wf/ ljsf; lgdf{0f, :jf:Yo, hn;|f]t,
if ;DaGwsf] cfwf/ xf] . g]kfnL gful/sn] lzIff / u|fdL0f tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf
;lGwsf] k|fjwfgadf]lhd ef/tLo gful/ ef/tLo ;]gfsf uf]vf{ /]lhd]G6x¿ If]qdf ljleGg kl/of]hgfx¿ sfof{Gjog
s;/x ;'ljwf / cj;/x¿ pkef]u u5{g\ cf+lzs¿kdf g]kfnsf] kxf8L lhNnfx¿af6 ul/Psf 5g\ . xfn}sf jif{x¿df ef/tn] g]
. em08} *) nfv g]kfnL gful/s ef/tdf etL{ u/]/ v8f x'G5g\ . xfn g]kfnsf kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf !) j6f ;8ssf] :t/f]
a;f]af; u5{g\ / sfd ug]{ ub{5g\ . g]kfndf sl/a #@ xhf/ uf]vf{ ;}lgs ef/tLo ;] Gglt u/L ;Ldf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df g]kfnnfO{
klg sl/a 5 nfv ef/tLox¿ a;f]af; ub}{ gfdf sfo{/t 5g\ . sf7df8f}+df ;}lgs ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . hf]uagL–lj/f6gu/,
cfPsf 5g\ . o;df nfdf] ;dob]lv g]kfndf lgj[lQe/0f zfvfafx]s, kf]v/f / w/fgdf hogu/–alb{af; cGtb]{zLo /]n ln+ssf]
a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf Joj;foL / Jofkf/Lx¿, k]G;g ljt/0f ug]{ sfof{nox¿ 5g\, / g] ljsf;, jL/u~h, lj/f6gu/, e}/xjf / g]
k]zfsdL{x¿ -8fS6/, OlGhlgo/x¿, cfO{6L kfnsf @@ lhNnfdf ;}lgs af]8{x¿ 5g\ . kfnuGhdf PsLs[t hfFr rf}sL :yfkgf ug]
sd{rf/Lx¿_ / dhb'/x¿ -lgdf{0f If]qdf oL ;a} sf7df8f}+df ef/tLo b"tfjf;sf] /Iff { /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)!(–@) df …g]
df};dL÷cfk|jf;L nufot_ kb{5g\ . zfvfcGtu{t sfo{/t 5g\, h;n] lgj[lQe/0f kfnnfO{ ;xfotfÚ ah]6cGtu{t sl/a !@))
ljt/0f / sNof0fsf] Joj:yf ub{5 . k"j{uf]/ s/f]8 ef¿ /x]sf] lyof] .
o;sf cnfjf, g]kfn / ef/taLr vf ;}lgs / ltgsf kl/jf/nfO{ w]/} ;'ljwfsf]
lgoldt pRr:t/Lo e|d0f / cGt/lqmof x'g] klg Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;g\ @)!* 29 clk|ndf ef/tsf
u/]sf] 5 . ef/tsf k|wfgdGqL g/]G› df]bLn] k|wfgdGqLsf] g]kfn e|d0fsf qmddf
ef/tsf] ;Qf ;DxfNg'ePkl5 k6s–k6s g] ;g\ @)!% sf] e"sDk / k'glg{df{0fdf b'j} k|wfgdGqLn] ef/t ;/sf/sf] ;xof]
kfn e|d0f ug'{ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L, g]kfnsf ;xof]u M ;g\ @)!% clk|n @% df g]kfndf udf lgld{t jL/u~h -g]kfn_ df PsLs[t
k|wfgdGqLn] klg k6s–k6s ef/tsf] cf} &=* DoflUgRo'8sf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDk hfFr rf}sLsf] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf pb\3f6g
krfl/s e|d0f u/]sf 5g\ . /fi6« k|d'vx¿sf] uPkl5 ef/t ;/sf/n] t'¿Gt} /fli6«o ljkb\ ug'{ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L, b'O{ k|wfgdGqLn]

;+o'Qm¿kdf sf7df8f}+df g]kfn–ef/t d}qL / lu|8 sg]lS6le6LÚ ;DaGwL ;Demf}tfdf xhf/ 5fqj[lQ÷;L6x¿ k|bfg ul/Fb} cfPsf]
kz'klt wd{zfnfsf] pb\3f6g ug'{ePsf] lyof] x:tfIf/ ePsf] lyof] . of] ;Demf}tf ;Ldfkf/ 5 . oL 5fqj[lQn] O{lGhlgol/ª, lrlsT;f,
. @)@) sf] hgj/L @! df ef/t / g]kfnsf ljB't\ k|;f/0f, lu|8 sg]lS6le6L / ljB't s[lif, cf}iflw lj1fg, kz' lrlsT;f lj1fg,
k|wfgdGqLx¿n] ef/t ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf Jofkf/nfO{ ;xhLs/0f / yk ;'b[9 ug]{ p2] sDKo'6/ ;fOG;, Joj;fo k|zf;g, ;+uLt,
lgld{t lj/f6gu/ -g]kfn_ df PsLs[t hfFr Zon] ePsf] xf] . ef/tn] ;f] ;Demf}tfdfkm{t\ nlntsnfnufotsf ljifox¿ ;d]6\g] ub{5 .
rf}sLsf] er'{cn pb\3f6g ug'{ePsf] lyof] b'O{ b]zaLrsf] ljB't\ Jofkf/, g]kfnn] ef/
. cg'bfg ;xfotfafx]s ef/t ;/sf/n] taf6 ljB't\ art gx'Fbf;Dd cfoft ug] o;}u/L, snf / ;+:s[lt, lzIffljb\ /
e"sDkkl5sf] k'glg{df{0f cfof]hgfnufot { / To;kl5 g]kfnaf6 ef/tLo sDkgLx¿n] ;~rf/dfWodsf If]qdf hg ;Dks{ k|j4{g
k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;sf nflu ! ca{ ^% s/f]8 kf/:kl/s :jLsfo{ zt{df cfoft ug]{ 9fFrf ug{ ef/t ;/sf/sf] kxndf g]kfnsf
cd]l/sL 8n/ C0f;d]t kfl/t u/]sf] 5 . pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . b'O{ ;+oGqx? ;+o'Qm ljleGg :yfgLo lgsfox¿;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf
sfo{ ;d"x -h]8An'hL_ / ;+o'Qm ;~rfng ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd, uf]i7L / sfo{qmdx¿,
s[lifdf gofF ;fem]bf/L ef/tLo ;xof] ;ldlt -h]P;;L_ ;Demf}tfcGtu{t kl/sNkgf ;fy} lxGbLdf ;Dd]ng / ;]ldgf/x¿ x'g]
usf] Ps kIf xf] . g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqL s]kL ul/Psf] 5 . To:t}, ;g\ @)#% ;Ddsf cfof] ub{5g\ . g]kfnL kqsf/÷;Dkfbsx¿åf/f
zdf{ cf]nLsf] @)!* clk|ndf ef/t e|d0fsf hgfx¿ ;d]6\g] bL3{sfnLg PsLs[t k|;f/0f ef/tsf] kl/rofTds e|d0f / lk|G6
qmddf s[lif cg';Gwfg, ljsf; / lzIffdf of]hgfsf] tof/Lsf nflu ;+o'Qm k|fljlws 6f] tyf On]S6«f]lgs ldl8ofsf g]kfnL
;xof]uL kl/of]hgfx¿df s]lG›t x'Fb} …ef/t–g] nL -h]6L6L_ u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . o;}u/L, ;Dkfbs÷kqsf/÷lj1÷clwsf/Lx¿sf nflu
kfn s[lifdf gofF ;fem]bf/LÚsf] ;'¿jft ul/ ef/tsf] df]ltxf/Lb]lv g]kfnsf] cdn]vu~h ef/tdf 5f]6f] cjlwsf] tflndsf] klg Joj:yf
Psf] lyof] . b'O{ b]zsf ljzfn hg;+VofaLr hf]8\g] OlG8og cfon skf]{/]zg lnld6]8åf/f ul/Psf] 5 . ef/tLo ;+:s[lt / ef/t–g]kfn
/x]sf] d'n's g]kfnsf hgtf d'Votof cfkm\ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] blIf0f Pl;ofs} klxnf] qm; låkIfLo ;DaGwnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ sfd ul//x]
gf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu s[lif / ;DalGwt af]8{/ k]6«f]lnod kfOknfOgsf] b'O{ b]zsf sf w]/} ef/t–g]kfn ldqtf ;+u7gx¿nfO{
ultljlwx¿df lge{/ x'g] ePsfn] o;nfO{ k|wfgdGqLn] @)!( ;]K6]Da/ !) df er'{cn klg ;xfotf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . ef/tn] g]
dxTjk"0f{ / ;do;fk]If kxnsf] ?kdf lng pb\3f6g u/]sf lyP . kfne/ O{–nfOa|]/L k|0ffnL :yfkgf ub}{5 .
;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] tTsfnLg s[lif, e"ld o;af6 ef/t / g]kfndf /x]sf ;flxTo snf
Joj:yf tyf ;xsf/L dGqL ;LkL vgfn ef/ ef/t g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] Jofkfl/s csfbdL -ef/t_ / g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg -g]
tsf s[lif dGqL /fwfdf]xg l;+x;Fu s[lifdf ;fem]bf/ d'n's klg xf] . ;g\ @)!*–!( df kfn_, b"/bz{g -ef/t_ / g]kfn l6eL, k|];
gofF ;fem]bf/Lsf] pb\3f6g ;fy} dGqL:t/Lo s"n låkIfLo Jofkf/ %&,*%* s/f]8 ef? sfplG;n ckm OlG8of / k|]; sfplG;n, g]
a}7ssf nflu @)!* h'g -!(–@#_ df ef/t -*=@& lalnog cd]l/sL 8n/_ k'Uof] . ;f] kfn, nlntsnf csfbdL -ef/t_ / g]kfn
e|d0fdf hfg'ePsf] lyof] . o;}n] klg ef/ xL cfly{s jif{df ef/tdf g]kfnsf] lgof{t nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg -g]kfn_ ;fy} ;+uLt
tn] g]kfndf ug]{ s[lif cg'bfgsf] cfFsng #,%%* s/f]8 ef? -%)* ldlnog cd]l/ gf6s csfbdL -ef/t_ / g]kfn ;+uLt
ug{ ;lsG5 . sL 8n/_ /xFbf, ef/tsf] g]kfndf lgof{t tyf gf6s k|1f k|lti7fg -g]kfn_ / ef/t
%$,#)) s/f]8 ef? -&=&^ lalnog_ lyof] / g]kfnsf elugL ;x/ sf7df8f}+–jf/f0f;L,
hn;|f]t / pmhf{df ;xof]u M g]kfnaf6 . ef/taf6 g]kfnsf] d'Vo cfoft k]6«f]lnod n'lDagL–af]wuof / hgsk'/–cof]WofaLr klg
ef/tdf w]/} ;fgf / 7"nf gbLx¿ aUb5g\ / kbfy{ xf] . o;sf cnfjf ;jf/L;fwg / :k] ;DaGw a9fpg yk ;xh x'g]5 .
u+uf gbL a]l;gx¿sf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ efu xf] o/ kf6{\;, PdP; lan]6, rfdn, wfg, cGo
. oL gbLx¿ g]kfn / ef/tsf nflu l;FrfO{ / d]l;g/L / kf6{\;, cf}ifwL, ljB'tLo pks/0f, ef/tLo ;+:s[ltsf nflu :jfdL ljj]
pmhf{sf] k|d'v ;|f]t x'g\ . b'O{ b]zaLr hn;|f] l;d]G6, s[lif pks/0f / o;sf kf6{k'hf{, sf] sfgGb s]G› @))& cu:6df sf7df8f}+df
t, af9L Joj:yfkg, 8'afg / hnljB'tdf Onf, PdP; tf/, /8, t/sf/L, cflb cfoft ef/tLo ;+:s[ltsf] pTs[i6 k|bz{g ug{
;xsfo{sf ljifodf 5nkmn ug{ ;g\ @))* x'g] ub{5g\ . :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . s]G›n] ljutdf
df :yflkt tLg txsf] låkIfLo ;+oGqn] / ljleGg ;fF:s[lts sfo{qmdx¿dfkm{t ;b\
fd|f];Fu sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ef/tLo nufgL M g]kfndf efjgf km}nfpg] sfo{ u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn–
ef/tLo nufgLsf kmd{x¿ ;a}eGbf 7"nf ef/t k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(%! df
g]kfn / ef/taLr ;g\ !(&! b] nufgLstf{ x'g\, h;n] s"n :jLs[t ljb]zL sf7df8f}+df ePsf] lyof] . o;nfO{ g]kfnsf]
lv Pscsf{sf] k|;f/0f k"jf{wf/sf] kmfObf k|ToIf nufgLsf] #)Ü eGbf a9L lx:;f cf] klxnf] ljb]zL k':tsfno dflgG5 . o;sf]
p7fpFb} b'O{ b]zsf] ;LdfjtL{ If]qdf ljB'tsf] u6]sf] 5 . g]kfndf pTkfbg, ;]jf -a}+lsª, p2]Zo ef/t / g]kfnaLr ;f+:s[lts ;DaGw
cfjZostf k"/f ug{ kfj/ PS;r]Gh ;Demf}tf aLdf, ;'Vvf aGb/ufx, lzIff / b"/;~rf/_, / ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfgnfO{ clej[l4 / ;'b[9
ePsf] 5 . ;LdfjtL{ If]qdf ljB't cfbfgk|bfg pmhf{ If]q / ko{6g pBf]udf sl/a !%) ef/ ug{' xf] .
/ ljB't\ Jofkf/sf nflu k|of]u x'g] @) eGbf tLo pBdx¿ ;~rfngdf 5g\ . s]xL 7"nf
a9L !#@ s]eL, ## s]eL / !! s]eL k|;f/0f ef/tLo nufgLstf{x¿df cfO{6L;L, 8fa/ o;}u/L, ef/t ;/sf/s} ;xof]udf
nfOgx? 5g\ . lah'nLsf] kl/is[t k|;f/0fsf] OlG8of, lxGb':tfg o'lglne/, eLP;PgPn, aLkL sf]O/fnf OlG8of–g]kfn kmfpG8]zgsf]
nflu, klxnf] pRr Ifdtfsf] rf/ ;o s]eL 6L;LcfO{Pn, Pd6LPgPn, :6]6 a}+s ckm :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . kmfpG8];gsf] p2]
d'hkm\km/k'/ -ef/t_– 9Ns]a/ -g]kfn_ qm; OlG8of, k~hfa g]zgn a}+s, nfOkm OG:of]/] Zo ef/t / g]kfnaLr z}lIfs, ;f+:s[lts,
af]8{/ ljB't k|;f/0f nfOgsf] g]kfntkm{sf] G; skf]{/]zg ckm Ol08of, Plzog k]G6\;, j}1flgs / k|fljlws ;xof]unfO{ a9fjf lbg /
nflu !#=@ ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/ nufgLdf hLPdcf/ OlG8of, cfO{Pn PG8 PkmP;, z}lIfs vf]h tyf k|fljlws ljz]if1tfdf 1fg
;g\ @)!^ df lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] dl0fkfn ;d"x, PdcfO{6L cflb ;d"xx¿ / Jofj;flos k|ltefsf] cfbfgk|bfgdfkm{t\
5 . To:t}, ef/t ;/sf/sf] cg'bfg ;xof] ;dfj]z 5g\ . cfk;L ;dembf/L / ;xof]unfO{ k|j4{g ug{'
udf lgdf{0f ePsf s6}of -ef/t_– s'zfxf -g] /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))# otf ef/tn] g]kfndf
kfn_ / /S;f}n -ef/t_– k/jfgLk'/ -g]kfn_ lzIff / ;+:s[lt If]qdf ;xof]u M jiff}{+b]lv kfFr ;o #@ eGbf a9L ;fd'bflos ljsf;
aLrsf b'O{ yk !#@ s]eL cGtb]{zLo k|;f/0f g]kfndf dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf;df ef/tsf] kl/of]hgfx¿ cl3 a9fO;s]sf]df :jf:Yo,
nfOgx¿ ;g\ @)!& df ;DkGg ePsf lyP . of]ubfg dxTjk"0f{ /xL cfPsf] 5 . ef/t / lzIff, vfg]kfgL, sg]lS6lel6, ;/;kmfO{ /
g]kfndf kLPr8L÷df:6;{, Aofrn/ / Kn;– cGo ;fj{hlgs ;'ljwfsf If]qdf g]kfnsf
ef/t / g]kfnaLr @)!$ cS6f]a/ @! df 6" :t/sf ljleGg kf7\oqmdx¿sf] nflu g] ;ft} j6f k|b]zdf rf/ ;o &% j6f kl/of]
…ljB't Jofkf/, ;Ldfkf/ k|;f/0f cGt;{DaGw kfnL gful/snfO{ jflif{s ¿kdf nueu tLg hgf ;DkGg eO;s]sf 5g\ . tLdWo] ¿kGb]xL
30 :dfl/sf–@)&(
lhNnfsf !@ u/L n'lDagL k|b]zdf dfq ^)
j6f ;+/rgf /x]sf 5g\ .
31

kf/:kl/s ;Ddfgdf cfwfl/t gofF ;+:sf/ cfjZos
nf]s]Gb| >]i7 alnbfg ce"tk"j{ 5 . ;g\ !*%& sf] ef/ .
tLo l;kfxL lj›f]xsf] ;dodf h+uaxfb'/ /
blIf0f Plzofl;dfgf hf]l8Psf g]kfn f0ffn] O:6 OlG8of sDkgLnfO{ u/]sf] ;xof] of] :yfg lnk'n]saf6 klZrdtkm{ !)
/ ef/t b'a} :jtGq ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg usf] k|ltkmn g]kfnn] gofF d'n's elgg] lsnf]ld6/eGbf sd b'/Ldf 5 . b'j} d'n'sn]
k|hftflGqs d'n's x'g\ . ;lbof}F k'/fgf] gful/s ;'b"/klZrd t/fO{ afFs], alb{of, s}nfnL / cfˆgf] gS;fdf sfnfkfgLnfO{ dxfsfnL
;DaGw / ljZjf;, ef}uf]lns, wfld{s, P] s~rgk'/ lkmtf{ kfof] . …;g\ !(@# sf] g]kfn– gbLsf] pb\ud:yn b]vfPsf lyP / ;f]xL
ltxfl;s, ;f+:s[lts tyf cfly{s ;DaGwx¿ la|6]g ;lGwÚnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}ldstfsf] cg';f/ cfˆgf] e"–efu ePsf] atfPsf lyP
b'j} b]zsf nflu lgs} dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . ef/t :jtGqtf l:jsfg]{ ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ ;Demf} . ;g\ !(&( kl5 OG8f]–l6a]6fg ;Ldf k|x/L
/ g]kfnsf] ;+:s[lt, efiff / wd{sf] cGo tf dflgG5 . lnk'n]s kf;df /flvPsf] lyof] . jf:tljs
d'n'ssf] t'ngfdf ljz]if ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . hLjgdf :yfgLosf] hLjgdf eg] s'g} kl/
g]kfn / ef/tsf] ;Ldfgf ;g\ !*!^ df jt{g cfPsf] lyPg . lsgsL pgLx?sf nflu
g]kfnsf kljq gbLx¿ ef/ttkm{ k|jflxt ePsf] g]kfn / O:6 OlG8of sDkgLsf] aLrdf ;Ldf / ultljlwdf s'g} /f]s nufOPsf] lyPg
x'G5g\ . g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGwsf] ljsNk eg] ePsf] ;'uf}nL ;lGwsf] cfwf/df to ul/Psf] .
s} cfk;L ;b\efj, ;xcl:tTj / ;dembf/ 5 . of] ;Demf}tfdf dxfsfnL gbLnfO{ ;Ldfgf
Ldf cfwfl/t c;n g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGw g} xf] dflgPsf] 5 / dxfsfnL gbLeGbf k"j{kl§sf] ;g\ !((^ df dxfsfnL ;lGw eof]
. cfk;L lxt, ;dembf/L / ;b\efjsf] hu]gf{ efunfO{ g]kfn dflgPsf] 5 . clxn]sf] ljjfb . of] ;lGwdf pNn]lvt k~r]Zj/ ax'2]
tyf ;+j4{g / ;+/If0f u/L PsLs[t ljsf;sf] dxfsfnL gbLsf] pb\ud :ynsf] ljifodf ZoLo hnljB't\ kl/of]hgfsf] ljifodf ;g\
bL3{ ;f]r;lxtsf] d"n nIf lnP/ wlge't pTkGg ePsf] xf] . !((& df klxnf]k6s dxfsfnL gbLsf] pb\
;DaGw :yfkgf g} cfhsf] k|d'v dfu xf] . ud:ynsf] d'2f p7\of] . of] d'2f ;+o'Qm
pQ/fv08sf] wfr{'nfl:yt lk7f]/fu9df k|fljlws :t/sf] ;Ldf ;ldltnfO{ lbOof] .
/fhgLlts lx;fan] g]kfn /fhgLlts b'O{cf]6f gbL cfP/ ldl;G5 . Pp6f pQ/k"j{sf] of] ;ldlt ;g\ !(*! df k'/fgf / elTsPsf
kl/kSjtfsf] dfu{df 5 . of] qmddf g]kfnn] sfnfkfgL / csf]{ pQ/klZrdsf] lnlDkofw'/ ;Ldf:tDe klxrfg ug{ / gofF :yfkgf ug{
h] hlt pknlAw xfl;n u/]sf] 5, To;sf faf6 cfpF5 . a]nfotn] z'?df u/]sf] ;j] agfOPsf] lyof] . of] ;ldltn] (* k|ltzt
nflu ef/tLo ;Åbotf / z'e]R5f /x]sf] 5 . {If0fsf] gS;fdf pQ/ klZrdaf6 cfPsf] s'l6 ;Ldf :ki6 kf¥of] . t/, sfnfkfgL / ;':tfsf]
ofª\6LnfO{ dxfsfnL gbLsf] pb\ud:yn dfg] ljjfb eg] o;n] ;fDo kfg{ ;]g .
:jtGq ef/tsf] ;d[l4sf] &% jif] sf] lyof] .
{ cfw'lgs ofqfn] g]kfnsf] ljsf;df ;d] ;w}F of] ljifonfO{ k//fi6« ;lrj :t/
t dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg u/]sf] 5 . låkIfLo h'g lnlDkofw'/faf6 cfpF5 . t/, ;g\ sf] a}7sdf 5nkmn ug]{ ;Demf}tf b'j} kIfsf]
;xof]ucGtu{t z}lIfs k"jf{wf/, c:ktfn, !*%& kl5 o;nfO{ lnk' u9df ;fl/of] / ;g\ aLrdf x'Fb} cfPsf] lyof] . o;}aLr ;g\ @))
ljdfg:yn, ;8s ;~hfn, /]nj], lah'nL !*&( df o;nfO{ pQ/ k"jL{ gbLsf] k+vu9df ( df 3f6Lau/b]lv n]k'n]s;Ddsf] *) lsnf]
k|;f/0f pmhf{ ljsf;;lxt cfw'lgsLs/0fsf ;fl/of] . To;}n] pb\ud:yn sfnfkfgL eGbf ld6/sf] ;8s lgdf{0fsf] kl/of]hgf z'?
;a} If]qdf pNn]vgLo pknlAw xfl;n ePsf d'lg ePsf] kl/eflift ul/of] . g]kfnn] o;/L ePsf] lyof] . t/, g]kfnn] o;df s'g} cfklQ
5g\ . lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn, lqe'jg ul/Psf] kl/jt{gnfO{ :jLsf/ u¥of] / ;g\ hgfPsf] lyPg .
/fhdfu{, k"j{–klZrd /fhdfu{, x'nfsL ;8s, !($& otf of] g]kfn–ef/tsf] ;Ldf aGof] .
sf];L Aof/]h, s0ff{nL k'n, hgsk'/–hogu/ ef/tn] ;g\ @)!( sf] gf]e]Da/ @ df
/]n, PsLs[t eG;f/ rf}sL, g]kfn–ef/t k]6«f] ;g\ !($( df ltAat clwu|x0fkl5 ef/tn] hDd'sZdL/nfO{ cfˆgf] e"lddf b]
lnod kfOknfOg, g]kfn–ef/t ljB't\ k|;f/0f rLgdf ePsf] dfcf]jfbL qmflGtn] g]kfndf vfpFb} gS;f ;fj{hlgs u¥of] . o; ljifodf
nfOg, c?0f t];|f] kl/of]hgf, 6«df ;]G6/, 7"nf] cfz+sf k}bf eof] . To;kl5 g]kfnn] ef/ g]kfndf cfGbf]ng z'? eof] . hasL g]kfn–
lakL sf]O/fnf lrlsT;f lj1fg ;+:yfg, g] tnfO{ g]kfn–ltAat ;Ldfdf !* ;Ldf rf}sL ef/t ;Ldfsf] ljifodf pQm gS;fdf s'g}
kfn–ef/t k':tsfno, kz'klt wd{zfnf, :yfkgfsf] nflu lgdGq0f lbof] . h;cg';f/ kl/jt{g ul/Psf] lyPg . oBlk gf]e]Da/ *
hogu/–s'yf{ /]n cfof]hgf cflb g]kfnsf] g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf klZrddf /x]sf] rf}sL df ef/tn] cfˆgf] gjf}+ ;+:s/0fsf] gS;f
ljsf;df ef/tn] nufgL u/]sf s]xL pNn] l6+s/ kf;df lyof] . of] :yfg lnk'n]seGbf hf/L u¥of] . o;df ;Ldfgf oyfjt lyof]
vgLo kl/of]hgf x'g\ . ^ lsnf]ld6/ k"j{df g]kfn–ltAat ;Ldfgfdf t/ dxfsfnL gbLsf] gfd x6fOPsf] lyof] .
k5{ . ;g\ !(%# df ef/t / rLgn] lnk'n] of] laifo af/Da/ g]tfsf] /fhgLlt ug}{ c:q
ljBfno tyf c:ktfn ejg, vfg]kfgL snfO{ b'j} d'n'ssf tLy{ofqL / ;Ldf Jofkf/ aGb} cfPsf] 5 . To;}n] of] ljifo Toltd} /f]
KnfG6, n3' pmhf{ kl/of]hgf, ;8sv08 sf] ?kdf 3f]if0ff u/] . ;g\ !(^@ sf] o'4kl5 lsg' eGbfklg b'a} b]zsf kbflwsf/L a;]/
lgdf{0f;lxtsf ;fd'bflos ljsf; kl/of] lnk'n]saf6 x'g] tLy{ofqf /f]lsof] / ;g\ ;Ldfgfsf] ljjfb elgPsf] If]qsf af/]df
hgfcGtu{t g]kfndf clxn];Dd $^$ !(*! af6 k'gM z'? eof] / ;Ldf Jofkf/ clGtd lasNk vf]Hg' g} pQd ljsNk xf] .
k"jf{wf/x¿sf] lgdf{0f ;DkGg eO;s]sf] 5 !((! af6 z'? eof] .
. To:t}, ^* j6f cfof]hgfx¿ lgdf{0ffwLg clk|n @)@) df k|wfgdGqL cf]nLsf]
5g\ . g]kfnsf] b'u{d If]qsf] ;'ljwfsf nflu ;g\ !(^! df /fhf dx]G›n] rLg e|d0f cfGtl/s /fhgLlts cj:yf sdhf]/ aGof] .
ef/t ;/sf/åf/f gf} ;osf] ;+Vofdf / b'O{ u/] / rLg;Fu rLg–g]kfn ;Ldf ;lGwdf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgcg';f/ s'g} klg k|wfgdGqL
;osf] xf/fxf/Ldf :s'n a; g]kfn ;/sf/ x:tfIf/ u/] . of] ;lGwcg';f/ g]kfn–rLg ljZjf;sf] dt ljgf b'O{ jif{;Dd /xg ;Sb}
nfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] klg ef/ ;Ldfgf l6+s/kf;sf] 7Ls dflyaf6 ;lsG5 gg\ . o:tf]df pgn] sfo{z}nL / k|bz{gk|lt
tsf] ljsf;df 7"nf] of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 . rfx] . ;g\ !(^( df ef/tn] g]kfnsf] e"ldaf6 c;Gt'i6 ePsf dflg;x? lyP . sf]/f]gf
ef/tsf] :jtGqtfsf] n8fOFdf xf];\ jf ef/ cfˆgf] ;Ldfgf rf}sL x6fof] . lnk'n]sdf /x] efO/; -sf]le8–!(_ lgoGq0fsf] nflu cf]nLn]
tLo ;Ldfsf] ;'/Iffdf, g]kfnLåf/f lbOPsf] sf] a];SofDk eg] sfnfkfgLdf oyfjt lyof] rn]sf] sbdn] c;Gt'li6 cem} a9fof] . g]kfn
32 :dfl/sf–@)&(
sDo'lgi6 kf6L{df …Ps JolQm, Ps kbÚsf] rng ljjflbt klg 5 . o;nfO{ sf7df8f}+df fTds kl/0ffd lbof] . nfdf] ;do;Dd ef/
lgod 5 . o;n] cf]nLnfO{ kf6L{ cWoIf jf g]kfnsf] k|fyldstf lg?T;flxt u/]sf] / ef/ tn] g]kfn;Fu ;+:s[lt, efiff / wd{sf] cfwf/
k|wfgdGqLdWo] Pp6f 5fGg'kg]{ cj:yf ;[hgf tsf] k|e'Tj :jLsf/]sf] cy{df klg lng] ul/ df ljz]if ;DaGw /x]sf] atfpFb} cfof] . clxn]
u/]sf] 5 . Psf] 5 . t/ of] b'O{ b]z ljrsf] Ps /0fgLlts of] zAbn] ef/sf] ljifodf gsf/fTdstfsf]
rfnsf ?kdf lng'kg]{ x'G5 . lsgsL b'a} b] jxg u/]sf] ef/tLo kIfsf] bfaL 5 .
sfnfkfgLsf] ljjfb u[xdGqL /fhgfy zsf k|wfgdGqLsf] e]6af6 b'a} b]zsf] lxtsf
l;+xn] d] * df *) lsnf]ld6/sf] ;8ssf] nflu rfNg] sbdsf] sd dfq cfFsng ug{ ef/tLo kIf ;g\ !(%) sf] zflGt
er{'cn p¢f6g u/]kl5 k'gM rls{of] . h;n] ul/Psf] 5 . b'a} b]zsf k|d'v lar ldn]/ / ldqtfsf] ;lGwdf pNn]v ul/P cg';f/
k|wfgdGqL cf]nLnfO{ /fhgLlts k'ghL{jg gofF ljsfz / ;d[l4sf sbd rfNg] xf] eg] sf] la|l6z OlG8of;Fusf] ljz]if ;DaGwnfO{
k|bfg u¥of] . o;}aLr d] !% df ef/tLo ;] of] eGbf csf]{ ;'vb kIf s'g}klg x'g ;Sb}g\ . lg/Gt/tf lbg] / v'nf ;Ldfgf tyf g]kfnL
gf k|d'v dgf]h g/efg]n] g]kfnn] c? s;} gful/snfO{ ef/tdf sfd ug{ lbg] ljifonfO{
sf] Ozf/fdf of] d'2f prfn]sf] aofg lbP . d'n'sx¿aLrsf] ;DaGwsf sltko clxn] c;dfg ldqtfsf] ?kdf lng bfaL
h'g c;+j]bgzLn lyof] . o;n] g]kfn;Fusf] ;Íyg P]ltxfl;s / :yfoL k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ ub]{ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn kIfn] o;nfO{ ef/
;]gfsf] ;DaGwsf] ljifo klg rrf{df cfof] . . w]/}h;f] dfGotf rflx+ tfTsflns 36gfqmd tn] ha:h{:tL nfb]sf] cf/f]k nufOPsf] 5
o;/L ;Ldfgfsf] laifodf b'a} b]zsf ;]gn] / To;sf k|efj tyf k|j[lQx¿sf cfwf/df . g]kfnL g]tfx?n] :yfgLo?kdf km}nfPsf]
s6'tf k}bf ug'{ klg /fd|f] laifo xf]Og\ . :yflkt x'g] u5{g\ . To:tf dfGotfsf] cfo' e|fds cleJolQmaf/] bafa lbg] u/]sf] ef/
c:yfoL k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . tLo kIfsf] bfaL 5 .
g]kfndf a]nf avt d'Vo /fhg}lts
bnn] /fli6«otfsf] d'2fsf] gf/fdf ef/tlj/f] :jtGq ef/tsf k|yd k|wfgdGqL cfhsf] cfjZostf If]qLo /fi6«jfbsf]
wL wf/nfO{ lj/f]w nlIft Ph]08f agfpFb} hjfx/nfn g]x¿n] ;a} /fi6«x¿;Fu pRr:t/ aofgafhL /f]s]/ Ps zfGt jftf{sf]
cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfndf of] s'g} gf}nf] s'/f xf] Lo ;+jfbsf] ;+:s[ltsf] k|f/De u/]sf lyP . dfWodaf6 jf:tljs w/ftndf pleg' xf] .
Og t/ kl5Nnf jif{df eg] ef/tlj/f]wL :j/ jt{dfg k|wfgdGqL g/]G› df]bLn] ;+jfbsf] hxfF b'j} kIfn] ;+j]bgzLntf b]vfpFb} …ljz]if
w]/} g} a9]sf] 5 . g]kfnL e"ld lkmtf{ Nofpg] pQm ;+:s[ltnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO/x]sf 5g\ . ;DaGwÚ k'gM :yfkgf ug{' h?/L 5 . ;dfGo
k|ltj4tf hgfpFb} /fli6«otfsf] d'2fnfO{ of] k/Dk/f cIf'00f /xFb} clxn] cem} Jofks t d}qL;DaGwdf ef/t–g]kfn pbf/ aG5 eg]
cem cgfj/0f ug]{ s]xL bn ;d]t 5g\ . / / alnof] aGb} uPsf] 5 . k|wfgdGqL df] Tof] @! cf}+ ztfAbLsf] …;a}eGbf klxnf l5d]
fli6«otfsf] /Iff ;a}n] ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . t/, / bLn] k6s–k6s u/]sf g]kfn e|d0f / tL sLÚ eGg] gLltsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ aGg
fli6«otfsf gfddf tNnf] :t/sf] ef/tlj/f] cj;/df g]kfn;Fusf] ;DaGwaf/] JoQm u/] ;S5 .
wL ckmjfx km}nfpFb} hfg' b'a b]zsf] nflu sf ljrf/x¿n] ;DaGwnfO{ prfOdf k'¥ofpg
lxts/ 5}g\ . d2t u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfn / ef/tsf aLrsf] ;f}Gbo{ g}
;'–;DaGw xf] . b'O{ b]zsf aLr ljZjf;sf]
g]kfnsf] gofF gS;f k'/fgf] a]nfotL ;j] g]kfn / ef/t b'j}sf lglDt wfld{s jftfj/0f ePsf] v08df ljsf;sf k|of;
{If0fdf cfwfl/t ePsf] ef/tLo kIfsf] bfaL Pj+ ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] cToGt dxTjk"0f{ oL ;kmn x'g]5g\ . clxn];Dd g]kfn / ef/tsf
5 . h;cg';f/ dxfsfnL gbL lnlDkofw'/ tLy{:ynx¿n] b'j} b]zsf] ;DaGwnfO{ yk aLr s6'tf b]lvPsf] 5}g . g]kfn / ef/
faf6 lgl:sPsf] xf] . of] gS;f ;+;b\n] kfl/t k|uf9 ¿kdf hf]8\g ;S5g\ eGg] ;Gb]z klg taLr ;xcl:tTj / ljZjf;sf] ;DaGw /
u/]/ d] @) df ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] lyof] . d] pgsf e|d0fn] lbPsf 5g\ . xf];\ eGg] rfxgf /fVg]x¿ ;–;fgf ljifodf
@@ df gofF gS;fsf] nflu ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] b'j} b]zsf g]t[Tjn] cfˆgf] ;do v]/ gkmfn"g\
k|:tfj cl3 ;fl/Psf] 5 . gofF gS;fcg';f/ k|wfgdGqL g/]G› df]bLn] …;a}eGbf eGg] rfxG5g\ .
g]kfnL e"–efudf ##% ju{lsnf]ld6/sf] e"ld klxnf l5d]sLÚ sf] gLltsf] ljifodf af]Nb}
yk x'g]5 eGg] dfGotf ef/tLo kIfsf] 5 . cfPsf 5g\ . ;g\ @)!$ sf] cui6df pgn] hxfF b'j} kIfn] ;+j]bgzLntf b]vfpFb} …
ef/tsf] bfaL ljjflbt If]q g]kfnL gS;fdf lgs} ;kmn g]kfn ofqf u/]sf lyP . ;g\ ljz]if ;DaGwÚ k'gM :yfkgf ug{' h?/L 5 .
o;cl3 !&) jif{;Dd slxNo} klg gb]vfOP @)!% df eg] g]kfn;Fusf] ef/tsf] ;DaGw o;af6 aflx/ cfPsf] ;Gb]z b'O{ d'n'saLrsf]
/ xfn ljjfbdf NofO{Psf] eGg] 5 . lgs} lrl;of] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf c:tIf] ;DaGwsf kxnx¿ :jtM gofF pFrfOaf6 z'¿
k u/]sf] / To;kl5 c3f]lift gfsfaGbL u/] ePsf] x'g]5 . g]kfnL cfTd;Ddfgsf] sb/
of] 36gfqmdn] g]kfn–ef/t ;Ldfsf] kl5 ef/tk|lt g]kfnsf w]/} dflg; c;Gt'i6 ePsf] ;Gb]z;lxt . To;af6 g]kfn–ef/t
ljjfb yk hl6n aGb} u/]sf] b]vfpF5 ag] . To;kl5 g]kfnL /fi6«jfb / ef/tlj/f]wL ;DaGwdf kf/:kl/s ;Ddfgdf cfwfl/t gofF
. of] ljjfb PskIfLo?kdf ufnLunf}h ;d'x Ps} l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6f] ag] . h;nfO{ ;:sf/sf] yfngL x'g]5 .
/ PskIfLo?kdf gS;f ;fj{hlgs u/]/ s]xL /fhgLlts bnn] ;Qf k|flKtsf] e¥ofª
;dfwfg x'Fb}g . o; lsl;dsf] sfo{n] b'O{ klg agfP . -n]vs >]i7 g]kfn–ef/t d}+qL ;+3sf
kIfsf] aLrdf cljZjf; k}bf ug]{ / ;b\efj pkfWoIf x'g\_
;b\efj vnaNofpg] sfd dfq u5{ . To;}n] jf:tljstf s] xf] eg] ef/tn] nfdf]
b'j} kIfnfO{ dfGo x'g] lsl;dsf] ;[hgfTds ;do;Dd g]kfndf eO/x]sf] /fhgLlts
;dfwfgsf] nflu /fhgLlts kl/kSjtfsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ j]jf:tf u¥of] . g]kfnL g]tfn]
h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ?kdf ef/tlj/f]wL gf/f nufO/
xFbf klg ef/tn] g]kfndf zfGt s"6gLltsf]
cfw'lgs g]kfndf gofF ;/sf/ aGg] dfWodaf6 cfˆgf] :jfy{ ;'/lIft /x]sf]
ljlQs} gjlgo'Qm k|wfgdGqLsf] klxnf] ljb] ;Demg] e"n u/]sf] ef/tLo kIfsf] bfaL 5 .
z e|d0f cfkm"sxfF xf];\ eGg] dfGotf h:t} h'g /fhtGqsf] ;dodf of] gLlt -ef/tlj/f] 33
:yflkt 5, gofFlbNnLdf . g]kfnsf] clt wL_ cjnDag ul/Psf] lyof] / o;nfO{ kl5
lgs6 l5d]sL ePsfn] p;sf] of] rfxgfnfO{ /fhgLlts kf6L{x?n] /fli6«otfsf] ?k cufl8
;bfzos} ¿kdf cYof{OG5 . ef/tsf] of] ;f/] . nfdf] ;do;Dd ef/tn] o;nfO{ j]
rfxgfnfO{ g]kfnL kIfn] k"/f ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . jf:tf u¥of] . o;n] g]kfnL Oltxf;df ljs[lt
k|d x'g] ljlQs}sf] klxnf] e|d0fdf ef/t hfg] ;[hgf u¥of] / nfdf] ;do;Ddsf] nflu gsf/

lxGbL / g]kfnL b'j}sf] dft[efiff ;+:s[t xf] – ho+t k|;fb
sf 5f}F .
;f+:s[lts¿kdf klg xfdLaLr olt w]/} @)) a9L kl/of]hgf rfn" cj:yfdf 5g\ .
;dfgtf 5 ls xfdL cfˆgf] Ps÷csf{sf] xfdL ls ;/sf/af6 ls t :yfgLo txaf6
s'/f ;lhn};Fu a'‰g ;S5f}F . xfd|f] w]/} CtL tL kl/of]hgf ;~rfng u5f}{F . xfdLn] ug]
l/jfhx? ldN5g\ . xfd|f] wfld{s :jefj Ps} { eg]sf] n3'ljB't\, ;f}o{ pmhf{, k':tsfno
ho+t k|;fb g]kfnsf nflu k"j{ /fhb"t xf] . ;+:s[lts rfnrng Ps} 5 . xfd|f] lgdf{0f, :s'n lgdf{0f, :jf:Yo rf}sL cflb
x'g\ . dxflgb]{zs, /Iff cWoog / ljZn]if0f ;DaGw g} j:tfDdf oxL xf] . h:tf ;fgf kl/of]hgf x'g\ . h;sf] nfut
;+:yfg, gofF lbNnLdf k|;fbsf] sfo{ cg'ej kfFr s/f]8eGbf sd x'G5 . cj k':tsfno,
5 . ho+t ckmuflg:tfg, cNh]l/of, g]kfn :s'n, :jf:Yo rf}sL h:tf hgtfsf cfwf/
/ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] lgz:qLs/0f ;Dd]ng, e"t clwsf/ k|flKtsf] s'/df xfd|f] s] :jfy{
h]g]efsf nflu ef/tsf /fhb"t ;d]t x'g\ . /fhgLlt1x?sf] d'vaf6 w]/} g} ;'lgg] xf]nf / < dnfO{ t nfU5 oL ;a} lgM:jfy{
;f9] tLg bzs nfdf] ljb]z dGqfno ;]jfdf u/]sf] 5– g]kfnL /fhgLltdf ef/tLox?sf] x'g\ . vfnL xfd|f] pkl:ylt dg gk/fpg]n]
pgL cNh]l/of / ckmuflg:tfgsf nflu k|efj w]/} g} a9\of] . jf:tjdf of] s] xf] < dfq unt ;DaGwsf] o:tf] xNnf km}nfPsf
ef/tLo /fhb"tsf] e'ldsf ;kmntfk"j{s x'g\ .
lgjf{x ul/;s]sf 5g\ . h]g]ef a|;]N; k] tkfO{Fx? cfˆgf] Oltxf; cfkm}F k9\g]
l/; nofutsf 7fpFdf /x]sf ef/tLo sf]l;; ug{";\ . oxfF kl/jt{g eof] !(%( o;sf] csf]{ Pp6f kf6f] klg 5 . ef/
s'6gLlts lgof]udf pgn] ljz]if1sf] ?kdf df . k|hftGq cfof], r'gfj eof] . km]l/ tdf s]xL dfG5] eG5g\– Úg]kfnsf] /fhgLlt
sfd ul/;s]sf 5g\ . ljb]z dGqfnodf pgL k~rfotL Joj:yf nfu' eof], !(^) df . 7Ls ePkl5 dfq ljsf;df ;fem]bf/ x'g'k5{
cd]l/sg dxfzfvf k|d'v jx'klIfo cfly{s Tof] ;dodf k|hftGqsf kIfw/ ;a}nfO{ ef/ .Ú d]/f] ljrf/df of] unt xf] . /, of] klg
dfdnf k|d'v ?kdf klg sfo{ ul/;s]sf 5g\ tsf s7k'tnL x'g\ elgof] . To;kl5 tL; unt xf] ls /fhgLlt / cy{tGq leGg
. jif{kl5 oxfF hgcfGbf]ng eof] . !((! df ljifo x'g\ . oL b'j} Ps÷csf{;Fu hf]l8Psf
km]l/ r'gfj eof] . k'gM k|hftGq axfnL eof] s'/f x'g\ . cfly{s ljsf; ePg eg] klg /
k|;fb ;+o'Qm /fi6« dfgj clwsf/ cfof] . Tof] a]nfdf klg dflg;n] eg] / clxn] fhgLlt ;'l„Fb}g . /, xfdLn] of] eg]/ klg
u, h]g]ef -!(*^–!(*&_ sf] k|ltj]bs ;d] klg d;Fu dfG5] eG5g\– ÚoxfF haha kl/ s'/]/ a:g'x'Fb}g ls /fhgLlt ;'l„G5, clgdfq
t lyP . j]b/x]8 ;]G6/ km/ OG6/g]zgn jt{g cfof], ef/tn] g} NofOlbof] .Ú s] tkfO{F cy{tGq . ef/tdf xfdLn] klg cfpg";\,
ckm]o;{, xfj{8{ ljZjljBfno, lgz:qLs/0f dfGg'x'G5, !((! df ePsf] hgcfGbf]ng nufgL ug{";\ eg]/ w]/} s/fof}F, sf]xL klg
dfldnfx¿df ;+o'Qm /fi6« dxf;lrjsf] ef/tn] u/fPsf] lyof] < @))% df oxfF cfPg . t/ ha xfdLn] cfˆgf] gLlt kl/
;Nnfxsf/ af]8{sf ;b:o, / ljlhl6ª h'g k|sf/sf] cfGbf]ng eof], Tof] xfdLn] jt{g uof}{F\, /fHoaLr ljsf;df k|lt:kwf{ x'g
:sfn/, ef/tsf] pGgt cWoog s]G›, k] u/fPsf lyof}F < h'g afx| a'Fb] ;Demf}tfsf] yfNof], ta ef/tdf t]hL;Fu kl/j{tg eof] .
lG;ne]lgof ljZjljBfno -@)!$–!%_, s'/f oxfF af/Daf/ p7\g] u/]sf] 5, Tof] klg To;}n] cy{tGq / /fhgLlt cnu cnu x'g
cfˆgf] #& jif{sf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf sl/o/ ef/tn] u/fPsf] xf]Og . ef/tn] cfˆgf] ;b\ ;Sb}gg\ . oL b'O{ Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s x'g\ .
cl3, pgn] lbNnL ljZjljBfno / hjfx/ efj k|of]u u/]sf] lyof] /fhgLlts bnsf g] /fhgLltn] cy{tGqsf] lbzf lgwf{/0f u5{ /
nfn g]x¿ ljZjljBfnodf k9]sf lyP / ;] tfaLr ;xdlt u/fpgsf nflu . g]kfndf cy{tGqn] /fhgLltsf] .
G6 :6LkmG; sn]hdf Oltxf;sf k|Wofks Psfk;df lel8/x]sf ;a} /fhgLlts bn
lyP . zflGtsf nflu ;Demf}tf ug{ tTk/ lyP . g]kfn / ef/t lardf Ps} lsl;dsf]
pgLx? k|hftGqsf] axfnL rfxGy] . xfd|f] /fhgLlts ;f7ufF7 5 elgG5 gL <
@)$^ ;fndf g]kfndf k|hftflGqs sf/0fn] g]kfndf kl/jt{g cfPsf] xf]Og . g] j:tljstf o:t} xf] <
cfGbf]ng rln/x]sf a]nf hoGtk|;fbsf kfnsf hgtfn] ha ha kl/jt{gsf nflu
lktf ljdnk|;fb g]kfndf /fhb"t /x]sf lyP k|of; u/], xfdLn] ;dy{g uof}{F . /, of] eGg' xfd|} ef/tdf klg w]/} lsl;dsf n8fOF
. ljdnk|;fb g]kfn;Fu lgs} 3lgi6 ;DaGw ;/f;/ unt xf] ls oxfF ePsf s'g} klg ePsf 5g\ . t/ of] k|sf/sf] ;dfwfg s;}n]
agfpg ;kmn ef/tLo /fhb"tdWo]sf Ps ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts kl/jt{g xfdLn] g} kl/sNkgf klg u/]sf] 5}g . ;g\ !(^& df
x'g\ . afa'sf] h:t} ho+Gtsf] klg g]kfn u/fPsf xf}F . ef/tdf ÚgS;nfO6 d'ed]G6Ú ;'? eof] . oxfF
a;fO Pltxfl;s g} 5 . ltg} /fhb't;Fu klg gS;naf8L;Fu hf]l8Psf] If]q emfkfdf
g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGw af/]df ul/Psf] s'/ ef/t g]kfnnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ d'n's dWo] klg Tof] d'ed]G6 ;'? eof] tLg÷rf/ jif{
fsfgLsf] ;f/ M– cu|0fL b]z xf] . g]kfndf cfly{s nufgLsf] kl5 . t/ Tof] d'ed]G6nfO{ g]t[Tj lbg] dfG5]
k5fl8 klg :jfy{ n's]sf] x'G5 elgG5 gL . x?df olt rfF8} kl/jt{g cfof], pgLx?
g]kfn / ef/t larsf] d}qL ;DaGwnfO{ ;To s] xf] < Pdfn]sf ¿kdf b]lvP . !(($ b]lv t Tof]
s;/L x]g'{x'G5 < kf6L{sf g]tfx? g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL aGg
hlt ug{'kg]{ Tolt u/]sf] 5}g . hlt ;'? eof] . xfd|f] b]zdf ePsf gS;njfbLx?
of] AofVof u/]/ g;lsg] s'/f xf] . lsgls ug{ ;S5, Tof] klg u/]sf] 5}g . tkfO{Fx?sf] clxn] ev{/ :yfgLo lgsfodf k|j]z ug{
xfd|f] ;+:s[lt Ps} 5 . xfd|f] efiffdf ;dfgtf ljsf;sf nflu xfdLn] h] hlt ul//x]sf 5f}F, yfn]sf 5g\ . ca Úlkk'N; jf/ u'|kÚ / dfcf]
5 . lxGbL / g]kfnL b'j}sf] dft[efiff ;+:s[t To;sf] bz u'0ff ug{ h?/L 5 . t/ s'g If] jfbLs} s'/f u/f}F . ef/tsf dfcf]jfbL / g]
xf] . o;}sf] hudf xfd|f] ;DaGw cufl8 a9] qdf ug{'k5{ < To;sf] ult s] x'G5 < nufgL kfnsf dfcf]jfbLsf] pbo nueu Ps}rf]l6
sf] 5 . d g]kfnL wf/fk|jfx af]Ng ;lSbg ug]{ tl/sf s] x'g ;S5 < of] ;a}sf] lgwf{/0f ePsf] xf] !(() lt/ . tkfO{Fx?sf dfcf]jfbL
t/ d x/]s lbg laxfg gfd rn]sf klqsf ug]{ eg]sf] g]kfnsf] hgtf / g]kfnsf] ;/ d"nwf/df cfP, r'gfj n8], 7"nf] kf6L{ eP/
k9\5' . To:t} d g]kfndf sxLF klg uP/ ha sf/n] xf] . x]g{";\ xfdLdfq o:tf] ldq /fi6« cfP . Tof] kf6L{sf] b'O{hgf g]tf k|wfgdGqL
lxGbL af]N5', ta s]xL ;d:of x'Fb}g . k|foMn] xf}+nf, h;n] Pglhcf]nfO{ k};f lbFb}g . xfdLn] g} eP . clxn] t];|f] bn ag]/ klg ;/sf/
a'‰5g\ . efiffsf] ;d:of 5}g xfdL;Fu . @ ;o @% j6f ;–;fgf kl/of]hgf ul/;s] sf] g]t[Tj ul//x]sf 5g\ . xfd|f]df cem} klg
34 :dfl/sf–@)&(
n8fOF g} ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;dfg ;do rn]sfn] klg ;fF7ufF7 ePsf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . km]l/ /fhgLlt Ps l;df leq dfq a:g ;Sb}g /x]5 . h
xf];\ g]kfnsf] hgtfdf ePsf] kl/jt{gsf] clenfiffsf] ;Ddfg ug{'k5{ . hf] Ps÷csf{;Fu n8\g tTk/ x'G5g\, oxfF klg pgLx? 6]andf a;]/
jftf{ u5{g\ . hlt rfF8f] ;Demf}tf x'g'kg]{ xf], Tof] lx;fadf x'Fb}g . t/ clGtddf ;Demf}tf t x'G5 .
35

s;/L x'g ;S5 b'O{ b]z lar ;DaGw cem lj:tf/ <
;fy} To;df vnn kfg{ tNnLg k/rqmLsf ef/t l8lh6n Ol08of / Oa}+ls+usf]
lqmofsnfkaf/] ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug{ / o'udf k|j]z ul/;s]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ef/tLo
a]nfa]nfdf ef/tLo ;Ldf ;'/Iff ann] cfk;L ;xof]u la:tf/ ug{ ;S5g\ . a}s
+ sf] nufgL /x]sf a}+s klg 5g\ . kf/:kl/
;Ldf :tDe ;fg]{ u/]sf s'/f ;fj{hlgs x'g] stfsf cfwf/df g]kfnL a}+s ef/tdf vf]Ng
u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfn ef/tsf] ;Ldf ;DaGw g]kfn / ef/t aLrsf] Jofkf/df 7"nf] afwf x'g'kg]{ sf/0f 5}g . g]kfn / ef/taLr
ef/t kfls:tfg jf ef/t rLg h:tf] eg] xf] c;Gt'ng 5 . g]kfn h:tf] ;fgf] cy{ Joj:yf pGgt a}+s Joj:yf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ;f]Nh;{
Og . g]kfnsf] ;Ldftkm{ vl6bf ;Ldf ;'/Iff ePsf] d'n's o:tf] c;Gt'ng vKg ;Sg] af]8{ /fvL k]G;g e'QmfgL ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .
annfO{ ptfs} df]8 / d'8df v6fpbf ;d:of cj:yf x'Fb}g . t;y{ of] c;Gt'ng sd ug{ ca pk|fGt k]G;g /sd l;w} k]G;gwf/Lsf]
pTkGg x'g;S5 . t;y{ an k|of]u gug{ / ef/tn] g]kfnnfO{ pbf/tf b]vfpg ;S5 . of] vftfdf hDdf x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg ;lsG5
cdof{lbt Jojxf/ gug{ cled'vLs/0f pbf/tf ef/tsf h:tf] 7"nf] cy{ Joj:yfsf . o;f] ug{' ldtJooL klg x'G5 .
tflnd lbP/ v6fpg pko'Qm x'g]5 . nflu IfdtfljxLg bfloTj klg x'b}g .
pgLx?n] ljb]zLn] unt cg'jfb u/fPsf
;Ldfdf :tDe ;fg]{ sfd glhssf ef/tLo ;]gfdf g]kfnL gful/s ;+ul7t k|frLg zf:qsf dfWodaf6 cfo{jt{df ;b}j
hUufwgLn] hUufsf] If]qkÞmn a9fpg klg ug{ ?kdf etL{ ul/g] sfo{ cem} lg/Gt/ 5 . zf]if0f / cTofrf/ lyof] / ToxfFsf dflg;
;S5g\ . ;Ldfdf tTsfn s'g} ;d:of ePdf g]kfndf ef/tLo k]G;g kfpg] s}of} JolQm cem} klg c;Eo 5g\ eGg] dfGb5g\ . t;y{
oyfl:yltdf /fvL o;sf] ;"rgf b'j} tkm{sf 5g\ . ef/tn] OlG8ognfO{ / g]kfnn] To:tfsf g]
;'/Iff ann] k|zf;gnfO{ lbg] / k|zf;lgs kfnL kmf}aGhf/nfO{ Pscsf{sf] lj?4 s]xL
/ s'6gLlts dfWodaf6 k|df0fsf cfwf/df ef/tLo b"tfjf;n] kfFr s/f]8;Ddsf ug{ lbg /f]Sg'k5{ .
;dfwfg ug]{ Joa:yf ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] of]hgf b"tfjf; dfkm{t rnfpg] sfo{ ub}
nflu x6nfOg agfpg ;lsG5 . { cfPsf] 5 . o:tf sfo{ ug{ g]kfn cIfd g]kfndf ef/t nufot k|foM bftf /fi6«sf
eGg] klg xf]Og / b"tfjf;sf] sfd kl/of] /fhb"t / b"tfjf;sf sd{rf/Ln] k|f]6f]sn
g]kfnsf gbL ef/ttkm{ aUb5g\ / g]kfn hgf ;~rfng ug{' klg xf]Og . of] ;Demf} ldr]/ e]63f6 ug]{ / cgf}krfl/s tj/af6
pkNnf] t6Lo /fHo xf] . ef/tn] dflyNnf] tf ;fj{hlgs ePsf] klg yfxf 5}g . oBlk s'/f] 6'+Uofpg] k|oTg u5{g\ . ef/tLo /fhb"tn]
t6Lo /fHosf] ?kdf a+unfb]znfO{ h] lbg sltko klZrdf b]z"sf btfjf; / /fi6« t cf]xf]bfsf] k|df0fkq k|:t't gub}{ e]63f6
rfxG5, g]kfn;Fu klg ToxL ck]Iff ug{'kg] ;+3Lo lgsfon] klg o:tf u}/s"6gLlts sfd ug]{ u/]sf s'/f klg ;fj{hlgs x'g] u/]sf
{ x'G5 . lxQ lrQ ldn]/ n]gb]g x'g' cfˆgf] ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f 5g\ . t;y{ s"6gLlts e]63f6nfO{ dof{lbt
7fpdf 5Fb}5 . %!-3_- agfpg k|ydtM g]kfnn] g} k|of; ug{'k5{ .
ef/tLo /fhb"tn] o;nfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s lnP
g]kfn ;/sf/, ef/tLo nufot c? ;a} d'n'saf6 x'g] s'6gLlts dof{bf
;a} b"tfjf; / /fi6« ;+3n] klg g]kfnsf] ljkl/tsf sfo{ /f]Sg g]kfnnfO{ ;lhnf] x'g]
g]kfnsf] lxt ljkl/t aLr k6sk6s ;+ljwfgsf] dof{bf /fVg}k5{ . g]kfnn] ;Da4 lglZrt 5 .
;Ldf cj/f]w ePklg g]kfn / ef/t aLr v'nf ;a} lgsfo / b"tfjf;nfO{ o;af/] kqfrf/
;Ldf /x]sf] 5 . ef/t g]kfnsf] glhssf] / ug{ cfjZos 5 .
Jojxfl/s t6jtL{ d'n's xf] . ;d'›;Dd k'Ug
kfpg] g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts, k/Dk/fut / cGt/ ef/t / Ol08of ca b]lvg] u/L km/s g]kfn / ef/t b'a}n] Ps csf{sf] e"ld
f{li6«o sfg"gL clwsf/ xf] . Pp6f 7"nf] tyf 5g\ . Ol08of klZrdf naLsf Ph]G8fdf sfd Pscsf{sf] lxt ljkl/t k|of]u ug{ lbg x'Fb}g .
;dfg ;Eotf / ;+:s[lt Pj+ d"ntM ;dfg u5{ . pgLx? / klZrdf g]kfnnfO{ d"ntM
cf:yf /fVg] hgtf ePsf] d'n'sn] g]kfnsf] pxL rZdfaf6 x]5{g\ . ef/t cfˆgf] k/Dk/f /
kf/jxg xsnfO{ k|fljlws ?kdf eGbf c;n ;Eotf dfl;g klg glbg] / ;f] df:g pBt
l5d]sLsf] ?kdf x]g{ h?/L 5 . sf]zL ;Demf} OlG8og / ToxfF sfo{/t klZrdf u}/;/sf/L
tf nfdf] ;dosf nflu u/]sf d'n'sx?n] kf/ ;+:yfnfO{ lgodg / lgoGq0f ug]{ wf/0ff /fV5
jxg ;Demf}tfnfO{ Aofkf/ ;Demf}tf;Fu hf]8]/ . OlG8ogx? ToxfFsf] ;dfhsf ;a} v/faLsf]
5f]6f]5f]6f] gu/L nfdf] cjlwsf nflu ug{ t} bf]if ef/tLo ;EotfnfO{ lbg] klZrdsf
of/ x'g'k5{ . w]/} s'/fdf ;dy{g hgfp5g\ . OlG8ogx?
klZrdfn] n]lvlbPsf] jf n]vfPsf] Oltxf;,
;dfhzf:q / dfgjzf:qnfO{ g} Psn ;To
7fGb5g\ .
g]kfnsf] kz'kltdf ef/tLo gful/s
/ sfzL ljZjgfy dlGb/df g]kfnL gful/s
k"hf/L x'G5g\. g]kfnL / ef/tLo tLyf{6g ug{
guO{ gx'g] 7fpF b'j} b]zdf 5g\. t;y{ b'j} ;Ldf hf]l8Psf], v'nf ;Ldfgf ePsf] /
lt/sf gful/snfO{ tLyf{6gsf] nflu ;'lawf ;Eotfd"ns ;DaGw ePsf] ef/t / g]kfn
k'¥ofpg cfjZos k|aGw ldnfP/ ;DaGw aLr h'g n]gb]g x'G5 cGo d'n'sn] klg ;f]
hg:t/df k'of{pg ;lsG5 . xL Jojxf/ cfkm";Fu ug{'kg]{ dfu /fVg] u/]sf]
kfOG5 . slxn]sflxF c? d'n'snfO{ g]kfnn]
g]kfn / ef/tn] cfcfˆgf] b]zdf /x] lbg g;Sg] ;'lawf g]kfnn] ef/tnfO{ lbg
sf ;dfg ;Eotf, ;+:s[lt / ;Eotfsf] ufx|f] kg{ hfg] x'g ;S5. oaf/] klg ef/tn]
hu]gf{ ug{ ;fy ldn]/ sfd ug{ ;S5g\ . ;+j]bgzLntf b]vfpg h?/L x'g;S5 .
36 :dfl/sf–@)&(
37

38 :dfl/sf–@)&(
39

40 :dfl/sf–@)&(
41

42 :dfl/sf–@)&(
43

44 :dfl/sf–@)&(
45

46 :dfl/sf–@)&(
47

48 :dfl/sf–@)&(
49

50 :dfl/sf–@)&(
51

52 :dfl/sf–@)&(
53

54 :dfl/sf–@)&(
55

56 :dfl/sf–@)&(
57

58 :dfl/sf–@)&(
59

60 :dfl/sf–@)&(
61

62 :dfl/sf–@)&(
63

64 :dfl/sf–@)&(
65

66 :dfl/sf–@)&(
67

68 :dfl/sf–@)&(
69

70 :dfl/sf–@)&(
71

72 :dfl/sf–@)&(
73

74 :dfl/sf–@)&(
75

76 :dfl/sf–@)&(
77

S Marika DR A FFFFFFF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

S Marika DR A FFFFFFF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

S Marika DR A FFFFFFF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

;of}+ y'Fuf km"nsf xfdL, Pp6} dfnf g]kfnL hg u0f dg clwgfos ho x]

Sovereign, spread out from Mechi to Mahakali. dispenser of India’s destiny.

Thy name rouses the hearts of Punjab, Sind,

chanted by the waves of the Indian Sea.

Victory, victory, victory to thee.

l8hfOg tyf n]cfp6

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

Ambassador of India to Nepal

/fi6«sjL :j= dfwj k|;fb l3ld/]

cf]d k|sfz ;/fjuL O{= z}n]Gb| df]xg emf

/fhs'df/ l;GwL O+ z}n]Gb| df]xg emf

8f= t'n axfb'/ ;fpb z'idf zdf{

lzlif/ nD;fn afz'b]z l;+x cO6jfO{ afz'b]z l;+x cO6jfO{

l8hfOg tyf n]cfp6

ef/tsf] &$cf}+ u0ftGq lbj; / ef/taLrsf] ;fZjt d}qL

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

…ldq /fi6« ; F u ;DaGw

/x]sf] 7fpFdf Pp6f 3/df clkm; / ;lsG5 < eg]/ ef/taf6

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

cfTdLo ;DaGwnfO{ dhj'b

cfufdL ;x;|fAbLdf låkIfLo ldqtfnfO{ k'g¿Tyfg

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

ug'{eof] . g]kfn / ef/t cGt/f{li6«o tyf …======lxGb':yfgn] s'g} n8fOF lht]sf]

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

ef/tdf g]kfnL, g]kfndf ef/tLo k'hf/L

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3

g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;+3