Md.

Alamgir Hossain
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

 DC Generator

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

Construction DC Generator
when a conductor cuts magnetic flux, e.m.f. is induced in it according
to Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction

Slip ring
Brush

Two essential parts of an electrical generator:

(i) a magnetic field and
(ii) conductor(s) which cut the flux

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

Working Principle DC Generator
When the plane of the coil is at right angles to lines of flux i.e. when
it is in position 1, then flux linked is maximum but rate of change of
flux linkages is minimum

When the plane of the coil is at parallel to lines of flux i.e. when
it is in position 3, then flux linked is minimum but rate of change of
flux linkages is maximum

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

Working Principle DC Generator
The direction of this induced e.m.f. can be found by applying
Fleming’s Right-hand rule

The direction of current flow for first half

revolution is ABMLCD
The direction of current flow for second half
revolution is DCLMBA

Therefore, the current reverses its direction

after every half revolution and is known as
alternating current(ac)

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

Working Principle DC Generator
Slip-rings are replaced by Split-rings
The split-rings are made out of a conducting cylinder which is cut into
Two halves or segments insulated from each other by a thin sheet of
mica or some other insulating material.

Segment a acts always as a positive terminal

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

Working Principle DC Generator
After replacing slip-rings with split-rings the direction of output current
is unidirectional but not like pure direct current(dc)

The position of brushes is so arranged that the change of segments ‘a’

and ‘b’ from one brush to the other takes place when the plane of the
rotating coil is at right angles to the plane of the lines of flux.

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

Essential Parts DC Generator
Yoke : mechanical support and carries magnetic flux
Pole : support the field coils and spread out the flux

Armature Core: laminated or circular sheet steel; houses armature

conductors and provide low reluctance path for flux

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

Essential Parts DC Generator
Armature Windings:
Usually former-wound, coils are insulated from each other and placed
in the armature slots with tough insulating materials.
Commutator:
Collect the current from armature current from armature windings and
rectify it to make unidirectional current.

Brushes: Made of carbon or graphite in a rectangular shape and

collect current from commutator.

Brush

Holder

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

Classification DC Generator

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

 DC Generator
A long-shunt compound generator delivers a load current of 50A at 500V and has
armature, series field and shunt field resistances of 0.05Ω, 0.03Ω and 250Ω
respectively. Calculate the generated voltage and the armature current. Allow 1V
per brush for contact drop.

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

E.M.F Equation DC Generator

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

E.M.F Equation DC Generator

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

Solved Example DC Generator
An 8-pole d.c. shunt generator with 778 wave-connected armature
conductors and running at 500 r.p.m. supplies a load of 12.5Ω
resistance at terminal voltage of 250V. The armature resistance is
0.24Ω and the field resistance is 250Ω. Find the armature current, the
induced e.m.f. and the flux per pole.

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

Solved Example DC Generator
A 4-pole, long-shunt lap-wound generator supplies 25kW at a terminal
voltage of 500V. The armature resistance is 0.03Ω, series field resistance is
0.04 ohm and shunt field resistance is 200Ω. The brush drop may be taken as
1.0 V. Determine the e.m.f. generated. Calculate also the No. of conductors if
the speed is 1200r.p.m. and flux per pole is 0.02 Wb. Neglect armature
reaction.

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

Power Stages DC Generator
Total losses in a dc generator are summarized below:

I2R

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

Maximum Efficiency DC Generator

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

Characteristics DC Generator
The important characteristics, relation between voltage and current, of
a dc generator are as follows:
a) No-load saturation Characteristic (E0/If) or O.C.C.
b) Internal or Total Characteristic (E/Ia)
c) External Characteristic (V/I)
Separately excited dc generator

No-load saturation Characteristic (E0/If) or O.C.C.

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

Characteristics DC Generator

Load Saturation Curve (V/If) Internal and External Characteristics

Under load conditions, the voltage will decrease due to effect of

armature reaction and armature drop.

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

No-load Curve of Self-Excitation DC Generator

The machine is drived at constant speed by the prime mover and the
generated e.m.f. on on-load is measured by the voltmeter connected
across the armature

Due to residual magnetism in the poles, some e.m.f. (= OA) is

generated even when If= 0

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

Applications DC Generator
1. DC Shunt Generator:
 general lighting
 electro plating
 Battery charging
 For excitation of Alternators
2. Series Generators:
 Used as Boosters
 Used for supply to arc Lamps
3. Compound Generator:
 welding machines
 supply power for offices ,hostels and Lodges etc.
 compensate the voltage drop in Feeders
4. Separately Exited Generator:
 As a supply source to DC Motors
 testing purposes.

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

Construction DC Motor
An Electric motor is a machine which converts electric energy into
mechanical energy. Its action is based on the principle that when a
current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a
mechanical force whose direction is given by Fleming’s Left-hand Rule
and whose magnitude is given by F= Bil Newton.

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

Operating Principle DC Motor

The conductors will experience a force in the anticlockwise direction

(Fleming’s Left hand Rule). Hence, the machine will start rotating
anticlockwise
The direction of this induced e.m.f. in the conductors as found by
Fleming’s Right-hand Rule and in direct opposition to the applied
voltage known as counter or back e.m.f. Eb ,

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

Significance of Back e.m.f DC Motor

The power required to overcome the power

developed by back e.m.f, EbIa , is converted
into mechanical energy.

Armature current, Ia=(V-Eb)/Ra

Where,
Eb=(ΦZN/60)(P/A) Volt , N is in r.p.m.

If speed is high, Eb is large, Ia is small and vice versa. So, we find that
Eb acts like a governor i.e., it makes a motor self-regulating so that it
draws as much current as is just necessary.

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

Voltage Equation DC Motor
The voltage V applied across the motor
armature has to

(i) overcome the back e.m.f. Eb and

(ii) supply the armature ohmic drop IaRa
∴ V = Eb + Ia Ra
This is known as voltage equation of a
motor.
Now, multiplying both sides by Ia ,we get
V Ia = EbIa + Ia2Ra

A 220-V d.c. machine has an armature resistance of 0.5Ω. If the full-load

armature current is 20A, find the induced e.m.f. when the machine acts
as (i) generator (ii) motor.

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

Condition for Maximum Efficiency DC Motor
The gross mechanical power developed by a motor is

Differentiating both sides with respect to Ia and equating the result to

zero, we get

This condition is not practical, because in that case the motor

efficiency will be well below 50 percent.
Power Stages

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

Solved Example DC Motor
A 25-kW, 250-V, d.c. shunt generator has armature and field resistances
of 0.06 Ω and 100 Ω respectively. Determine the total armature power
developed when working
(i) as a generator delivering 25 kW output and
(ii) as a motor taking 25 kW input.

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

Speed DC Motor
From the voltage equation of a motor, we get

Speed is directly proportional to back e.m.f. Eb and inversely to the flux Φ

The speed regulation is defined as the change in speed from no load to

full load expressed as percent of the full load speed.

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

Speed DC Motor

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

Torque and Speed DC Motor
Torque always tends to produce speed. Therefore, speed depends on
torque and not vice-versa .
……………….(i)

……………….(ii)

From the above relation, (i) decrease in flux, the speed will be increased
but according to (ii) decrease in flux results decrease in torque that in
turn should decrease the speed, but, speed is increased, because
1. Back e.m.f. Eb (= NΦ/K) drops instantly
2. Due to decrease in Eb, Ia is increased because Ia= (V − Eb)/Ra. A small
reduction in flux produces a proportionately large increase in armature
current.
3. As the torque, Ta∝ ΦIa, there is an increase in Ta
4. This increase in Ta produces an increase in motor speed.

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

Solved Example DC Motor
A belt-driven 100kW, shunt generator running at 300r.p.m. on 220V bus
bars continues to run as a motor when the belt breaks, then taking 10kW.
What will be its speed? Given armature resistance =0.025Ω, field
resistance = 60Ω and contact drop under each brush = 1V, Ignore
armature reaction.

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

Solved Example DC Motor

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

Applications DC Motor

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

 Principle of Operation Universal Motor
A universal motor is defined as a motor which may be operated either on
direct or single-phase a.c. supply at approximately the same speed and
output.

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

 Characteristics and Applications Universal Motor

Applications:
Vacuum cleaners
Drink and food mixers
Portable drills
Domestic sewing machines
Blenders

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

 Fundamental Stepper Motor
The stepper motor rotates through a fixed angular step in response to
each input current pulse received by its controller.
Step Angle:

Types:
i. Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor
ii. Permanent Magnet Stepper Motor
iii. Hybrid Stepper Motor

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

 Construction and Operation Stepper Motor
Stepper Motors are
used in:
Computer Peripherals
Textile Industry
IC Fabrication
Robotics etc

Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor: 1-Phase-ON Operation

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

 Introduction Magnetic Circuit

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

 Terminology Magnetic Circuit

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

 Terminology Magnetic Circuit

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

 Terminology Magnetic Circuit

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

 Terminology Magnetic Circuit
Ohm's Law: For magnetic circuits, the effect desired is the flux. The cause is the
magnetomotive force (mmf), which is the external force (or “pressure”) F required
to set up the magnetic flux lines within the magnetic material. The opposition to
the setting up of the flux Φ is the reluctance R. Therefore, Ohm's law for magnetic
circuit can be expressed as

where

The magnetomotive force per unit length is called the magnetizing force(H). In
equation form,

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

 Terminology Magnetic Circuit

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

 Terminology Magnetic Circuit
A more practical equation for the mmf drop is

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

 Example Magnetic Circuit

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

 Example Magnetic Circuit

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

 Example Magnetic Circuit

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

 Example Magnetic Circuit

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

 Example Magnetic Circuit

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET

References

1. [B. L. Theraja and A. K. Theraja ] A textbook of Electrical Technology,

Volume II. AC & DC MACHINES
2. [Rosenblat and Friedman] Direct and Alternating Current Machinery,
2nd Edition

Md. Alamgir Hossain, Asst. Prof., EEE, KUET