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 I. ELEVATORS
An Elevator is a vertical transport system that carries people or goods between the
floors of building safely and efficiently.
2. Machine-Room-Less (MRL) Elevators
There are three main types of elevators commonly used:
 Traction with a machine room
 Machine-Room-Less (MRL) traction,
 Hydraulic
1. Traction Elevators with Machine Room
Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel
attached to an electric motor above the elevator shaft. They are
used for mid and high-rise applications and have much higher travel
speeds than hydraulic elevators. A counter weight makes the
elevators more efficient by offsetting the weight of the car and
occupants so that the motor doesn't have to move as much weight.
Traction elevators are of two types:
a. Geared Traction Elevator
b. Gearless Traction Elevator
3. Hydraulic Elevators
a. Geared Traction Elevator have a gearbox that is attached to
the motor, which drives the wheel that moves the ropes.
Geared traction elevators are capable of travel speeds up to
2mps. The maximum travel distance for a geared traction
elevator is around 75 m.
 Traction elevators have height restrictions that are governed by the length and
weight of the cables or ropes. New materials that are stronger and lighter, such
as carbon fibre, will allow traction elevators to achieve new heights.
Machine-Room-Less Elevators are traction elevators that do not have a
dedicated machine room above the elevator shaft. The machine sits in
the override space and is accessed from the top of the elevator cab
when maintenance or repairs are required. The control boxes are
located in a control room that is adjacent to the elevator shaft on the
highest landing and within around 150 feet of the machine.
Machine-room-less elevators have a maximum travel distance of up to
165 m and can travel at speeds up to 3mps. MRL elevators are
comparable to geared traction elevators in terms of initial and
maintenance costs, but they have relatively low energy consumption
compared to geared elevators.
Machine-room-less elevators are becoming the most popular choice for
mid-rise buildings. They are energy efficient, require less space, and their
operation and reliability are on par with gear-less traction elevators.
Hydraulic elevators are supported by a piston at the bottom of the
elevator that pushes the elevator up as an electric motor forces oil or
another hydraulic fluid into the piston. The elevator descends as a
valve releases the fluid from the piston. They are used for low-rise
applications of 4 stories and travel at a maximum speed of 1 m per
minute. The machine room for hydraulic elevators is located at the
lowest level adjacent to the elevator shaft.

b. Gearless Traction Elevator have Hydraulic Elevators are of three types:

the wheel attached directly to the
motor. Gear-less traction elevators
are capable of speeds up to 20
mps and they have a maximum
travel distance of around 500 m so
they are the only choice for high-rise applications.
a. Conventional hydraulic elevators
b. Hole-less hydraulic elevators
c. Roped hydraulic elevators
 Hydraulic elevators have a low initial cost. Their ongoing maintenance costs are
lower compared to the other type of elevators. However, hydraulic elevators use
more energy than other types of elevators because the electric motor works
against gravity as it forces hydraulic fluid into the piston, but it is also notable that
 the power is used in one direction only, doing which the electrical power Escalator, moving staircase used as transportation between floors or levels in subways,
consumption is reduced to 50% of its uses. buildings, and other mass pedestrian areas.
There are various designs of escalators which can be installed depending upon the actual
condition of the site or the requirement of the site:
a. Conventional hydraulic elevators
 Parallel Escalator
Conventional Hydraulic Elevators
 Spiral Parallel Escalator
have a sheave that extends below the floor of the elevator pit, which accepts the retracting
 Multiple Parallel Escalator
piston as the elevator descends. Some configurations have a telescoping piston that collapses
 Crisscross Escalator
and requires a shallower hole below the pit. Max travel distance is approximately 15 m.
 Curved Escalator
 Step Type Escalator
b. Hole-less Hydraulic Elevators  Wheelchair-accessible Escalator
a. Parallel Escalator
Hole-less Hydraulic Elevators consists of pistons
mounted inside the hoistway to raise and lower the car. Parallel escalators are those types of escalators
This is especially a solution for buildings built in bedrock, which face in the same direction. These escalators
a high-water table or unstable soil conditions locations use more floor space as compared to the other
that can make digging the hole required for a arrangements of escalators which is found having an
conventional hydraulic elevator impractical. Hole-less impressive appearance. On the other side it is found
hydraulic systems use a direct-acting piston to raise the that these are less efficient and more expensive as
car. compared to other escalators. Parallel escalators can
also use either spiral or stacked parallel
arrangements which also depends upon the practical
c. Roped hydraulic elevators condition of the site. The parallel escalators also
Roped Hydraulic Elevators helps the user to continue using it by simply turning
extends the rise of the around at the end of the ride.
holeless elevator to 18 b. Spiral Parallel Escalator
meters, without the need
for a belowground cylinder. Roped hydraulic elevator systems The spiral parallel escalator are the
have the piston attached to a sheave which has a rope passing arrangement which forces the users to walk
through it. One end is attached to the car while the other is around as these as these are installed at
secured at the bottom of the hoistway. places which has a too long walking area. The
other type of parallel escalator is stacked
 Hydraulic elevators have a low initial cost. Their ongoing maintenance costs are parallel escalator which is mostly used at
lower compared to the other type of elevators. However, hydraulic elevators places like malls, metro stations and is limited
use more energy than other types of elevators because the electric motor works till two stories only. Whereas, in the public
against gravity as it forces hydraulic fluid into the piston, but it is also notable buildings or any other heavy traffic area, they
that the power is used in one direction only, doing which the electrical power are found easily which all move in the same
consumption is reduced to 50% of its uses. direction. The Stacked parallel escalators
proffer an option of reversing the direction
specifically in the rush hours when everyone is
I. ESCALATORS travelling in a particular direction way.
 c. Multiple Parallel Escalator
Multiple Parallel two or more escalators are
those escalators which together travel in a
single direction next to one or two escalators
in the same space that travels in the other
direction.
It is mandatory to have a moving handrail in
an escalator which keeps the pace with the
movement of the steps. The direction of
movement remains the same throughout
which can be controlled by person according
to the requirement or even automatically.

Crisscross Escalator
Crisscross escalators are the most popular
arrangements of escalators which places the entrance
and exit to its upper and lower end at the opposite end
of the escalator. A spiral crisscross is the one wherein
the stairs rest into each other and offers a rapid and
comfortable trip in a very less price and space. These
escalators are easily used up to five floors without any
inconvenience.