Sharif University of Technology

Department of Civil Engineering

Weighted residual, MATLAB I/O , introduction to Abaqus

MH Tabatabaei
Fall 2022
Mapping and Jacobean

2 2
𝜕 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 𝜕𝑦1 𝜕𝑦2 𝜕𝑦1 𝜕𝑦2
= = +
𝜕 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
Application of Jacobian
𝑥1 , 𝑦1
1 2

𝜉 = −1 𝜉=1 𝑥0 , 𝑦0
𝜂=0 𝜂=0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑗𝑎𝑐 =
𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝜉
𝑁1 = −1/2 𝜉 − 1
𝜕𝑁1 𝜕𝑁2 𝑥0 𝑦0
𝑁2 = 1/2 𝜉 + 1 𝑗= , × 𝑥
𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝜉 1 𝑦1

𝜕𝑁1
= −1/2 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝟎 𝒚𝟎 1 1 1 1
𝜕𝜉 𝒋= − , × 𝒙 𝒚𝟏 = − 𝑥0 + 𝑥1 − 𝑦0 + 𝑦1 = 𝑗1 , 𝑗2
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 2 2 2 2
𝜕𝑁2
= 1/2
𝜕𝜉
Application of Jacobian
𝑥1 , 𝑦1
1 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑗𝑎𝑐 =
𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝜉
𝜉 = −1 𝜉=1 𝑥0 , 𝑦0
𝜂=0 𝜂=0 1 1 𝑥0 𝑦0
𝑗= − , × 𝑥 𝑦 =
2 2 1 1
1 1 1 1
𝑁1 = −1/2 𝜉 − 1 𝑗 = − 𝑥0 + 𝑥1 − 𝑦0 + 𝑦1 = 𝑗1 , 𝑗2
2 2 2 2
𝑁2 = 1/2 𝜉 + 1
𝐴=𝐽𝑇 𝐽 𝐵 = 𝐽𝐽𝑇
𝜕𝑁1 𝐴−1 = 𝐽−1 𝐽−𝑇 𝐵 −1 = 𝐽−𝑇 𝐽−1
= −1/2
𝜕𝜉 𝐴−1 𝑗 𝑇 = 𝐽−1 𝐽−𝑇 𝑗 𝑇 = 𝑗 −1 𝑗 𝑇 𝐵 −1 = 𝑗 𝑇 𝐽−𝑇 𝐽−1 = 𝑗 −1
𝜕𝑁2 𝑗12 , 𝑗1 𝑗2 𝐵 = 𝑗12 + 𝑗22
= 1/2 𝐴=
𝜕𝜉 𝑗1 𝑗2 𝑗22 𝑗1
𝐽−1 = 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐽−1 × 𝑑𝑁/𝑑𝜉
𝑗2
𝐵
Application of Jacobian
𝑥1 , 𝑦1

𝑥0 , 𝑦0
𝑥0 𝑥1 𝑥0 𝑥1
− − −
𝑑𝑁 1 2 2 2 2
=
𝑑 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑥0 𝑥1 2
𝑦0 𝑦1 2 𝑦0 𝑦1 𝑦0 𝑦1
2× − − −
2 − 2 + 2 − 2 2 2 2 2
Shape function by degeneration
Q&A
Recap of last Session
Boundary conditions/ Minimum Total Potential Energy

𝑣1
𝑣2
𝜃1 𝜃2
FEM tree

Newtonian
mechanic Direct

Global Linear Equation

ELEMENT Equation
L=T-V Lagrangian or Assemble
Hamiltonian Calculus of Variation SOLVE
Condense
Raylieh-Ritz

Weak form
Π=U+V mechanic
Discretization

𝜕2𝜙 Differential Weighted residual

=0
𝜕𝑥𝑖2 Equation method(Galerkin)
Direct method
Recap of last Session
Direct Method
0 1
P
1

L 2

L 0

𝜃2

0 1 1
𝑣
𝑑
2
L/2 L/2
𝑢
1 0
0
𝜃1
0 1 1 0 2 1
1
0 1 2
Minimum Total Potential Energy Method
Energy functions b
a
2 d
1 d𝑢
Π 𝑢 𝑥 = න𝐴𝐸 d𝑥 − න 𝑏𝑢 d𝑥 + න 𝑏𝑢 d𝑙
2 Ω d𝑥 Ω Γ𝑡 L
U 𝑢 𝑥 𝑉 𝑢 𝑥 u
b

2
1 d𝑢 d
W 𝑢 𝑥 = න𝐴𝐸 d𝑥 − න 𝑏𝑢 d𝑥 + 𝑢𝐴𝑡ҧ ቚ a
2 Ω d𝑥 Ω Γ𝑡
x
Wint Wext L

If the 𝑢(𝑥) is the exact solution to the differential equation, In Essential boundary condition
Estimate a test function where the boundary conditions hold:
𝑓 𝑎 =0
𝑢ത = 𝑢 𝑥 + 𝜀𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑏 =0
𝑊 𝑢ത = 𝑊 𝑢 𝑥 + 𝜀𝑓 𝑥
Minimum Total Potential Energy Method
Energy functions b
a
2 d
1 d𝑢
Π 𝑢 𝑥 = න𝐴𝐸 d𝑥 − න 𝑏𝑢 d𝑥 + න 𝑏𝑢 d𝑙
2 Ω d𝑥 Ω Γ𝑡 L
U 𝑢 𝑥 𝑉 𝑢 𝑥 u
b

2
1 d𝑢 d
W 𝑢 𝑥 = න𝐴𝐸 d𝑥 − න 𝑏𝑢 d𝑥 + 𝑢𝐴𝑡ҧ ቚ a
2 Ω d𝑥 Ω Γ𝑡
x
Wint Wext L

If the 𝑢(𝑥) is the exact solution to the differential equation, In Essential boundary condition
Estimate a test function where the boundary conditions hold:
𝑓 𝑎 =0
𝑢ത = 𝑢 𝑥 + 𝜀𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑏 =0
𝑊 𝑢ത = 𝑊 𝑢 𝑥 + 𝜀𝑓 𝑥
Minimum Total Potential Energy Method
2 2
1 d𝑢 d𝑓 1 d𝑢
δ𝑊int = න 𝐴 𝐸 +ζ d𝑥 − න 𝐴 𝐸 d𝑥
2 Ω d𝑥 d𝑥 2 Ω d𝑥
2 2 2
1 d𝑢 d𝑢 d𝑓 d𝑓 1 d𝑢
= න𝐴𝐸 + 2ζ + ζ2 d𝑥 − න 𝐴 𝐸 d𝑥.
2 Ω d𝑥 d𝑥 d𝑥 d𝑥 2 Ω d𝑥

d𝑢 d𝑓
𝑊int = 𝜁 න 𝐴 𝐸 d𝑥
Ω d𝑥 d𝑥

Ω
δ𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 = න 𝑢 + ζ𝑓 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑢 𝑏𝑑𝑥 = ζ න 𝑓 𝑏𝑑𝑥
Ω Ω Ω
Γ
δ𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝑢 + ζ𝑓 𝐴𝑡ҧቚ − 𝑢 𝑡 ҧ 𝐴ቚ = ζ 𝑓𝐴𝑡ҧ ቚ
Γ𝑡 Γ𝑡 Γ𝑡

Ω Γ
δ𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 = δ𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 + δ𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 = ζ න 𝑓 𝑏𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓𝐴𝑡ҧ ቚ
Ω Γ𝑡
Minimum Total Potential Energy Method

d𝑢 d𝑓
𝛿𝑊/𝜁 = න 𝐴 𝐸 d𝑥 + න 𝑓 𝑏𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓𝐴𝑡ҧ ቚ
Ω d𝑥 d𝑥 Ω Γ𝑡

d𝑢 dδu
𝛿𝑊 = න 𝐴 𝐸 d𝑥 + න δu 𝑏𝑑𝑥 + δu𝐴𝑡ҧ ቚ
Ω d𝑥 d𝑥 Ω Γ𝑡
FEM tree

Newtonian
mechanic Direct

Global Linear Equation

ELEMENT Equation
L=T-V Lagrangian or Assemble
Hamiltonian Calculus of Variation SOLVE
Condense
Raylieh-Ritz

Weak form
Π=U+V mechanic
Discretization

𝜕2𝜙 Differential Weighted residual

=0
𝜕𝑥𝑖2 Equation method(Galerkin)
Weighted Residual Method
The exact solution

𝑑2𝑣
𝐸𝐼 2 = 𝑀 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣 𝑀0 𝑀0 𝐿
= 𝑥 + 𝐶1 ⇒ 𝐶1 = −
𝑑𝑥 𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
𝑀0 𝑥 2 𝑀0 𝐿 𝑀0 𝑥 2 𝑀0 𝐿 𝑀
𝑣= − + 𝐶2 ⇒ 𝑣=− − =− 𝑥 2 − 𝐿𝑥
𝐸𝐼 2 2𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 2 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
Weighted Residual Method

Weighted residual
𝑑2𝑣
𝐸𝐼 2 = 𝑀 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
For exact v we have
𝑑2𝑣
𝐸𝐼 2 − 𝑀 𝑥 = 𝑅 = 0
𝑑𝑥

But for the aprox .1 But for the aprox .2

𝜋𝑥 𝑣ҧ = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
𝑣ҧ = 𝐴 sin
𝐿
𝑑 2 𝑣ҧ
𝑑 2 𝑣ҧ 𝐸𝐼 2 − 𝑀 𝑥 = 𝑅
𝐸𝐼 2 − 𝑀 𝑥 = 𝑅 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Weighted Residual Method

Boundary conditions Now to solve:

𝜋𝑥 𝑣ҧ = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
𝑣ҧ = 𝐴 sin
𝐿
𝑣ҧ = 𝑎 03 + 𝑏 02 + 𝑐 0 + 𝑑 = 0
𝜋0
𝑣ҧ 0 = 𝐴 sin =0 𝑣ҧ = 𝑎 𝐿3 + 𝑏 𝐿2 + 𝑐 𝐿 = 0
𝐿
𝜋𝐿 𝑏 𝑐
𝑣ҧ 𝐿 = 𝐴 sin =0 𝑎=− − 2
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝑏 𝑐
𝑣ҧ = − − 2 𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥
𝐿 𝐿
Weighted Residual Method

Now to solve: Now to solve:

𝑑𝑣ҧ 𝜋 𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑣ҧ
= 𝐴 cos = 3𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝐿 𝐿 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 𝑣ҧ 𝜋2 𝜋𝑥
= −𝐴 2 sin
𝑑𝑥 2 𝐿 𝐿 𝑑 2 𝑣ҧ
Substituting into main PDE = 6𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏
𝑑𝑥

𝜋2 𝜋𝑥 Substituting into main PDE

𝑅 = 𝐸𝐼 −𝐴 2 sin −𝑀 𝑥
𝐿 𝐿
𝑅 = 𝐸𝐼 6𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏 − 𝑀 𝑥
Weighted Residual Method

Method of collocation
𝐿
𝑥=
2
𝐿 π2 𝜋 𝐿
∴ 𝑅 at 𝑥 = = 𝐸𝐼𝐴 2 sin + 𝑀𝑜 = 0
2 𝐿 𝐿 2
𝑀𝑜 𝐿2
𝐴=−
𝐸𝐼𝜋 2
𝑀𝑜 𝐿2 𝜋𝑥
𝑣ҧ = − sin
𝐸𝐼𝜋 2 𝐿
Weighted Residual Method

Method of collocation
𝐿
𝑥=
2
𝐿 𝐿
∴ 𝑅 at 𝑥 = = 𝐸𝐼 6𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑀𝑜 = 0
2 2
Weighted Residual Method

Method of collocation
𝐿 2𝐿
𝑥= ,
3 3
𝐿 𝐿
∴ 𝑅 at 𝑥 = = 𝐸𝐼 6𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑀𝑜 = 0
3 3
2𝐿 𝐿
∴ 𝑅 at 𝑥 = = 𝐸𝐼 12𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑀𝑜 = 0
3 3
𝑀𝑜 𝑀𝑜 𝐿
𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = − ,𝑐 =
2𝐸 2𝐸
𝑀
𝑣ҧ = − 𝑥 2 − 𝐿𝑥
2𝐸𝐼
Weighted Residual Method

Subdomain Method

𝐿 𝐿
π2 𝜋𝑥
න 𝑅 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝐸𝐼 −𝐴 2 sin − 𝑀𝑜 𝑑 𝑥 = 0
0 0 𝐿 𝐿

π 𝜋𝑥 𝐿
𝐴𝐸𝐼 cos − 𝑀𝑜 𝑥 ฬ = 0
𝐿 𝐿 0

π π
−𝐴𝐸𝐼 − 𝑀𝑜 𝐿 − 𝐴𝐸𝐼 =0
𝐿 𝐿
𝐴 = −(𝑀𝑜 𝐿2 )/2𝜋𝐸𝐼

𝑀𝑜 𝐿2 𝜋𝑥
𝑣ҧ = − sin
2𝜋𝐸𝐼 𝐿
Weighted Residual Method

Subdomain Method

𝐿 𝐿
න 𝑅 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝐸𝐼 6𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏 − 𝑀𝑜 𝑑 𝑥 = 0
0 0

𝐿
𝐸𝐼 3𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 − 𝑀𝑜 𝑥 ቚ = 0
0

𝐸𝐼 3𝑎(02 ) + 2𝑏 0 − 𝑀𝑜 (0) = 0

𝐸𝐼 3𝑎𝐿2 + 2𝑏𝐿 − 𝑀𝑜 𝑥 = 0
Weighted Residual Method

Subdomain Method

𝐿 𝐿
න 𝑅 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝐸𝐼 6𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏 − 𝑀𝑜 𝑑 𝑥 = 0
0 0

𝐿/2
𝐸𝐼 3𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 − 𝑀𝑜 𝑥 ቚ
0

𝐿
+ 𝐸𝐼 3𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 − 𝑀𝑜 𝑥 ቚ =0
𝐿/2

𝐸𝐼 3𝑎(02 ) + 2𝑏 0 − 𝑀𝑜 (0) = 0

𝐸𝐼 3𝑎(𝐿2 /4) + 2𝑏 𝐿/2 − 𝑀𝑜 (𝐿/2) = 0

𝐸𝐼 3𝑎𝐿2 + 2𝑏𝐿 − 𝑀𝑜 𝐿 = 0

𝑀
𝑣ҧ = − 𝑥 2 − 𝐿𝑥
2𝐸𝐼
Weighted Residual Method

Least square
𝐿
න 𝑅2 𝑑𝑥 = 0
0
Weighted Residual Method

𝑓, 𝑔 = න 𝑓. 𝑔𝑑Ω = 0
Ω

𝐿
න Φ𝑖 𝑅𝑑𝑥 = 0
0
𝑖 = 1, 2 , … . 𝑛𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠

𝜋𝑥
Φ𝑖 = sin
𝐿
𝐿
𝜋𝑥 π2 𝜋𝑥
න sin 𝐸𝐼 −𝐴 2 sin − 𝑀𝑜 𝑑𝑥 = 0
0 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
4𝑀𝑜 𝐿2
𝐴=− 3
π 𝐸𝐼
4𝑀𝑜 𝐿2 𝜋𝑥
𝑣ҧ = − 3 sin
𝜋 𝐸𝐼 𝐿
Weighted Residual Method
𝐿
න Φ𝑖 𝑅𝑑𝑥 = 0
0
𝑖 = 1, 2 , … . 𝑛𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠

𝑣ҧ = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 3
Φ = 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3

Φ1 = 𝑥 , Φ2 = 𝑥 2 , Φ3 = 𝑥 3
𝐿
න Φ𝑅 𝑑𝑥 = 0
0
𝐿
න Φ1 𝑅 + Φ2 𝑅 + Φ3 𝑅𝑑𝑥 = 0
0
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
‫׬‬0 Φ1 𝑅 𝑑𝑥 = 0 , ‫׬‬0 Φ2 𝑅 𝑑𝑥 = 0, ‫׬‬0 Φ3 𝑅 𝑑𝑥 = 0
Weighted Residual Method
FEM tree

Newtonian
mechanic Direct

Global Linear Equation

ELEMENT Equation
L=T-V Lagrangian or Assemble
Hamiltonian Calculus of Variation SOLVE
Condense
Raylieh-Ritz

Weak form
Π=U+V mechanic
Discretization

𝜕2𝜙 Differential Weighted residual

=0
𝜕𝑥𝑖2 Equation method(Galerkin)
Weighted Residual Method
Axial Problem

0 1
𝜎𝑖𝑗,𝑖 + 𝑏𝑖 = 0
P
d d𝑢
𝐴𝐸 + 𝑏 = 0 𝑜𝑛 0<𝑥<𝑙
L d𝑥 d𝑥
𝐿
න Φ𝑖 𝑅𝑑𝑥 = 0
0
Minimum potential energy 𝑙
d d𝑢
𝛿𝑊 න 𝑤 𝐴𝐸 + 𝑏 d𝑥 = 0 ∀𝑤
0 d𝑥 d𝑥
d𝑢 dδu 𝑙
= න 𝐴𝐸 d𝑥 𝑙
d d𝑢 d𝑢 𝑙
d𝑤 d𝑢
Ω d𝑥 d𝑥 න𝑤 𝐴𝐸 d𝑥 = 𝑤𝐴𝐸 อ −න 𝐴𝐸 d𝑥
0 d𝑥 d𝑥 d𝑥 0 d𝑥 d𝑥
− න δu 𝑏𝑑𝑥 + δu𝐴𝑡ҧ ቚ 0
Ω Γ𝑡 𝑙
𝑙 𝑙
d𝑢 d𝑤 d𝑢
𝑤𝐴𝐸 อ −න 𝐴𝐸 d𝑥 + න 𝑤 𝑏d𝑥 = 0 ∀𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑤 𝑙
d𝑥 0 d𝑥 d𝑥 0
0
=0
Weighted Residual Method
Heat Conduction

𝐿
න Φ𝑖 𝑅𝑑𝑥 = 0
0
Weighted Residual Method
Heat Conduction

𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑑2𝑇 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑤𝐴𝑘 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑤𝐴𝑘 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑤𝐴𝑘 𝑑𝑥
Γ Γq Γ/q
න 𝑤𝐴𝑘 2 𝑑𝑥 = − න
𝐴𝑘 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑤𝐴𝑘
Ω 𝑑𝑥 Ω 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Γ
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑤𝐴𝑘 = 𝑤𝐴𝑘(𝑛 + 𝑟) = 𝑤𝐴𝑘(𝑛)
𝑑𝑥 Γq
𝑑𝑥 Γq
𝑑𝑥 Γq
Weighted Residual Method
Heat Conduction

𝑑𝛿𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑇
න 𝐴𝑘 𝑑𝑥 + 𝛿𝑇𝐴𝑞ത Γq − න 𝛿𝑇𝑠𝑑𝑥 = 0 ∀𝑤 ∈ 𝑈0 න 𝐴𝑘 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑤𝐴𝑞ത Γq − න 𝑤𝑠𝑑𝑥 = 0 ∀𝑤 ∈ 𝑈0
Ω 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Ω Ω 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Ω

Discretize Discretize

𝑇 = 𝐍𝐓 𝑇 = 𝐍𝐓
𝛿𝑇 = 𝐍𝛅𝐓 𝑤 = 𝐍𝐰

𝑑(𝛅𝐓 𝐓 𝐍𝐓 ) 𝑑 𝐍𝐓 𝑑(𝐰 𝐓 𝐍𝐓 ) 𝑑 𝐍𝐓
න 𝐴𝑘 𝑑𝑥 + 𝛅𝐓 𝐓 𝐍𝐓 𝐴𝑞ത 𝐓 𝐓
− න 𝛅𝐓 𝐍 𝑠𝑑𝑥 = 0 න 𝐴𝑘 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐰𝐍𝐓 𝐴𝑞ത − න 𝐰𝐍𝐓 𝑠𝑑𝑥 = 0
Ω 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Γq
Ω e 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Γq
e

𝑑(𝐍𝐓 ) 𝑑 𝐍 𝑑(𝐍𝐓 ) 𝑑 𝐍
න 𝐴𝑘 𝐓𝑑𝑥 + 𝐍𝐓 𝐴𝑞ത 𝐓
− න 𝐍 𝑠𝑑𝑥 = 0 න 𝐴𝑘 𝑑𝐓𝑥 + 𝐍𝐓 𝐴𝑞ത − න 𝐍𝐓 𝑠𝑑𝑥 = 0
Ω 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Γq
e 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Γq
Ω e
FEM tree

Newtonian
mechanic Direct

Global Linear Equation

ELEMENT Equation
L=T-V Lagrangian or Assemble
Hamiltonian Calculus of Variation SOLVE
Condense
Raylieh-Ritz

Weak form
Π=U+V mechanic
Discretization

𝜕2𝜙 Differential Weighted residual

=0
𝜕𝑥𝑖2 Equation method(Galerkin)
Differential equation
Heat Conduction

∇. 𝑲∇𝑇 + 𝑠 = 0
Differential equation
Heat Conduction

∇. 𝑲∇𝑇 + 𝑠 = 0

𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
𝑘 + 𝑘 +𝑠 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝑇
𝜕 𝜕𝑇
𝜕𝑥 𝑘𝑥 0 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 0 𝑘𝑦 𝜕𝑇 + 𝑠 = 0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
FEM tree

Newtonian
mechanic Direct

Global Linear Equation

ELEMENT Equation
L=T-V Lagrangian or Assemble
Hamiltonian Calculus of Variation SOLVE
Condense
Raylieh-Ritz

Weak form
Π=U+V mechanic
Discretization

𝜕2𝜙 Differential Weighted residual

=0
𝜕𝑥𝑖2 Equation method(Galerkin)
Finding weak form
Heat Conduction

𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
න𝑤 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 +𝑠 =0
Ω 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
නw 𝑘𝑥 𝑑Ω + න 𝑤 𝑘𝑦 𝑑Ω + න 𝑤𝑠 𝑑Ω = 0
Ω 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 Ω 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 Ω

𝜕w 𝜕𝑇 𝜕w 𝜕𝑇
−න 𝑘𝑥 𝑑Ω − න 𝑘𝑦 𝑑Ω + න 𝑤𝑞. 𝑑Γ + න 𝑤𝑠 𝑑Ω = 0
Ω 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 Ω 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕Ω Ω
Finding weak form
Heat Conduction

𝜕w 𝜕𝑇 𝜕w 𝜕𝑇
−න 𝑘𝑥 𝑑Ω − න 𝑘𝑦 𝑑Ω + න 𝑤𝑞. 𝑑Γ + න 𝑤𝑠 𝑑Ω = 0
Ω 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 Ω 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕Ω Ω

𝑇
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑇
𝜕𝑥 𝑘𝑥 0 𝜕𝑥
න 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑇 𝑑Ω − න𝜕Ω𝑤𝑞. 𝑑Γ − නΩ𝑤𝑠 𝑑Ω = 0
Ω
0 𝑘𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Weak form

න ∇𝑤. 𝐊∇𝑇𝑑Ω − න 𝑤𝑞𝑑Γ − න 𝑤𝑠 𝑑Ω = 0

Ω 𝜕Ω Ω

∇. 𝑲∇𝑇 + 𝑠 = 0
FEM tree

Newtonian
mechanic Direct

Global Linear Equation

ELEMENT Equation
L=T-V Lagrangian or Assemble
Hamiltonian Calculus of Variation SOLVE
Condense
Raylieh-Ritz

Weak form
Π=U+V mechanic
Discretization

𝜕2𝜙 Differential Weighted residual

=0
𝜕𝑥𝑖2 Equation method(Galerkin)
Discretization
Heat Conduction

Weak form
න ∇𝑤. 𝐊∇𝑇𝑑Ω − න 𝑤𝑞. 𝑑Γ − න 𝑤𝑠 𝑑Ω = 0
Ω 𝜕Ω Ω

𝜕Ω
Ω
Discretization
Heat Conduction

𝜕Ω 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝐓𝐧𝐨𝐝𝐚𝐥

𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑

Ω

𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝐍(𝐱, 𝐲)𝐓
Discretization
Heat Conduction
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝐍(𝐱, 𝐲)𝐓 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝐍𝐞 (𝐱, 𝐲)𝐓𝐞

𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝐍𝐞 (𝐱(𝝃, 𝜼), 𝐲(𝝃, 𝜼))𝐓𝐞

T=NT
𝐍 = 𝑁1 , 𝑁2 , … 𝑁𝑛

𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝑇1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝑇1
𝑇2 𝑁 𝑁 … 𝑁 𝑇2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 1 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝑛
𝛻𝑇 = 𝜕𝑇 = ∇ 𝐍𝐓 = 𝜕 𝑁1 , 𝑁2 , … 𝑁𝑛 = 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 = 𝐋𝐓
… 𝑁 𝑁 … 𝑁 …
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑇𝑛 𝜕𝑦 1 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 𝑛 𝑇𝑛
Discretization
Heat Conduction

Weak form න ∇𝑤. 𝐊∇𝑇𝑑Ω − න 𝑤𝑞. 𝑑Γ − න 𝑤𝑠 𝑑Ω = 0

Ω 𝜕Ω Ω

𝜕Ω𝑒

𝜕Ω Ω Ω𝑒

T=NT w=Nw
𝛁⇒𝐋⇒ 𝛻𝑇 = 𝐋𝐓 𝛻𝑤 = 𝐋𝐰
න ∇𝑤. 𝐊∇𝑇𝑑Ω − න 𝑤𝑞. 𝑑Γ − න 𝑤𝑠 𝑑Ω = 0
Ωe 𝜕Ω𝑒 Ω𝑒

න 𝐋𝐰 𝑇𝐊 𝐋𝐓 𝑑Ω − න (Nw)𝑇 𝑞𝑑Γ − න (Nw)𝑇 𝑠 𝑑Ω = 0

Ω𝑒 𝜕Ωe Ωe
Discretization
Heat Conduction

Weak form න ∇𝑤. 𝐊∇𝑇𝑑Ω − න 𝑤𝑞. 𝑑Γ − න 𝑤𝑠 𝑑Ω = 0

Ω 𝜕Ω Ω

𝜕Ω𝑒

𝜕Ω Ω Ω𝑒

T=NT w=Nw
𝛁⇒𝐋⇒ 𝛻𝑇 = 𝐋𝐓 𝛻𝑤 = 𝐋𝐰
න ∇𝑤. 𝐊∇𝑇𝑑Ω − න 𝑤𝑞. 𝑑Γ − න 𝑤𝑠 𝑑Ω = 0
Ωe 𝜕Ω𝑒 Ω𝑒

න 𝐋𝐰 𝑇𝐊 𝐋𝐓 𝑑Ω − න (Nw)𝑇 𝑞𝑑Γ − න (Nw)𝑇 𝑠 𝑑Ω = 0

Ω𝑒 𝜕Ωe Ωe

න 𝐋𝑇 𝐊𝐋 𝐓 𝑑Ω − න N𝑇 𝑞𝑑Γ − න N𝑇 𝑠 𝑑Ω = 0
Ωe 𝜕Ω𝑒 Ω𝑒
Discretization
Heat Conduction

න 𝐋𝑇 𝐊𝐋 𝐓 𝑑Ω − න N𝑇 𝑞𝑑Γ − න N𝑇 𝑠 𝑑Ω = 0
Ωe 𝜕Ω𝑒 Ω𝑒

න 𝐋 𝑇𝐊 𝐋𝐓 dxdydz − න (N)𝑇 𝑞𝑑𝑠 − න (N)𝑇 𝑠 𝑑xdydz = 0

Ω𝑒 𝜕Ωe Ωe

𝑇𝐊
න 𝐋 𝐋𝐓 tdxdy − න (N)𝑇 𝑞t𝑑𝐿 − න (N)𝑇 𝑠 t𝑑xdy = 0
Ω𝑒 𝜕Ωe Ωe

𝜕𝑁 𝜉, 𝜂
𝑁 𝜉, 𝜂 , 𝐿~ ⇒ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥𝑖
𝜕Ω𝑒
𝑦 𝜂
Ω𝑒

𝑥 𝜉
Discretization
Heat Conduction

𝑇
න 𝐋 𝐊 𝐋𝐓 dxdydz − න (N)𝑇 𝑞𝑑𝑠 − න (N)𝑇 𝑠 𝑑xdydz = 0
Ω𝑒 𝜕Ωe Ωe

𝑇
න 𝐋 𝐊 𝐋𝐓 tdxdy − න (N)𝑇 𝑞t𝑑𝐿 − න (N)𝑇 𝑠 t𝑑xdy = 0
Ω𝑒 𝜕Ωe Ωe

𝜕𝑁 𝜉, 𝜂
𝑁 𝜉, 𝜂 , 𝐿~ ⇒ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥𝑖

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟏
𝑁 𝑁 … 𝑁
𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝜉 1 𝜕𝜉 2 𝜕𝜉 𝑛 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝐽11 𝑗12
𝒋𝒂𝒄 = = … … =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝐽21 𝐽22
𝑁 𝑁 … 𝑁 𝒙𝒏 𝒚𝒏
𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝜂 1 𝜕𝜂 2 𝜕𝜂 𝑛
Discretization
Heat Conduction

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑁 𝑁 … 𝑁 𝑁 𝑁 … 𝑁
𝜕𝑥 1 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝑛 −𝟏 𝜕𝜉 1 𝜕𝜉 2 𝜕𝜉 𝑛
𝑳= 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 = 𝒋𝒂𝒄
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑁 𝑁 … 𝑁 𝑁 𝑁 … 𝑁
𝜕𝑦 1 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 𝑛 𝜕𝜂 1 𝜕𝜂 2 𝜕𝜂 𝑛

𝑇𝐊
න 𝐋 𝐋𝐓 t det jac d𝜉d𝜂 − න (N)𝑇 𝑞t𝑑𝐿 − න (N)𝑇 𝑠 tdet jac d𝜉d𝜂 = 0
Ω𝑒 𝜕Ωe Ωe

𝑑𝐿 = 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2
Mapping and Jacobean

2 2
𝜕 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 𝜕𝑦1 𝜕𝑦2 𝜕𝑦1 𝜕𝑦2
= = +
𝜕 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
 Distributed forces on boundaries

Cauchy Eq. Divergence theorem

𝜎𝑖𝑗,𝑗 + 𝑏𝑖 = 𝜌𝑢ሷ 𝑖
Weak form ම 𝑤𝜎𝑖𝑗,𝑗 𝑑𝑉 = − ම 𝑤,𝑗 𝜎𝑖𝑗 𝑑𝑉 + ඾ 𝑤. 𝜎𝑖𝑗 . 𝑛ො 𝑑𝑠 = 0
Ω Ω
𝜕Ω
න 𝑤 𝜎𝑖𝑗,𝑗 + 𝑏𝑖 − 𝜌𝑢ሷ 𝑖 𝑑𝑉 = 0 Finally:
Ω

න 𝑤𝜎𝑖𝑗,𝑗 + 𝑊𝑏𝑖 − 𝑊𝜌𝑢ሷ 𝑖 𝑑𝑉 = 0 ම 𝑤,𝑗 𝜎𝑖𝑗 𝑑𝑉 = ඾ 𝑤. 𝜎𝑖𝑗 . 𝑛ො 𝑑𝑠 = ඾ 𝑤. 𝑡Ԧ𝑑𝑠

Ω Ω
𝜕Ω 𝜕Ω
2 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝐹 = ඾ 𝑁. 𝑡Ԧ𝑑𝑠 = ෍ 𝑁 𝜁𝐺𝑝 𝜔𝑔𝑝 . 𝑡Ԧ 𝐗𝑔𝑝 𝑗𝑎𝑐 𝑗𝑎𝑐 =
𝜕𝜉
+
𝜕𝜉
𝜕Ω 𝐺𝑝
Discretization
Heat Conduction

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑁 𝑁 … 𝑁 𝑁 𝑁 … 𝑁
𝜕𝑥 1 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝑛 −𝟏 𝜕𝜉 1 𝜕𝜉 2 𝜕𝜉 𝑛
𝑳= 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 = 𝒋𝒂𝒄
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑁 𝑁 … 𝑁 𝑁 𝑁 … 𝑁
𝜕𝑦 1 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 𝑛 𝜕𝜂 1 𝜕𝜂 2 𝜕𝜂 𝑛

𝑇 𝐊t
න 𝐋 𝐋𝐓 det jac d𝜉d𝜂 − න (N)𝑇 𝑞tdet 𝐽 d𝜉d𝜂 − න (N)𝑇 𝑠 tdet jac d𝜉d𝜂 = 0
Ω𝑒 𝜕Ωe Ωe
Numerical integration or Quadrature
First point integration

𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥

Integral First point

𝑎 𝑛−1
𝑏−𝑎 𝑏−𝑎
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ෍ ( )𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑖 × ( ))
𝑏 𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=0
Numerical integration

𝑃0 = 1 𝑃1 = 𝑥 𝑃2 = 𝑥 2
𝑃 𝑥

Integral Integral Integral Integral

𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 𝑃0 𝑥 = 𝑎0 𝑃1 𝑥 = 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑃2 𝑥 = 𝑎2 𝑥^2
1 1 1 1
න 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑎0 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑎1 𝑥𝑑𝑥 න 𝑎2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
−1 −1 −1 −1
Gauss Quadrature
𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥

𝑓1

Integral Quadrature
𝑓 0 ×2
a b -1 +1

𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥

𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓1

Integral Quadrature Quadrature

𝑓 0 ×2
Gauss Quadrature

+1
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑓 0 = 𝓌𝑖 𝑓 𝑥𝑖
−1

-1 1 -1 +1
𝑃0 → 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎0
𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
𝑃1 → 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0

𝑃2 = 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0

𝑓1
...
Integral Quadrature
𝑓 0 ×2 𝑛𝑥
+1
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ෍ 𝓌𝑖 𝑓 𝑥𝑖 ,
−1 𝑖=1
Gauss Quadrature
+1
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑤1 𝑓 𝑥1 + 𝑤2 𝑓 𝑥2 = 𝓌𝑖 𝑓 𝑥𝑖
−1
+1
න 𝑎2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑤𝑓 −𝑐 + 𝑤𝑓 𝑐
-1 1 -1 +1 −1
1
+1 3
𝑥 2𝑎2
න 𝑎2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎2 อ = 2𝑤𝑎2 𝑐 2 =
𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 −1 3 3
−1

1
𝑤𝑐 2 =
3
𝑓1 𝑤=1

Integral Quadrature 1
𝑐= ±
3
𝑓 0 ×2

+1 𝑛𝑥

න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ෍ 𝓌𝑖 𝑓 𝑥𝑖 ,
−1 𝑖=1
Gauss Quadrature
𝑃 ≤ 2𝑛 − 1
𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 Gauss-Legendre (Gaussian quadrature(2018), Wikipedia.)

𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓3 𝑓4 𝑓5

-1 Integral +1 -1 Quadrature +1

+1 𝑛𝑥

න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ෍ 𝓌𝑖 𝑓 𝑥𝑖 ,
−1 𝑖=1

+1 +1 𝑛𝑥 𝑛𝑦

න න 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = ෍ ෍ 𝓌𝑖 𝓌𝑗 𝑔 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑗 ,
−1 −1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1

+1 +1 +1 𝑛𝑥 𝑛𝑦 𝑛𝑘

න න න ℎ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑 = ෍ ෍ ෍ 𝓌𝑖 𝓌𝑗 𝓌𝑘 ℎ 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑗 , 𝑧𝑘 ,
−1 −1 −1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑘=1
Gauss Quadrature
+1 𝑛𝑥

න 𝑓 𝜉 𝑑𝜉 = ෍ 𝓌𝑖 𝑓 𝜉𝑖 ,
−1 𝑖=1

𝑛𝜉 𝑛𝜉 𝑛𝜂
+1 +1 +1
න න 𝑔 𝜉, 𝜂 𝑑𝜉𝑑𝜂 = ෍ 𝓌𝑖 න 𝑔 𝜉𝑖 , 𝜂 𝑑𝜂 = ෍ ෍ 𝓌𝑖 𝑔𝓌𝑗 𝜉𝑖 , 𝜂𝑗 ,
−1 −1 𝑖=1 −1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1

𝑛𝜉 𝑛𝜂 𝑛𝜁
+1 +1 +1
න න න ℎ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑 = ෍ ෍ ෍ 𝓌𝑖 𝓌𝑗 𝓌𝑘 ℎ 𝜉𝑖 , 𝜂𝑗 , 𝜁𝑘 ,
−1 −1 −1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑘=1
Gauss Quadrature
2

+1 𝑛𝑥

න 𝐵𝑇 𝐷𝐵 det(𝑗𝑎𝑐) 𝑑𝜉 = ෍ 𝓌𝑖 𝐵𝑇 𝜉𝑖 𝐷 𝜉𝑖 𝐵 𝜉𝑖 det(𝑗𝑎𝑐 𝜉𝑖 )
1
−1 𝑖=1

𝑛𝜉 𝑛𝜂
+1 +1
න න 𝐵𝑇 𝐷𝐵 det(𝑗𝑎𝑐) 𝑑𝜉𝑑𝜂 = ෍ ෍ 𝓌𝑖 𝓌𝑗 𝐵𝑇 𝜉𝑖 , 𝜂𝑗 𝐷 𝜉𝑖 , 𝜂𝑗 𝐵 𝜉𝑖 , 𝜂𝑗 det(𝑗𝑎𝑐 𝜉𝑖 , 𝜂𝑗 ) ,
−1 −1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1

4 3

1 2
Gauss Quadrature
𝑛𝜉 𝑛𝜂
+1 +1
න න 𝑔 𝜉, 𝜂 𝑑𝜉𝑑𝜂 = ෍ ෍ 𝓌𝑖 𝓌𝑗 𝑔 𝜉𝑖 , 𝜂𝑗 ,
−1 −1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1

𝑘 = 𝑖 − 1 × 𝑛𝜉 + 𝑗
𝓌𝑘 = 𝓌𝑖 𝓌𝑗
𝜉𝑘 , 𝜂𝑘 = (𝜉𝑖 , 𝜂𝑗 )

𝑛𝜉 𝑛𝜂
+1 +1
න න 𝑔 𝜉, 𝜂 𝑑𝜉𝑑𝜂 = ෍ 𝓌𝑘 𝑔 𝜉𝑘 , 𝜂𝑘
−1 −1 𝑘=1
Gauss Quadrature algorithm

1 Xi=[xi1,xi2,….,xin];
W=[w1,w2 , …..wn];
2
For each_Element
3 coord;
4 For each_Gauss_Point (gp: gauss point number)
dn/dxi
5
calc jac
6 calc dN/dx
find B
7
Evaluate KGP=BT*D*B*w(gp) (@ current GP)
8 Kelem=Kelem+KGP;
9 End For each_Gauss_Point
Assemble KTotal(DOFelem) = KTotal(DOFelem) + Kelem;
10 End For each_Element
Gauss Quadrature algorithm

1 Find [Xi,Eta] %Xi=[xi1,xi2,….,xin];

Find [w] %W=[w1,w2 , …..wn];
2
For each_Element
3 coord;
4 For each_Gauss_Point (gp: gauss point number)
dn/dxi & dn/deta
5
calc jac
6 calc dN/dx & dN/dy
find B
7
Evaluate KGP=BT*D*B*w(gp) (@ current GP)
8 Kelem=Kelem+KGP;
9 End For each_Gauss_Point
Assemble KTotal(DOFelem) = KTotal(DOFelem) + Kelem;
10 End For each_Element
Gauss Quadrature, choosing number of GPs.

1 2 3 4 5

Polyn. Order 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Shpfnc. order - - 1 - 2 - 3
Direct integ. 2.839733093 0.839733093 1.834723683 1.834723683 2.094392012 2.094392012 2.0536826
2n-1
GQ O(1) 1 0 0 0.542310866 0.542310866 0.59905639 0.59905639 0.591108629
GQ O(2) 3 0 0 0 0 0.055103412 0.055103412 0.04151227
0 GQ O(3) 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.003171623 6
GQ O(4) 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
GQ O(5) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
𝑃: 𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦 GQ O(6) 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
𝑛: 𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝐺𝑄 GQ O(7) 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
‫ ׬‬B T DBdV
𝑃 ≤ 2𝑛 − 1 GQ O(8) 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
GQ O(9) 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
FEM tree

Newtonian
mechanic Direct

Global Linear Equation

ELEMENT Equation
L=T-V Lagrangian or Assemble
Hamiltonian Calculus of Variation SOLVE
Condense
Raylieh-Ritz

Weak form
Π=U+V mechanic
Discretization

𝜕2𝜙 Differential Weighted residual

=0
𝜕𝑥𝑖2 Equation method(Galerkin)
Discretization
Heat Conduction

𝑇
න 𝐋 𝐊 𝐋𝐓 t det jac d𝜉d𝜂 − න (N)𝑇 𝑞tdet 𝐽 d𝜉d𝜂 − න (N)𝑇 𝑠 tdet jac d𝜉d𝜂 = 0
Ω𝑒 𝜕Ωe Ωe

𝑛𝜉 𝑛𝜂 𝑛𝑥

෍ ෍ 𝓌𝑖 𝓌𝑗 𝑳𝑇 𝜉𝑖 , 𝜂𝑗 𝑲 𝜉𝑖 , 𝜂𝑗 𝑳 𝜉𝑖 , 𝜂𝑗 det 𝑗𝑎𝑐 𝜉𝑖 , 𝜂𝑗 𝐓 − ෍ 𝓌𝑖 𝑁 𝑇 𝜉𝑖 𝑞 𝜉𝑖 det 𝑗 𝜉𝑖

𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑖=1
𝑛𝜉 𝑛𝜂

− ෍ ෍ 𝓌𝑖 𝓌𝑗 𝑵𝑇 𝜉𝑖 , 𝜂𝑗 𝒔 𝜉𝑖 , 𝜂𝑗 det 𝑗𝑎𝑐 𝜉𝑖 , 𝜂𝑗 =0
𝑖=1 𝑗=1
ELEMENT Equation

𝑛𝜉 𝑛𝜂 𝑛𝑥 𝑛𝜉 𝑛𝜂

෍ ෍ 𝓌𝑖 𝓌𝑗 𝑳𝑇 𝑲𝑳 det 𝑗𝑎𝑐 𝐓 − ෍ 𝓌𝑖 𝑁 𝑇 𝑞 det 𝑗 − ෍ ෍ 𝓌𝑖 𝓌𝑗 𝑵𝑇 𝒔 det 𝑗𝑎𝑐 = 0

𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1
𝐊 𝐞 𝐓𝐞 − 𝐅𝐞 − 𝐁𝐞 = 𝟎
FEM tree

Newtonian
mechanic Direct

Global Linear Equation

ELEMENT Equation
L=T-V Lagrangian or Assemble
Hamiltonian Calculus of Variation SOLVE
Condense
Raylieh-Ritz

Weak form
Π=U+V mechanic
Discretization

𝜕2𝜙 Differential Weighted residual

=0
𝜕𝑥𝑖2 Equation method(Galerkin)
Assembling
Heat Conduction

ELEMENT Equation 𝐊 𝐞 𝐓𝐞 − 𝐅𝐞 − 𝐁𝐞 = 𝟎

𝐍𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦

෍ 𝐊 𝐞 𝐓𝐞 − 𝐅𝐞 − 𝐁𝐞 = 𝟎
𝐞=𝟏

Global Linear Equation 𝐊𝐓 − 𝐅 − 𝐁 = 𝟎

SOLVE 𝐓 = 𝐊 −𝟏 (𝐅 + 𝐁)
Example
0 1
ฬ 𝑇 = 100 ฬ
2 2

35𝑊 0 1
𝐾 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 ∶ ฬ ฬ
𝑚. ℃ 1 1
𝜌 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙: 7.85 g/cm3
𝐽
𝐶 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙: 420
𝑘𝑔℃
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 = 1 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙/𝑠𝑒𝑐
L

𝑇=0
0 1
ฬ L ฬ
0 0
Example

(x-x0)^2+(y-y0)^2= R^2
(x-x0)^2+(y-y0)^2<= (R+𝜖)^2
 Y=15

O=(15,7.5)
R=2.5

Y=0
x=0 x=30
Differential equation
Heat Conduction

𝜕𝑇
∇. 𝑲∇𝑇 + 𝑠 = 𝜌𝑐
𝜕𝑡
Differential equation
Heat Conduction

𝜕𝑇
∇. 𝑲∇𝑇 + 𝑠 = 𝜌𝑐
𝜕𝑡
𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 + 𝑠 = 𝜌𝑐
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡

𝑇
𝜕 𝜕𝑇
𝜕𝑥 𝑘𝑥 0 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑇
𝜕 𝜕𝑇 + 𝑠 = 𝜌𝑐
0 𝑘𝑦 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
FEM tree

Newtonian
mechanic Direct

Global Linear Equation

ELEMENT Equation
L=T-V Lagrangian or Assemble
Hamiltonian Calculus of Variation SOLVE
Condense
Raylieh-Ritz

Weak form
Π=U+V mechanic
Discretization

𝜕2𝜙 Differential Weighted residual

=0
𝜕𝑥𝑖2 Equation method(Galerkin)
Finding weak form
Heat Conduction

𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
න𝑤 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 + 𝑠 − 𝜌𝑐 =0
Ω 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡

𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
නw 𝑘𝑥 𝑑Ω + න 𝑤 𝑘𝑦 𝑑Ω + න 𝑤𝑠 𝑑Ω − න 𝑤𝜌𝑐 𝑑Ω = 0
Ω 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 Ω 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 Ω Ω 𝜕𝑡

𝜕w 𝜕𝑇 𝜕w 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
−න 𝑘𝑥 𝑑Ω − න 𝑘𝑦 𝑑Ω + න 𝑤𝑞. 𝑑Γ + න 𝑤𝑠 𝑑Ω − න 𝑤𝜌𝑐 𝑑Ω = 0
Ω 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 Ω 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕Ω Ω Ω 𝜕𝑡
Finding weak form
Heat Conduction

𝜕w 𝜕𝑇 𝜕w 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
−න 𝑘𝑥 𝑑Ω − න 𝑘𝑦 𝑑Ω + න 𝑤𝑞. 𝑑Γ + න 𝑤𝑠 𝑑Ω − න 𝑤𝜌𝑐 𝑑Ω = 0
Ω 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 Ω 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕Ω Ω Ω 𝜕𝑡

𝑇
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑇
𝜕𝑥 𝑘𝑥 0 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑇
න 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑇 𝑑Ω − න 𝑤𝑞. 𝑑Γ − න 𝑤𝑠 𝑑Ω − න 𝑤𝜌𝑐 𝑑Ω = 0
Ω
0 𝑘𝑦 𝜕Ω Ω Ω 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Weak form

𝜕𝑇
න ∇𝑤. 𝐊∇𝑇𝑑Ω − න 𝑤𝑞𝑑Γ − න 𝑤𝑠 𝑑Ω − න 𝑤𝜌𝑐 𝑑Ω = 0
Ω 𝜕Ω Ω Ω 𝜕𝑡

∇. 𝑲∇𝑇 + 𝑠 = 0
FEM tree

Newtonian
mechanic Direct

Global Linear Equation

ELEMENT Equation
L=T-V Lagrangian or Assemble
Hamiltonian Calculus of Variation SOLVE
Condense
Raylieh-Ritz

Weak form
Π=U+V mechanic
Discretization

𝜕2𝜙 Differential Weighted residual

=0
𝜕𝑥𝑖2 Equation method(Galerkin)
Discretization
Heat Conduction

Weak form
𝜕𝑇
න ∇𝑤. 𝐊∇𝑇𝑑Ω − න 𝑤𝑞. 𝑑Γ − න 𝑤𝑠 𝑑Ω − න 𝑤𝜌𝑐 𝑑Ω = 0
Ω 𝜕Ω Ω Ω 𝜕𝑡

𝜕Ω
Ω
Discretization
Heat Conduction
𝜕𝑇
Weak form න ∇𝑤. 𝐊∇𝑇𝑑Ω − න 𝑤𝑞. 𝑑Γ − න 𝑤𝑠 𝑑Ω − න 𝑤𝜌𝑐 𝑑Ω = 0
Ω 𝜕Ω Ω Ω 𝜕𝑡

𝜕Ω𝑒

𝜕Ω Ω Ω𝑒

T=NT w=Nw
𝛁⇒𝐋⇒ 𝛻𝑇 = 𝐋𝐓 𝛻𝑤 = 𝐋𝐰
𝜕𝑇
න ∇𝑤. 𝐊∇𝑇𝑑Ω − න 𝑤𝑞. 𝑑Γ − න 𝑤𝑠 𝑑Ω − න 𝑤𝜌𝑐 =0
Ωe 𝜕Ω𝑒 Ω𝑒 Ω 𝜕𝑡
𝑇𝐊
𝜕𝑇
න 𝐋𝐰 𝐋𝐓 𝑑Ω − න (Nw)𝑇 𝑞𝑑Γ − න (Nw)𝑇 𝑠 𝑑Ω − න (Nw)𝑇 𝜌𝑐 =0
Ω𝑒 𝜕Ωe Ωe Ω 𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝑇
න 𝐋𝑇 𝐊𝐋 𝐓 𝑑Ω − න N𝑇 𝑞𝑑Γ − න N𝑇 𝑠 𝑑Ω − න (Nw)𝑇 𝜌𝑐 =0
Ωe 𝜕Ω𝑒 Ω𝑒 Ω 𝜕𝑡
Temporal Discretization
Heat Conduction

𝜕𝑇
න 𝐋𝑇 𝐊𝐋 𝐓 𝑑Ω − න N𝑇 𝑞𝑑Γ − න N𝑇 𝑠 𝑑Ω − න (Nw)𝑇 𝜌𝑐 =0
Ωe 𝜕Ω𝑒 Ω𝑒 Ω 𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝑇 𝑇𝑡 − 𝑇𝑡−1
=
𝜕𝑡 Δ𝑡

𝜕𝑇 1
= 𝐍T𝑡 − 𝐍T𝑡−1
𝜕𝑡 Δ𝑡

1
න 𝐋𝑇 𝐊𝐋 𝐓𝐭 𝑑Ω − න N𝑇 𝑞𝑑Γ − න N𝑇 𝑠 𝑑Ω − න (Nw)𝑇 𝜌𝑐 𝐍𝐓𝐭 − 𝐍𝐓𝐭−𝟏 = 0
Ωe 𝜕Ω𝑒 Ω𝑒 Ω Δ𝑡
FEM tree

Newtonian
mechanic Direct

Global Linear Equation

ELEMENT Equation
L=T-V Lagrangian or Assemble
Hamiltonian Calculus of Variation SOLVE
Condense
Raylieh-Ritz

Weak form
Π=U+V mechanic
Discretization

𝜕2𝜙 Differential Weighted residual

=0
𝜕𝑥𝑖2 Equation method(Galerkin)
Discretization
Heat Conduction

𝑛𝜉 𝑛𝜂 𝑛𝑥

෍ ෍ 𝓌𝑖 𝓌𝑗 𝑳𝑇 𝑲𝑳 det 𝑗𝑎𝑐 𝐓 − ෍ 𝓌𝑖 𝑁 𝑇 𝑞 det 𝑗

𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑖=1
𝑛𝜉 𝑛𝜂 𝑛𝜉 𝑛𝜂
1
− ෍ ෍ 𝓌𝑖 𝓌𝑗 𝑵𝑇 𝒔 det 𝑗𝑎𝑐 − ෍ ෍ 𝓌𝑖 𝓌𝑗 𝑵𝑇 𝜌𝑐𝐍𝒔 det 𝑗𝑎𝑐 𝐓𝐭 − 𝐓𝐭−𝟏 = 0
Δ𝑡
𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1

1
𝐊 𝐞 𝐓𝐞𝐭 − 𝐅𝐞 − 𝐁𝐞 − 𝐌𝐞 𝐓𝒆𝐭 − 𝐓𝒆𝒕−𝟏 = 𝟎
Δt
FEM tree

Newtonian
mechanic Direct

Global Linear Equation

ELEMENT Equation
L=T-V Lagrangian or Assemble
Hamiltonian Calculus of Variation SOLVE
Condense
Raylieh-Ritz

Weak form
Π=U+V mechanic
Discretization

𝜕2𝜙 Differential Weighted residual

=0
𝜕𝑥𝑖2 Equation method(Galerkin)
Discretization
Heat Conduction

1
ELEMENT Equation 𝐊 𝐞 𝐓𝐞𝐭 − 𝐅𝐞 − 𝐁𝐞 − 𝐌𝐞 𝐓𝒆𝐭 − 𝐓𝒆𝒕−𝟏 = 𝟎
Δt

𝐍𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦
1
෍ 𝐊 𝐞 𝐓𝐞𝐭 − 𝐅𝐞 − 𝐁𝐞 − 𝐌𝐞 𝐓𝒆𝐭 − 𝐓𝒆𝒕−𝟏 =𝟎
Δt
𝐞=𝟏

1
Global Linear Equation 𝐊 𝐓𝐭 − 𝐅 − 𝐁 − 𝐌 𝐓 𝐭 − 𝐓 𝒕−𝟏 = 𝟎
Δt

1 1
𝐊 − 𝐌 𝐓 = +𝐅 + 𝐁 − 𝐌𝐓 𝒕−𝟏
𝐭
Δt Δt

−𝟏
1 1
SOLVE 𝐓𝐭 = 𝐊 − 𝐌 (𝐅 + 𝐁 − 𝐌𝐓 𝒕−𝟏 )
Δt Δt
Algorithm 1
Find [Xi,Eta] %Xi=[xi1,xi2,….,xin];
Find [w] %W=[w1,w2 , …..wn];
For time T
Evaluate Boundary conditions
For each_Element
coord;
For each_Gauss_Point (gp: gauss point number)
dn/dxi & dn/deta
calc jac
calc dN/dx & dN/dy
find B
Evaluate KGP=BT*D*B*w(gp) (@ current GP)
Evaluate MGP, BGP,
Kelem=Kelem+KGP;
End For each_Gauss_Point
Assemble KTotal(DOFelem) = KTotal(DOFelem) + Kelem;
End For each_Element
Solve
Update step
End for time T
Algorithm 2
Find [Xi,Eta] %Xi=[xi1,xi2,….,xin];
Find [w] %W=[w1,w2 , …..wn];
Evaluate Boundary conditions
For each_Element
coord;
For each_Gauss_Point (gp: gauss point number)
dn/dxi & dn/deta
calc jac
calc dN/dx & dN/dy
find B
Evaluate KGP=BT*D*B*w(gp) (@ current GP)
Evaluate MGP, BGP,
Kelem=Kelem+KGP;
End For each_Gauss_Point
Assemble KTotal(DOFelem) = KTotal(DOFelem) + Kelem;
End For each_Element

For time T
Update boundary conditions
Solve
Update step

End for time T

Example
0 1
ฬ 𝑇 = 100 ฬ
2 2

35𝑊 0 1
𝐾 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 ∶ ฬ ฬ
𝑚. ℃ 1 1
𝜌 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙: 7.85 g/cm3
𝐽
𝐶 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙: 420
𝑘𝑔℃
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 = 1 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙/𝑠𝑒𝑐
L

𝑇=0
0 1
ฬ L ฬ
0 0
Continuity equation
𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 ′ 𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑤

ℎ
𝑞 = 𝑘 𝐴 = 𝑘𝑖𝐴
𝑙
𝜕ℎ
𝑞 = −𝑘 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕ℎ
𝑣 = −𝑘
𝜕𝑥

∇ v =0
∇ −𝐊∇ℎ = 0
Advection diffusion

𝐷𝐴 𝐶1 − 𝐶2
𝐹𝑖𝑐𝑘 ′ 𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑤

A 𝑗=
𝐿

𝜕𝐶
𝑗 = −𝐷 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥
L
𝐶2 𝐶1

𝜕𝑐
= ∇. 𝐷∇𝐶 − ∇. 𝒗𝐶 + 𝑅
𝜕𝑡
MH Tabatabaei
Fall 2022