SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Simple present tense is a tense that serves to explain facts, events, or actions that
are taking place in the present or take place repeatedly.
The verbs used in the simple present tense are infinitive verbs or the basic form of
verbs that show action or action. 
If the subject in the sentence is a singular noun (Rudy, ruler, ring) or third person
singular pronoun (she, he, it), then verb 1 (except verb to be) needs to be added -
s / -es / -ies.
However, if the subject in the sentence is a pronoun I/you, plural noun (boys,
women, rulers), plural pronoun (they, we), then verb 1 does not need to be added  -
s / -es / -ies.

Subject Verb

Rudy/ruler/ring Breaks

She/He/It Wants

Boys/Women Break

I/You/They/We Want

Fungsi Simple Present Tense

Dilansir dari BBC, we use the present simple for things that we do regularly and for
facts, habits, truths and permanent situations.

The function of the Simple Present Tense is to state facts, habits, truths and
permanent situations.

Here are some  examples of Simple Present Tense :

Show facts

Example:
Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia.
Indonesia has thousands of islands.
Show habits

Example:
I go to bed at 11 pm My father goes to the office by car.

Indicates a permanent situation Example:

I live in Bandung.
My sister works in a school.

Simple Present Tense Formula

Here's the formula for the simple present tense:

Simple Present Tense Positive Sentences
S + Verb 1 atau Be (is/am/are)
Example of sentences:
 He catches a fish
 They are humble
Simple Present Tense Negative Sentence
S + Auxiliary Verb (do/does) + not + Verb 1 (bentuk dasar)
atau 
S + Be (is/am/are) + not
Example of sentences:
 He doesn’t catch a fish
 They aren’t humble
Also Read: Auxiliary Verb Explanation and Examples
Simple Present Tense Interrogative Sentence
Do/does + S + Verb 1 (basic form)
or 
Be (is/am/are) + S
Example of sentences:
 Does he catch a fish?
 Are they humble?

Verb Akhiran -s / -es / -ies
Confused about which verb  to use, which ending? Here's the explanation:

Verb Akhiran -O, -CH, -S, -SH, -X, -Z 

If the verb ends in -O, -CH, -S, -SH, -X, -Z, add -ES

Bare Infinitive Verb 1

Go Goes

Watch Watches

Miss Misses

Fix Fixes

Frizz Frizzes
Consonant Ending Verbs -Y
If the verb ends in -Y, remove it and add -IES

Bare Infinitive Verb 1

Try Tries

Cry Cries

Fry Fries

Worry Worries

Carry Carries

Vowel Ending Verbs -Y

If the verb ends in -Y, add +s

Bare Infinitive Verb 1

Play Plays

Say Says

Pay Country

Buy Buys

Enjoy Enjoys

Example of a Simple Present Tense

Examples of Simple Present Tense positive sentences are:
 My mother is a housewife.
 I go to school by bike.
 Jane watches drama every day.

Examples of Simple Present Tense negative sentences are:

 She is not a cheerleader.
 I don't like bananas.
 Jim does not have a cell phone.

Examples of Simple Present Tense interrogative sentences are:

 Is he a student?
 Do you have a car?
 Does she live there?
 DEFINITION OF PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSES

What is the function of tenses? One of the functions of tenses is to state an event

clearly. Then support formal writing and facilitate communication with the
interlocutor. The existence of tenses is distinguished according to the description of
the time so that its function is also different.
One of them is The Present which shows the current time. Tenses with time The
Present is divided into 4 tenses. Among them are the Simple Present , Present
Continuous, Present Perfect, and Present Perfect Continuous. These tenses are
distinguished according to their function and use.

Present Continuous has an understanding, namely a way to convey every action or

event, action, and event that is currently happening. It can also be used to show
changes or developments over a long period of time.
In general, these tenses are also known as Present Progressive Tenses. In this
tense rule, the conjunction, the time signal, and the subject have their own
characteristics. That is, the formula used is different from the other tenses.

Present Continuous Tense Function

The main function of this tense is to provide an overview or show events that are
currently happening. It can also indicate something that is likely to happen. The
following are some of the functions of using Present Continuous.

1. Declare an ongoing event

This tense is included in the category of The Present. Where an event that is
happening can be expressed using this tense.
Example: He is playing the game now. (He is playing game now)
2. Declare an event and action that has a temporary nature
Besides being used to show events that are happening now, these tenses are also
used to show an event that is temporary.
Example: Jinnie is cooking now but she will wash the pan soon. (Jinnie is cooking
now but she will wash the pan soon).
3. Declare an event that will be done soon
Present Continuous Tenses are also used to convey sentences that will be done
immediately. So it can be interpreted as an event that will come. However, the
adverb of time must be included in the sentence.
Example: Rose is leaving for Australia tomorrow. (Rose is leaving for Australia
tomorrow).
4. Declare an ongoing event but not done when submitting
This tense is also used to convey a job or an action done. However, the work or
deed is not being carried out when submitting it.

Example: I am studying Korean letter at the State University of Seoul now. (I'm

studying Korean Literature at Seoul University now).

5. Expressing an Event as a Form of Immediate Future to Give Attention

The function of this one is almost the same as the category The Future. However,
the function of these tenses is more of a notification to be noticed by many
people. The reported event will also occur.
Example: The student are going to do exam. (Students will be taking exams soon)

6. Declare Changing Events or Events

This tense function is also used to express something that changes. Sometimes
there is a sudden change in conditions so how to convey it using these tenses.
Example: The price of smartphone is increasing very fast. (Smartphone prices are
increasing rapidly).
Some of the functions above can be applied to daily conversations. But the thing to
know is that using these tenses must be in accordance with its function. So that the
conversation in English becomes more fluent.
Characteristics of Present Continuous Tenses
After knowing the various functions, you also need to look at the characteristics of
these tenses in each sentence. This is because tenses in the Present category have
their own characteristics or characteristics. Here is the explanation.
 Use the -ing or V-ing form of the verb. Examples: playing, watching, doing,
singing, cooking, dancing, and others.
 If it is changed to a question sentence, then to be will move to the front.  It is
known that to be consists of am, is, and are. If you use a negative
interrogative sentence, only add not after to be. Example: Are not we singing
BTS song?
Some of the characteristics above are characteristics of these tenses. So, if the -ing
verb or -ing form of the verb appears, it can be suspected that the sentence uses
Present Continuous.
For the record, there are several other characteristics commonly used in these
tenses. One of them is a description of the time or time signal. Adverbs of time can
also be used to distinguish tenses from one another. Here are some adverbs of time
that are often used in these tenses.

 Now : Now
 Right Now : Currently
 Today : Today
 This Morning : This morning
 This Afternoon : This afternoon
 Soon : Soon
 Tonight : Tonight
 At Present : Right now

Usage Formula
Next is the formula for using these tenses. This formula is used as a reference for
arranging verbs, subjects, objects, and adverbs of time to form a coherent
sentence. Here is an explanation of the formula.
Positive Sentence
In positive sentences, the verb used has an -ing form. This sentence is usually used
to express an event without adding the word note.
Formula : S + to be + Verb -ing
 You are eating noodle now
 I am learning book
 She is sleeping
Negative Sentence
Next is a negative sentence that shows the mismatch of the events conveyed.  So
that the delivery of the sentence is given an additional note. For the verb still use the
-ing form of the verb.
Formula: S + to be + not + Verb -ing
 I am not watching tv now
 Joonie is not eating pizza today
 They are not using room today

Questions or Interrogative Sentences

Present Continuous Tenses also have formulas for interrogative or interrogative
sentences. However, the formula used is different from the formula in positive and
negative sentences. The difference is that to be is used as an interrogative sentence
so it is used at the beginning of a sentence.
Formula: To be + S + Verb -ing ?
 Am i studying English now?
 Is my mother cooking a spaghetti today?
 Are you sleeping today?

Understanding the Simple Past Tense

Simple past tense is a form of tense that is used to state facts, habits, or events that
occurred in the past (past). So that our past activities or routines can be expressed
with this tense. Likewise with our circumstances or conditions, such as:

I skipped my morning coffee yesterday.

It rained slightly two days ago.
In 1999, the city changed its name.
Simple Past Tense Formula
The simple past tense has two formulas. The first is called verbal and is used when
there is a verb (verb), while the second is called nominal and is used when there is
no verb. Instead, be ( was, were ) needs to be added to this second formula.

A. With verb (verbal)

  Pattern Example

I/you/we/they + V2 I/you/we/they liked meat

(+) She/he/it + V2 She/he/it liked meat

I/you/we/they + did + not +

V1
She/he/it + did + not + I/you/we/they did not like meat
(-) V1 She/he/it did not like meat

Did + I/you/we/they + V1?

Did + she/he/it + V1? Did I/you/we/they like meat?
– Yes, she/he/it + did Did she/he/it like meat?
– No, she/he/it + did + – Yes, she/he/it did
(?) not – No, she/he/it didn’t

Description:
1. In positive sentences, all subjects + V2
2. In English, there are regular (regular) and irregular (irregular) forms.
3. Regular verbs: V1 + d/ed

look = looked correct = corrected

bake = baked deliver = delivered
visit = visited fund = funded

4. Irregular verbs: see a dictionary or LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

 put = put go = went
write = wrote have = had
come = came make = made

5. In negative sentences, all verbs return to V1.

6. Did + not = didn’t

B. No verb (nominal)

  Pattern Example

You/we/they + were + pelengkap You/we/they were thin

(+) I/she/he/it + was + pelengkap I/she/he/it was thin

You/we/they + were + not +

pelengkap You/we/they were not thin
(-) I/she/he/it + was + not + pelengkap I/she/he/it was not thin

Were + you/we/they + pelengkap? Were you/we/they thin?

Was + I/she/he/it + pelengkap? Was I/she/he/it thin?
– Yes, I/she/he/it + were – Yes, I/she/he/it was
(?) – No, I/she/he/it + was + not – No, I/she/he/it wasn’t

Description:
1. The pronoun "I" uses was in this pattern, parallel to she/he/it .
2. Was + not = wasn’t
3. Were + not = weren’t

Simple Past Tense Functions and Examples

Broadly speaking, the functions of the simple past tense in English are as follows:
1. To express an event in the past whose timing is clear
 yesterday last week
five minutes ago last month
an hour ago last year
three days ago this morning
last night in 2010

Example:

Last year , I traveled to Japan.

(Last year, I went to Japan.)

2. To state a fact in the past

Example:

It was the worst storm to hit London this century .

(It was the worst hurricane to hit London this century.)

3. To express habits in the past ( used to )

Example:

He used to call me last week.

(He used to call me a lot last week.)

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

Simple Future Tense is a tense that is used to express an event in the future. This
tense is one of the most basic tenses and is often used in writing and in
English conversation . The use of this tense is identical to the word will/shall, or be
going to.

Formula Simple Future Tense

The following is the formula for the Simple Future Tense:

Function Formula Example of sentences

o   Subject + will/shall + Verb 1 + Object
o   Subject + be + going to + Verb 1 + o   I will leave it.
Object o   I am going to leave it.
positive (+)
o   Subject + will/shall + not + Verb 1 +
Object
o   Subject + be + not + going to + Verb o   I will not leave it.
1 + Object o   I am not going to leave it.
Negative (-)
o   Will + Subject + Verb 1?
o   Be + Subject + going to + Verb 1 + o   Will I leave it?
Object? o   Am I going to leave it?
Interogatif (?)

Function Simple Future Tense

This tense which is a combination of simple aspects (at one specific time) and future
time frames (which will come) also has several functions in its use.

Utility Example of sentences

a. To express general ideas.
b. To describe habits.
c. To describe emotions.
d. To express personal possession or
relationship.
Families will always be important for us.
My parents will visit my grandparents once
a month.
He will love his new bicycle.
By next month, Andrea will have a
complete set of encyclopedias.
e. To determine the time limit and focus of
the event. John will call me Thursday morning.

Will Versus Be Going To

As mentioned above, the Simple Future Tense is synonymous with the words will
and be going to. There are different functions in the use of these words.

1. Will

Function Example of sentences

a. To submit a request / request .
b. To show desire or unwillingness.
c. To make an appointment.
d. To show general facts.
I need a hand for those groceries. Will you
help me?
He won’t go no matter what.
I promise, I will come to your party.
Plants will die if they don’t get enough
water.

2. Be Going To

Function Example of sentences

I am going to go to the party whether you
a. To show intent or purpose. are there or not.
b. To talk about events that are about to
happen. Look at those clouds! It is going to rain.
c. To talk about the plans that have been
made. We are going to spend a month in Japan.
3. Will and Be Going To

Function Example of sentences

Everything will be fine for Nathan’s party,
a. To make predictions. and everyone is going to have fun.
b. Be going to is usually used to introduce I am going to write an article. First, I will
a topic. Then proceed with a sentence thatdo some research on the topic. Then I will
uses will. make an outline and write.
Using Shall

Here is the usage of shall:

Function Example of sentences

a. To make the sentence more formal. I shall go to the store.
b. To offer something. o   Shall I get you a drink?
Should and may are usually used in this context. o   Should I get you a drink?

c. To suggest activities to be carried out by speakers

and listeners.
In this context, Let's (let us) is used more often and o   Shall we dance?
more informally. o   Let’s dance!

Adverb of time

To make a Simple Future Tense sentence, it will be more complete if you add an
adverb of time.

a. Tomorrow… Tomorrow…
Tomorrow morning Tomorrow morning
Tomorrow afternoon Tomorrow afternoon
Tomorrow evening Tomorrow evening
Tomorrow night Tomorrow night
b. Next… … which will come
Next time Next time
Next week Next week
Next month Next month
Next year Next year
c. Tonight Tonight
d. Soon Quick
And. Later Later
 Two days later Two more days
f. Two more days Two more days
g. By and by Soon
h. The day after tomorrow Day after tomorrow

In general, the use of the Simple Future Tense is the same as the Simple Present
Tense . However, the difference lies in the time frame of the occurrence. This tense
is used for an event that has not happened and will occur in the future.
Thus the explanation of the Simple Future Tense. Hope it is useful!

NOUN AND PRONOUN

 NOUN

   A.     Definition of Noun
A noun is anything that we see or can talk about and that denotes a person,
thing, place, plant, animal, month, profession and so on. For example: pen,
December, Sunday, Jogjakarta, reading, cat, and others. In a sentence, a noun can
be used as the subject of the sentence, the object of the verb, and also the object of
a preposition or preposition.
  
B.     Countable Noun
Countable Nouns are nouns that can be counted, as opposed to Uncoubtable
Nouns, which are objects that cannot be counted. Countable nouns have singular
and plural forms can also be used in singular and plural verbs. Included in the
countable nouns include names of people, names of animals, sizes, places, and
everything that can be seen and counted. Examples are: paint, book, pen, and bag.

Countable nouns can be divided into two forms, namely:

1.       Singular Nouns are nouns that are singular.
Examples are: book, sister, mango, pencil, knife, fly, family, and others.
2.       Plural nouns are nouns that are plural.
Examples are: books, sisters, pencils, mangoes, knives, and others.
To form a plural noun there are certain ways that must be considered,

that is :
   a)       Nouns in the singular form if they become plural, namely by adding s or es to
the singular noun.
example:
Singular Plural
Feather (feather) Pens (feather-feather)
Dog Dogs (dogs)
  b)       If the noun ends in the letters s, sh, x, ch, and o, then the letter es is added
behind the noun.
example:
Singular Plurar
Tomatoes (Tomatoes) Tomatoes (Tomatoes)

Box (Box) Boxes

  c)       When a noun ends in the letter o preceded by a dead letter, then the plural form
is added es.
example:
Singular Plurar
Buffalo (buffalo) Buffaloes (buffaloes)
Negro (Negro) Negro (Negro)

  d)      If the noun ends in the letter y which is preceded by a consonant, then y is
changed to i, then es is added.
example:
Singular Plurar
City(city) City(city)
Cities(cities) Cities(cities)
 
  e)       When the noun ends with the letter y which is preceded by the letter hiduf, then
the plural is only added s and y does not change.
example:
Singular Plurar
Boy (boy) Boy (boy)
Boys(boys) Boys(boys)

f)     When the noun ends in the letters f and fe, then the plural form of the letters f
and fe is changed to ves.
example:
 Singular Plurar
Thief (thief) Thief (thief)
Thieves (thieves) Thieves (thieves)

  g)       Nouns that have the same form between singular and plural.
example:
Singular Plurar It means
Deer Deer Russia
Sheep Sheep one-on-one
 
  h)       Some nouns that only have their letters changed in the plural form (exception).
example:
Singular Plurar
Child Child
Children Children

   i)         Nouns are always in the singular.

example:
Singular Plurar It means
News News newspaper
Politics Politics Political
science

   j)         Nouns are always in the plural form.

example:
Singular Plurar It means
Clothes Clothes Clothes
Pincers Pincers clothespin
 Uncountable Noun
Uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be counted. Included in
uncountable nouns include:
1.       Various kinds of abstract nouns: beauty, knowledge, weakness, advantage, and
others.
2.       Materials or substances that have very small parts: rice, sugar, salt, sand, and
others.
3.       Language: English, Javanese, and others.
4.       Liquids that can change depending on the contents: water, coffee, milk, and
others.
5.       Food ingredients that can be used in various forms: bread, meat, cassava, and
others.
Uncountable nouns can be used as countable nouns if we put an adverb of
quantity before the noun.
Example :
of water : a glass of water
  of tea : a cup of tea
Uncountable Noun :
It is considered not singular or plural but requires a singular verb. In
uncountable nouns there is no known addition of ''a” unit, which indicates that an
object is singular, or the addition of ''-s/es'' to indicate an object is called plural
(because there is no singular or plural form).
Example :
  ‘’Your bread is rotten.”
Uncountable nouns can be added with the words little / a little (a little), much
(a lot), and a large / small amount of (very much).
Example :
  ‘’I need a little bread.’’
You can express an uncountable noun with units (either the number of one or
more) through an uncountable expression.
Example :
  ‘’I need two bars of soap.”
  ‘’Would you get me four slices of bread?’’
  ‘’She wants a slice of bread.’’

PRONOUN
2.1     Definition of pronoun
Pronouns refer to or replace nouns, people and things in the singular or plural
which have been mentioned in the previous sentence (antecedent).
example: 
1)      My parents are serious about health. They say that beef is not good for me.
"My parents" (antecedent) is replaced with "they". But not all pronouns must
have an antecedent.
example: 
1)      Everyone here earns over a thousand dollars a year.
In this case, the pronoun "everyone" does not use an antecedent.

2.2   Pronoun Function
In English grammar ( Grammar ) pronouns have the following functions:
a. Noun phrase Head (as the main noun phrase)        
b. Subject  (as the subject in the sentence)        
c. Subject complement (as a sentence complement)        
d. Direct object (as direct object)       
e. Object complement  (as a complement to an object in a sentence)        
f. Indirect object  (As an indirect object)         
g. Prepositional complement (as a complement
to  prepositions / prepositions )        
h. Appositive  (As a noun or pronoun used to describe or explain another noun or
pronoun.)       
example:
1)      My friend, Joe just became a new father. [appositive berupa noun]
2)      My brother, a chemical engineer, is very dilligent. [appositive berupa noun
phrase]

2.3  Types of Pronouns
           
 The types of pronouns are as follows:
A.    Personal Pronoun
            Personal Pronoun consists of 4 forms, namely: Personal Pronoun as Subject,
as Object, Possessive (owned) and Nominative possessive (nominative property).
example:
1)      Mr. Bambang is an English teacher. He teaches his students well. They
love him very much
2)      My car is BMW. It is parked over there. Which one is yours?
           
Pay special attention to the position of the pronoun in the sentence, namely
the position of He, They, It, Hers as the subject. If the personal pronoun is combined
with a noun with the help of and as a conjunction, please write it as follows:
example :
1)      Selly and I are taking a course in Indonesian history.
2)      Professor Lukman gave all her books to Selly and me.
           
Notice the change in pronoun I in the first sentence to me in the second
sentence. When positioned as a subject we use the pronoun "I" for the word I, and
"me" when positioned as an object.

B.  Reflexive Pronoun
           
Reflexive pronouns such as myself, yourself, herself, himself, themselves,
and themselves indicate that the subject is exposed to the action of the verb.
examle:
1)      Students who cheat on this quiz are only hurting themselves.
2)      You paid yourself a million dollars?

C. Possessive Pronoun
Here are possessive pronouns with some example sentences. Note that the
possessive pronoun is never placed before a noun.

Possessive Pronoun Example:

 Mine This book is mine.
Yours (singular) That car is yours.
Hers The expensive watch is hers.
His The house on Chamber Street is his.
Ours The cute dog is ours.
Yours (plural) Those friends are yours.
Theirs This ball is theirs.
Its –

            There is no proprietary pronoun for its, so we can't say "The book is its". The
possessive pronoun is also often placed at the end of a sentence and is usually
stressed. “ This is my book ” can have quite factual meaning, but “ This book is
mine ” emphasizes who owns the book.
Examples of use in conversation:
1)      Whose watch is this? ; Oh, it”s mine. ; And whose pen is this? ; It”s Tim's, I
think.
2)      Whose CDs are these? ; They”re mine. Do you like them? ; Sure, I”ve got
the same CDs at home.                                                                                    

D. Demonstrative Pronoun
            Demonstrative pronouns are pronouns based on proximity: near (this and
these) and far (that and those).
example:
1)      This is my mother, these are my sisters.
2)      That book is yours, those are mine.

E. Interrogative Pronoun
            Interrogative pronouns are words that question people or things, including:
who, whom (who), whose (to whom), why (why), which (which), and what (what).
 example:
1)   Who did you call?
2)   What did you order?
3)   Why did you sell your cara?
F. Indefinite Pronoun
            Indefinite pronouns are pronouns that refer to someone or something that is
considered indefinite, such as: somebody (someone), something, anything
(something), everyone (everyone), and everything (everything).