CANDIDATE’S NAME: AKEEM JAREL SAMPSON.

Candidate Number:
CENTER NUMBER: 090052
SCHOOL NAME: TAGORE HIGH SCHOOL.
YEAR OF EXAM:
SUBJECT TEACHER:
TERRITORY: GUYANA
 Content Page

Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................................................................3
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................4
History of Cricket.........................................................................................................................................5
A History of the west indies cricket team....................................................................................................6
A history of Guyanese Cricket......................................................................................................................7
Rules of Cricket............................................................................................................................................8
The following laws govern setting up the game:.....................................................................................9
The following laws govern innings and results:.....................................................................................10
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Sports Journalist has many people who he believes are deserving of his sincere

gratitude. The Sports Journalist first wishes to thank his family members, both his immediate

family and relatives, for their help and support throughout this School Based Assessment.

The Sports Journalist also wishes to thank close friends and associates for their assistance

and support.

He would also like to express his sincere gratitude to Physical Education and Sports‟

Teacher Sir Basdeo Seenauth for the time and effort he placed into guiding the researcher on the

SBA.
Introduction
The school based-assessment of the subject physical education and sports has instructed those students
are to host a competition with each student taken on the responsibilities of the role as an official
tournament. The students were required to manage every aspect of the tournament, such as planning
out the games. A cricket competition was held on the 07th February 2020 between the teams: Tagore
Tinans, Pirates and Eastern Challengers. The Sports‟ Journalist helped to put up flyers promoting the
competition, among other roles involved in divulging information and promotional materials involving
the competition. The event officials met and later sought permission from the headteacher to host the
competition.
History of Cricket
The game of cricket is thought to have originated in South England. According to
some researchers, the game dates back to the 13th century. Children in the
countryside used to play cricket in the early years. The players utilized a
straightforward bat made from a branch in the shape of a stone in place of a ball.
The wicket was either a wooden stool or a tree stump. As time went on, the game
changed, and so did the equipment utilized in games. England saw a rise in the
game's popularity, which later expanded to other countries.
One of the oldest games in existence, cricket has roots in England reaching back to
the 16th century. By the middle of the 17th century, village cricket had evolved,
and in the second half of the century, the first English "county teams" were created
when local experts from village cricket were hired as the first professions. In 1709,
the first game in which teams used county names is recorded. Cricket became a
popular sport in London and the south-eastern regions of England in the first part
of the 18th century. The laws of cricket were first written in 1744 and later revised
in 1774 to include innovations like lbw, the middle stump, and a maximum bat
width were added.
Cricket was first introduced to North America through the English colonies in the
17th century, and it spread to other areas of the world in the 18th century.
Colonialists brought it to the West Indies, and British East India Company sailors
brought it to India. In the early years of the 19th century, the sport reached New
Zealand and South Africa before making its way to Australia practically as soon as
colonization got underway in 1788.
All bowling took place underhandedly prior to the early 19th century, and the
majority of bowlers preferred the high-tossed lob. The "round-arm revolution" that
followed saw many bowlers start to raise the point at which they released the ball.
Due to ferocious debate, the MCC changed the law in 1835 to permit raising the
hand as high as the shoulder. The pace, or bowling speed, greatly increased as a
result of the new style. Bowlers gradually defied the law by raising their hands
higher and higher. When England and Surrey were playing at London's
Kennington Oval, the English team protested a "no ball" call (i.e., the umpire's
determination that the bowler had thrown an improper pitch) by walking off the
field.
Whether the bowler should be permitted to elevate his arm over the shoulder was
the main topic of discussion. Due to this issue, the bowler was formally given
permission to bowl overhand in 1864. (but not to cock and straighten the arm). A
batsman's ability to judge the ball was further complicated by this significant
modification to the game. A bowler was already permitted to take a running start
from any angle and for any length of time. The ball could thereafter travel at
speeds more than 90 mph (145 km/h) once the bowler was permitted to release
overhand. Cricket has a unique twist in that the ball is typically delivered in such a
way that it bounces on the pitch (field) before the batsman can hit it, despite the
fact that this is not as quickly as baseball pitching speed. The ball may therefore
curve right or left, bounce low or high, or spin in the direction of or away from the
hitter.
With the development of batting gloves and padding, batsmen learned how to
protect themselves, while the cane handle strengthened the bat's durability.
However, only the finest hitters could handle quick bowling due to how difficult it
was for a batsman to predict the motion of the ball on most surfaces. However, as
the playing conditions improved, batters became accustomed to the new bowling
technique and started to attack. Additionally, new bowling techniques were
discovered, forcing batsmen to further modify their approach.
There was discussion of changing the "leg-before-wicket" law, which was put in
place in 1774 statutes to forbid a batsman from using his body to stop the ball from
striking his wicket, because so many runs were being scored in the early 20th
century. However, other exceptional batters, including W.G. Grace, Sir John Berry
Hobbs, and K.S. Ranjitsinhji, were responsible for the high scores (later the
maharaja of Nawanagar). This was the heyday of cricket.

A number of initiatives were made in the 20th century to help the bowler and speed
up play. However, by the middle of the 20th century, defensive play on both sides
and a slow tempo had replaced the game's dominant offensive style. One-day
cricket, or limited-overs cricket, was introduced in an effort to increase a fan base
that was on the decline. When a Test match was postponed due to inclement
weather for the first few days, a limited-overs game was played on the last day of
play to provide fans with a game to watch. This was the first time one-day cricket
had been played abroad. One-day cricket was established as a result of the
passionate response. Due to the constrained amount of overs (typically 50 each
side), this variation of cricket moves along significantly more quickly.
There are some limitations on fielder positioning in one-day cricket. As a result,
new batting techniques emerged, including the lofted shot and the paddle stroke,
when the ball is hit behind the wicket where typically no fielders are present
(where the batsman tries to hit the ball past the fielders and over their heads).
Twenty20 (T20), a form of one-day cricket with 20 overs per side, made its debut
in 2003 and swiftly gained popularity throughout the world. After the first
Twenty20 world championship in 2007, one-day cricket, and specifically
Twenty20, gained more popularity than Test matches globally, however Test
cricket still has a sizable following in England. In the latter half of the 20th
century, when new bowling tactics were employed, Test matches accelerated
significantly.
England, Australia, and South Africa, the founding members of the Imperial
Cricket Conference, dominated international cricket in the early 20th century. The
International Cricket Council, later known as the International Cricket Conference,
steadily assumed more control over the management of the sport and relocated its
power center from the west to the east. The transition away from the previous
system of rule-making was complete when the ICC relocated its offices from
Lord's in London—where the MCC, the game's original rulers and still its
lawmakers—to Dubai in 2005. The game's priorities also shifted. By the turn of the
twenty-first century, only Australia and England continued to host sold-out Test
cricket matches.

Crowds flocked to see limited-overs internationals everywhere else, but especially

in India and Pakistan. Test cricket began to feel almost incidental. Although the
MCC still has the authority to alter the rules of the game, the ICC created its own
Code of Conduct for players, officials, and administrators that outlines punishment
policies and upholds the spirit of the game. The Champions Trophy as well as the
one-day and Twenty20 World Cups were among the significant international
competitions it organized. To address the growing issue of illegal gambling and
match-fixing, the ICC established the Anti-Corruption Unit in 2000. In 2003, it
was renamed the Anti-Corruption Unit and Security Unit. The ICC has ten full
members at the start of the 2010s, in addition to numerous associate and affiliate
members.
A History of the west indies cricket team

It all began in the 1880s, when the first combined West Indies team formed and toured

Canada and the United States. In the 1890s, the first representative sides were selected to play

visiting English sides.

The West Indies Cricket Board joined the sport’s international ruling body, the Imperial

Cricket Council, in 1926, and played their first official international Test match, in 1928.

Although blessed with great players in our early days as a Test nation, our success remained

sporadic until the 1960s. By the late 1970s, the West Indies had a side recognised as

unofficial world champions, filled with skilled batsmen, brilliant fielders and a fearsome pace

bowling attack. Our team from the 1970s and 1980s is now widely regarded as one of the best

in test cricket’s history, alongside Don Bradman‘s Australian “Invincibles”

The 1980s saw this great team set a then-record streak of 11 consecutive Test victories in

1984, which was part of a still-standing record of 27 tests without defeat (the other tests being

draws), as well as inflicting two 5–0 “blackwashes” against the old enemy of England.

Whilst we have not achieved those consistent heights since, the WINDIES remains one of the

most successful cricket teams in history. With access to a population that is under 0.1% of the

world’s largest cricketing nation (India – population 1.34 billion), the WINDIES continue to

outperform the rest of the world on a pound for pound basis.

In 2016, the WINDIES became the only team in history to be World Champions

simultaneously in three ICC World Cup tournaments, the Men’s ICC World T20, the

Women’s ICC World T20, and the ICC Under-19 World Cup

A history of Guyanese Cricket

The Guyana Cricket Board (GCB) was founded in 1943, assuming control of cricket throughout Guyana

from the Georgetown Cricket Club. This action followed the formation of the Berbice Cricket Board in

1939. William Stanley Jones, then President of the Georgetown Cricket Club, became the first President

of the GCB. Jones, who was born in New Amsterdam and who donated the famous Jones Cup to the GCB

in 1954, was President of the British Guiana Sugar Company at that time.

Before the formation of the GCB, First Division cricket was played for the Parker Cup in Demerara

(mostly Georgetown) and the Davson Cup in Berbice. Even though Parker Cup and Davson Cup

competitions were supposedly open to players of all races, club membership often followed race lines.

In 1917, Thomas Flood, President of the British Guiana East Indian Cricket Club (now Everest) introduced

the Flood Cup for inter-county competition amongst East Indians only. In 1919, the Kawall Cup was

introduced for competition between East Indians of British Guiana, Trinidad and Dutch Guiana. Both

Flood Cup and Kawall Cup competitions ended in 1938. The introduction of the Jones Cup for inter-

county competition opened up competition to players of all races in 1954, indicating the end of race-

based competitions.
When the GCB was formed in 1943, cricket was administered by the Berbice Cricket Board (BCB) in

Berbice and by the Essequibo Cricket Committee in Essequibo. Berbice had 2 votes in the GCB – the

same number as a Georgetown First Division club. In 1969, the Berbice votes were increased to 3, when

the rules were changed so that the BCB Chairman of Selectors would automatically be one of the five

National Selectors.

In 1971, the rules were changed again and Berbice gained 1 more vote, bringing its tally to 4. The

Essequibo Cricket Committee became the Essequibo Cricket Board (ECB), with 4 votes in the GCB. Each

Georgetown First Division club still had 2 votes each, for a total of 16 votes. In 1972, it was agreed that

the Presidents of the BCB and ECB would automatically hold the posts of 1st and 2nd Vice-Presidents in

the GCB.

In 1973, several Georgetown clubs wrote then Minister of Youth, Culture and Sports, Shirley Field-

Ridley, expressing dissatisfaction with the administration of the GCB through its President Frederick

Ramprashad. A Commission of Inquiry was convened, whereby hearings were held throughout Guyana,

followed by new elections, which led to Ramprashad being replaced by Berkeley Gaskin. Gaskin died in

1979, while still serving as GCB President.

In 1992, the GCB handed over control of cricket in the county of Demerara to the newly constituted

Demerara Cricket Board. A new constitution was adopted which gave an equal amount of nine (9) votes

to each of the Counties; Demerara Cricket Board, Berbice Cricket Board and the Essequibo Cricket

Board;who all became the only bonafidemembers of the GCB.

History was recorded in 1999 when local players donned colored clothing for the first time in a local club

competition, the Banks Premium Beer, which was won by GCC. This new practice was in keeping with

international changes, but only clubs in Demerara seemed to transition smoothly at first.

In 2010 Chetram Singh announced that he was retiring from cricket administration. Under his

stewardship of almost two decades, the Guyana senior team won five limited-over titles and one first-

class championship, while the Guyana Under-19 team won six consecutive regional titles. Guyana also

won the inaugural Stanford Twenty20 competition and the 2010 WICB Twenty20 championship, the

latter resulting in Guyana’s participation in the 2010 Airtel Champions League in South Africa. Guyana

was also the finalist of the WICB last edition of its T20 Competition, this being replaced with the

Caribbean Premier League in 2013. Guyana’s Amazon Warriors was also the finalist in the first edition of

the CPL.

It was during Chetram Singh’s watch too that Shiv Chanderpaul and RamnareshSarwan emerged as

leading Test figures. The Guyana National Stadium was built at Providence in 2007 for the World Cup,

the Chetram Singh Centre of Excellence, an indoor practice facility and hostel was completed in 2010 at

LBI, a practice facility was built at the GNIC ground, as was the cricket hostel at Anna Regina, on the

Essequibo coast.

On the 25th July 2008, the Executive of the GCB registered this unincorporated body as a Specially

Authorized Society under the Friendly Societies Act, Chapter 36:04. This process was completed
primarily to access funding from the Stanford Group which had revolutionized T20 cricket in the

Caribbean with an injection of funds allocated to all cricket playing territories of the WICB.

The GCB was eventually de-registered as a Friendly Society in 2011, after the Essequibo Cricket Board

challenged the registration under the grounds that the members, and not the Executive, must register

the Society. Chief Justice Ian Chang ruled that the GCB could not register as a Friendly Society since it

had only three members and at least seven members were required to register a Friendly Society. This

was the Order that actually enabled the GCB to hold its long overdue elections on July 10th 2011 after

the then Minister of Labour Manzoor Nadir had earlier instructed that the elections of January 2011 be

placed on hold. Following another Order by the said Chief Justice, the GCB took steps to regularize its

status through the formation of DEB Essentials Inc. in September 2011. This was a rather tumultuous

period for Guyana’s cricket and the Guyana Cricket Board. The West Indies Cricket Board stood

steadfastly behind its member and shareholder, GCB and publicly stated that Government control and

interference in the sport was unacceptable. The GCB faced many court challenges during this period,

some of them even from the Government of Guyana. Another attempt of Government intervention in

December 2011 to dissolve the GCB and install an IMC was met with strong resistance from the GCB

whereby the GCB’s position was eventually vindicated by a ruling by the Court of Appeal in October

2013 after the GCB had to approach the Caribbean Court of Justice in 2012.

The situation still remains fluid as the Government had introduced a Cricket Administration Bill in

December 2012 in Parliament in an effort to disband the current GCB and hold fresh elections with new

constitutions for the GCB and its members written by a Select Committee of Parliament. Here again, the

GCB has opposed this unilateral approach by the Government and the matter still engages the attention

of the judiciary.
HISTORY OF CPL

Twenty20 cricket was first played in a methodical way in the West Indies in 2006 when the Stanford

20/20 was put on by a private group. In 2008, the West Indies Cricket Board (WICB) added the second

and final Stanford competition to its schedule. However, the tournament ended in June 2009, when its

sponsor, Allen Stanford, was arrested and charged with fraud. As a result, the WICB put together the

Caribbean Twenty20 tournament, which was the next organized Twenty20 tournament. The Caribbean

Twenty20 was made to fill the space left by the end of the Stanford Twenty20 and to go along with the

2010 Champions League Twenty20, which started less than two months later.

The WICB first talked about plans for the Caribbean Premier League in September 2012, when it said

that the board was in the advanced stages of discussions to have a commercial Twenty20 league in the

region with an unnamed investor and hoped to make a deal before September 30.

The WICB announced on December 13, 2012, that they had reached a deal with Ajmal Khan, the founder

of Verus International, a merchant bank based in Barbados, to fund the new franchise-based Twenty20

league that will start in 2013. The tournament dates for the 2013 Caribbean Premier League have been

set for July 29 to August 26. The 2014 tournament ran from July 5 to August 10, and the 2015

tournament ran from June 21 to July 26. The 2016 tournament ran from June 29 to August 7.
HIERARCHY OF WEST INDIES CRICKET BOARD (WICB)
WICB

GCB BCB T&TCB WCB JCB LCB

DCC ECB BCB BCB

ST. ST.
JCC DCC
VGCB LCC

ST. ST. ST. CHRIST CCB M&SCC

ST. LUCY
PETER JOHN MICHEAL CHURCH

ST. ST. ST.

CCC MCC NCC VCC ST. JCC
ACC DCB PAYCC

M&GCC ACB BCB NCC ST. KCC ST. MCC CBVICC CIBVICC
HIERARCHY OF GUYANA CRICKET BOARD (GCB)
L
AWS OF CRICKET

Law 1: The players. A cricket team consists of eleven players, including a captain. Outside of official

competitions, teams can agree to play more than eleven-a-side, though no more than eleven players

may field.

Law 2: The umpires. There are two umpires, who apply the Laws, make all necessary decisions, and relay

the decisions to the scorers. While not required under the Laws of Cricket, in higher level cricket a third

umpire (located off the field, and available to assist the on-field umpires) may be used under the specific

playing conditions of a particular match or tournament.

Law 3: The scorers. There are two scorers who respond to the umpires' signals and keep the score.

In men's cricket the ball must weigh between 5.5 and 5.75 ounces (155.9 and 163 g) and measure

between 8.81 and 9 in (22.4 and 22.9 cm) in circumference.

Law 4: The ball. A cricket ball is between 8.81 and 9 inches (22.4 cm and 22.9 cm) in circumference, and

weighs between 5.5 and 5.75 ounces (155.9g and 163g) in men's cricket. A slightly smaller and lighter

ball is specified in women's cricket, and slightly smaller and lighter again in junior cricket (Law 4.6).

Only one ball is used at a time, unless it is lost, when it is replaced with a ball of similar wear. It is also

replaced at the start of each innings, and may, at the request of the fielding side, be replaced with a new

ball, after a minimum number of overs have been bowled as prescribed by the regulations under which

the match is taking place (currently 80 in Test matches). The gradual degradation of the ball through the

innings is an important aspect of the game.

Law 5: The bat. The bat is no more than 38 inches (96.52 cm) in length, no more than 4.25 inches (10.8

cm) wide, no more than 2.64 inches (6.7 cm) deep at its middle and no deeper than 1.56 inches (4.0 cm)

at the edge. The hand or glove holding the bat is considered part of the bat. Ever since the Combat

incident, a highly publicized marketing attempt by Dennis Lillee, who brought out an aluminum bat

during an international game, the Laws have provided that the blade of the bat must be made of wood.

The Cricket pitch dimensions

Law 6: The pitch. The pitch is a rectangular area of the ground 22 yards (20.12 m) long and 10 ft (3.05 m)

wide. The Ground Authority selects and prepares the pitch, but once the game has started, the umpire’s

control what happens to the pitch. The umpires are also the arbiters of whether the pitch is fit for play,

and if they deem it unfit, with the consent of both captains can change the pitch. Professional cricket is

almost always played on a grass surface. However, in the event a non-turf pitch is used, the artificial

surface must have a minimum length of 58 ft (17.68 m) and a minimum width of 6 ft (1.83 m).

Law 7: The creases. This Law sets out the dimensions and locations of the creases. The bowling crease,

which is the line the stumps are in the middle of, is drawn at each end of the pitch so that the three

stumps at that end of the pitch fall on it (and consequently it is perpendicular to the imaginary line
joining the centers of both middle stumps). Each bowling crease should be 8 feet 8 inches (2.64 m) in

length, centered on the middle stump at each end, and each bowling crease terminates at one of the

return creases. The popping crease, which determines whether a batter is in his ground or not, and

which is used in determining front-foot no-balls (see Law 21), is drawn at each end of the pitch in front

of each of the two sets of stumps. The popping crease must be 4 feet (1.22 m) in front of and parallel to

the bowling crease. Although it is considered to have unlimited length, the popping crease must be

marked to at least 6 feet (1.83 m) on either side of the imaginary line joining the centers of the middle

stumps. The return creases, which are the lines a bowler must be within when making a delivery, are

drawn on each side of each set of the stumps, along each sides of the pitch (so there are four return

creases in all, one on either side of both sets of stumps). The return creases lie perpendicular to the

popping crease and the bowling crease, 4 feet 4 inches (1.32 m) either side of and parallel to the

imaginary line joining the centers of the two middle stumps. Each return crease terminates at one end

at the popping crease but the other end is considered to be unlimited in length and must be marked to a

minimum of 8 feet (2.44 m) from the popping crease.

A wicket consists of three stumps, upright wooden poles that are hammered into the ground, topped

with two wooden crosspieces, known as the bails.

Law 8: The wickets. The wicket consists of three wooden stumps that are 28 inches (71.12 cm) tall. The

stumps are placed along the bowling crease with equal distances between each stump. They are

positioned so that the wicket is 9 inches (22.86 cm) wide. Two wooden bails are placed on top of the

stumps. The bails must not project more than 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) above the stumps, and must, for

men's cricket, be 4.31 inches (10.95 cm) long. There are also specified lengths for the barrel and spigots
of the bail. There are different specifications for the wickets and bails for junior cricket. The umpires may

dispense with the bails if conditions are unfit (i.e., it is windy so they might fall off by themselves).

Law 9: Preparation and maintenance of the playing area. When a cricket ball is bowled it almost always

bounces on the pitch, and the behavior of the ball is greatly influenced by the condition of the pitch. As

a consequence, detailed rules on the management of the pitch are necessary. This Law contains the

rules governing how pitches should be prepared, mown, rolled, and maintained.

Law 10: Covering the pitch. The pitch is said to be 'covered' when the grounds men have placed covers

on it to protect it against rain or dew. The Laws stipulate that the regulations on covering the pitch shall

be agreed by both captains in advance. The decision concerning whether to cover the pitch greatly

affects how the ball will react to the pitch surface, as a ball bounces differently on wet ground as

compared to dry ground. The area beyond the pitch where a bowler runs so as to deliver the ball (the

'run-up') should ideally be kept dry so as to avoid injury through slipping and falling, and the Laws also

require these to be covered wherever possible when there is wet weather.

Law 11: Intervals. There are intervals during each day's play, a ten-minute interval between innings, and

lunch, tea and drinks intervals. The timing and length of the intervals must be agreed before the match

begins. There are also provisions for moving the intervals and interval lengths in certain situations, most

notably the provision that if nine wickets are down, the lunch and tea interval are delayed to the earlier

of the fall of the next wicket and 30 minutes elapsing.

Law 12: Start of play; cessation of play. Play after an interval commences with the umpire's call of "Play",

and ceases at the end of a session with a call of "Time". The last hour of a match must contain at least 20

overs, being extended in time so as to include 20 overs if necessary.

Law 13: Innings. Before the game, the teams agree whether it is to be one or two innings for each side,

and whether either or both innings are to be limited by time or by overs. In practice, these decisions are

likely to be laid down by Competition Regulations, rather than pre-game agreement. In two-innings

games, the sides bat alternately unless the follow-on (Law 14) is enforced. An innings is closed once ten

batsmen are dismissed, no further batsmen are fit to play, the innings is declared or forfeited by the

batting captain, or any agreed time or overs limit has expired. The captain winning the toss of a coin

decides whether to bat or to bowl first.

Law 14: The follow-on. In a two innings match, if the side batting second scores substantially fewer runs

than the side which batted first, then the side that batted first can require their opponents to bat again

immediately. The side that enforced the follow-on has the chance to win without batting again. For a

game of five or more days, the side batting first must be at least 200 runs ahead to enforce the follow-

on; for a three- or four-day game, 150 runs; for a two-day game, 100 runs; for a one-day game, 75 runs.

The length of the game is determined by the number of scheduled days play left when the game actually

begins.

Law 15: Declaration and forfeiture. The batting captain can declare an innings closed at any time when

the ball is dead, and may also forfeit an innings before it has started.
Law 16: The result. The side which scores the most runs wins the match. If both sides score the same

number of runs, the match is tied. However, the match may run out of time before the innings have all

been completed; in this case, the match is drawn.

Law 17: The over. An over consists of six balls bowled, excluding wide and no-balls. Consecutive overs

are delivered from opposite ends of the pitch. A bowler may not bowl two consecutive overs.

Law 18: Scoring runs. Runs are scored when the two batsmen run to each other's end of the pitch.

Several runs can be scored from one ball.

Law 19: Boundaries. A boundary is marked around the edge of the field of play. If the ball is hit into or

past this boundary, four runs are scored, or six runs if the ball doesn't hit the ground before crossing the

boundary.

Law 20: Dead ball. The ball comes into play when the bowler begins his run up, and becomes dead when

all the action from that ball is over. Once the ball is dead, no runs can be scored and no batsmen can be

dismissed. The ball becomes dead for a number of reasons, most commonly when a batter is dismissed,

when a boundary is hit, or when the ball has finally settled with the bowler or wicketkeeper.

Law 21: No ball. A ball can be a no-ball for several reasons: if the bowler bowls from the wrong place; or

if he straightens his elbow during the delivery; or if the bowling is dangerous; or if the ball bounces more
than once or rolls along the ground before reaching the batter; or if the fielders are standing in illegal

places. A no-ball adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to any other runs which are scored

off it, and the batter can't be dismissed off a no-ball except by being run out, hitting the ball twice, or

obstructing the field.

Law 22: Wide ball. An umpire calls a ball "wide" if, in his or her opinion, the ball is so wide of the batter

and the wicket that he could not hit it with the bat playing a normal cricket shot. A wide adds one run to

the batting team's score, in addition to any other runs which are scored off it, and the batter can't be

dismissed off a wide except by being run out or stumped, by hitting his wicket, or obstructing the field.

Law 23: Bye and leg bye. If a ball that is not a wide passes the striker and runs are scored, they are called

byes. If a ball hits the striker but not the bat and runs are scored, they are called leg-byes. However, leg-

byes cannot be scored if the striker is neither attempting a stroke nor trying to avoid being hit. Byes and

leg-byes are credited to the team's but not the batter's total.

Players, substitutes and practice

Law 24: Fielders' absence; Substitutes. In cricket, a substitute may be brought on for an injured fielder.

However, a substitute may not bat, bowl or act as captain. The original player may return if he has

recovered.
Law 25: Batter's innings; Runners A batter who becomes unable to run may have a runner, who

completes the runs while the batter continues batting. (The use of runners is not permitted in

international cricket under the current playing conditions.) Alternatively, a batter may retire hurt or ill,

and may return later to resume his innings if he recovers.

Law 26: Practice on the field. There may be no batting or bowling practice on the pitch during the match.

Practice is permitted on the outfield during the intervals and before the day's play starts and after the

day's play has ended. Bowlers may only practice bowling and have trial run-ups if the umpires are of the

view that it would waste no time and does not damage the ball or the pitch.

Law 27: The wicket-keeper. The keeper is a designated player from the bowling side allowed to stand

behind the stumps of the batter. They are the only fielder allowed to wear gloves and external leg

guards.

Law 28: The fielder. A fielder is any of the eleven cricketers from the bowling side. Fielders are

positioned to field the ball, to stop runs and boundaries, and to get batsmen out by catching or running

them out.

Law 29: The wicket is down. Several methods of dismissal occur when the wicket is put down. This

means that the wicket is hit by the ball, or the batter, or the hand in which a fielder is holding the ball,

and at least one bail is removed; if both bails have already been previously removed, one stump must be

removed from the ground.

Law 30: Batter out of his/her ground. The batsmen can be run out or stumped if they are out of their

ground. A batter is in his ground if any part of him or his bat is on the ground behind the popping crease,

and the other batter was not already in that ground. If both batters are in the middle of the pitch when a

wicket is put down, the batter closer to that end is out.

Law 31: Appeals. If the fielders believe a batter is out, they may ask the umpire "How's That?" before the

next ball is bowled. The umpire then decides whether the batter is out. Strictly speaking, the fielding

side must appeal for all dismissals, including obvious ones such as bowled. However, a batter who is

obviously out will normally leave the pitch without waiting for an appeal or a decision from the umpire.

Law 32: Bowled. A batter is out if his wicket is put down by a ball delivered by the bowler. It is irrelevant

whether the ball has touched the bat, glove, or any part of the batter before going on to put down the

wicket, though it may not touch another player or an umpire before doing so.

Law 33: Caught. If a ball hits the bat or the hand holding the bat and is then caught by the opposition

within the field of play before the ball bounces, then the batter is out.

Law 34: Hit the ball twice. If a batter hits the ball twice, other than for the sole purpose of protecting his

wicket or with the consent of the opposition, he is out.

Law 35: Hit wicket. If, after the bowler has entered his delivery stride and while the ball is in play, a

batter puts his wicket down by his bat or his body he is out. The striker is also out hit wicket if he puts

his wicket down by his bat or his body in setting off for a first run. "Body" includes the clothes and

equipment of the batter.

Law 36: Leg Before Wicket (LBW). If the ball hits the batter without first hitting the bat, but would have

hit the wicket if the batter was not there, and the ball does not pitch on the leg side of the wicket, the

batter will be out. However, if the ball strikes the batter outside the line of the off-stump, and the batter

was attempting to play a stroke, he is not out.

Law 37: Obstructing the field. If a batter willfully obstructs the opposition by word or action or strikes

the ball with a hand not holding the bat, he is out. If the actions of the non-striker prevent a catch taking

place, then the striker is out. Handled the Ball was previously a method of dismissal in its own right.

Law 38: Run out. A batter is out if at any time while the ball is in play no part of his bat or person is

grounded behind the popping crease and his wicket is fairly put down by the opposing side.

Law 39: Stumped. A batter is out when the wicket-keeper (see Law 27) puts down the wicket, while the

batter is out of his crease and not attempting a run.

Law 40: Timed out. An incoming batter must be ready to face a ball (or be at the crease with his partner

ready to face a ball) within 3 minutes of the outgoing batter being dismissed, otherwise the incoming

batter will be out.

Unfair play

Law 41: Unfair play. There are a number of restrictions to ensure fair play covering: changing the

condition of the ball; distracting the batsmen; dangerous bowling; time-wasting; damaging the pitch.

Some of these offences incur penalty runs, others can see warnings and then restrictions on the players

Law 42: Players' conduct. The umpires shall penalize unacceptable conduct based on the severity of the

actions. Serious misconduct can see a player sent from field; lesser offences, a warning and penalty runs.
BOWLING VARIATIONS

There are two main types of bowlers in Cricket. These are –

Fast Bowler – These can also be of two types

Fast Pace

Medium Pace

Spin Bowler – There are also two types of spin bowlers. These are –

Leg Spin

Off Spin

Even though there are mainly two types of bowlers, there are a total of 21 different types of bowling

that exist in cricket! This means, a bowler may primarily be a leg spinner but there are several different

types of deliveries that he may be able to bowl.

Different Types of Fast Bowling –

Fast bowlers (or pace bowlers) mainly depend on the speed at which they ball in order to deceive the

batsman. As they bowl at a really fast speed, even a slight movement of the ball in the course of its path

can easily beat the batsman and lead to his dismissal.

In addition to bowling at high speeds, the key skill of a fast bowler is to be able to generate this slight

movement after they have released the bowl from their hand. This deviation from the path is useful to

fox the batsman and get him out.

There are a number of different ways a bowler can deceive a batsman. These are also known as different

types of fast bowling –

1. In Swinger

A cricket ball is known to swing when the ball moves in the air after it has been released from the hands

of the bowler.

Swing bowling is an art. It is a skill that all fast bowlers need to master. There are predominantly three

types of swing bowling, and in swinger is one of them.

An in-swing delivery moves towards the batsman after it is released by the bowler (as indicated in blue),

however, an out swinger moves away from the batsman (as indicated in red)

In order to bowl an in-swing delivery, the bowler has to hold the rough side of the bowl towards the

batsman. This rough side of the ball creates turbulence in the air and is able to swing due to the variance

in the pressure created due to the rough and smooth sides of the ball.

2. Out Swing

Another type of swing bowling that fast bowlers often choose to bowl is an Out Swing delivery. Out

swing deliveries are the ones that move away from the batsman.
While the in-swing bowling is bowled with the intention of hitting the stumps or getting a batsman out

LBW, an out-swing delivery is bowled by the bowler often to set up a batsman for an in-swing delivery.

By bowling a few out swing deliveries, a batsman may think that the next delivery is also going to go

away from him. However, the bowler then chooses to bowl and in swing delivery and get the batsman

out.

Thus, out swing bowling is very useful for this kind of set up. It can often also make the batsman play the

ball, but due to the movement, the ball can hit the bat and end up with the slip’s fielder.

3. Reverse Swing

So reverse swing is a bit tricky. In order to truly understand what reverse swing is, one needs to

understand how a cricket ball typically swings.

A cricket ball generally swings in the direction of the rough side of the ball (as indicated from the image

above). This is the normal behavior of the ball.

However, reverse swing is an almost magical delivery as it defies the above logic. A reverse swinging

delivery can be bowled only when the cricket ball gets old.

When a cricket ball gets old, it often starts showcasing reverse swing. What reverse swing means is that

the ball actually starts swinging in the direction of the shiny side. In other words, a reverse swing occurs

when the ball starts to move in the reverse direction of how it is typically expected to swing.

If swinging a cricket ball requires skill, reverse swing is perfection of swing bowling! Some bowlers are

exceptional at it, while others aren’t.

4. Bouncer

A bouncer is a type of delivery that is pitched short. In other words, a delivery is known as a bouncer

when a bowler intentionally makes the ball bounce nearly half way on the pitch and, as a result, the ball

reaches the batsman at a shoulder or head level height.

A well guided bouncer with some element of surprise can be a potent weapon for a fast bowler. This is

because when a ball suddenly comes towards the batsman’s face or chest at high speeds, it makes the

batsman really uncomfortable.

A bouncer can often affect the confidence level of the batsman and many a times also lead to the

batsman getting out!

Countries such as Australia, South Africa or West Indies are well known for their strong built bowlers

who can bowl effective bouncers at great pace. Even the cricket pitch in such countries is made to

support fast bowlers.

5. Slower Ball

A slower ball is yet another useful type of bowl that helps a fast bowler take wickets.

The objective of a slower ball is to deceive the batsman with sudden change in the speed of the delivery

in the air rather than scaring the batsman with really fast speed.

This is how a slower ball works – a fast bowler is generally expected to bowl a delivery at high speeds

which usually vary from around 130 kmph (kilo meters per hour) to about 150 kmph. (That’s close to

about 80 to 90 miles per hour). Some bowlers ball even faster than that. In order to play such fast

deliveries, the batsman needs get in a position to play equally quickly.

However, when the bowler suddenly drops the speed to around 100 – 110 kmph, a batsman who is not

expecting the ball to be slow, gets ready much earlier and continues with his shot even though the ball

just doesn’t arrive as a result, the batsman gets beaten by the change in pace and he ends up getting

out!

Incredible and interesting examples of fast bowlers changing the speed of their ball in order to deceive

the batsman!

The above video showcases some interesting examples of slower balls bowled by the bowler in cricket.

6. Yorker

This is another very useful type of bowling in the armory of a fast bowler.

A yorker is basically a type of delivery when the ball is bowled right at the base of the stumps of the

batsman. Often, the aim of the bowler with the yorker is to bowl right at the toes of the batsman.

A yorker is often one of the most difficult deliveries to defend or hit. The main reason for this is because

it is difficult for a batsman to reach the ball with his bat as a yorker often hits the bottom of the bat. As a

result, more often than not, a batsman ends up missing the ball leading to his dismissal.

If a yorker is bowled at a really fast speed, it can be highly effective.

In order to make it even more difficult for the batsman to play the yorker, good fast bowlers bowl

swinging Yorkers. For a swinging yorker, the bowler often swings the ball back into the batsman (an in-

swing delivery) while bowling it at the toes of the batsman. This makes it almost unplayable.

7. Off cutter
Off cutter is another type of bowling that a fast bowler will use at their discretion.

An off cutter is essentially a type of a slower bowl. However, the way it is bowled by the bowler makes it

a different type of delivery than a slower ball.

Unlike the slower ball, the purpose of this delivery is not necessarily to beat the batsman with the

change in speed, but with the change in the direction of the ball after it bounces on the pitch.

The easiest way to understand an off cutter is to think of it as a fast bowler deciding to ball off spin

bowling.

In order to bowl an effective off cutter, a fast bowler generally rolls the fingers over the seam (just as an

off-spin bowler would) thereby resulting in the slower speed and spin of the ball.

8. Leg cutter

Just like the off cutter, the leg cutter is another variation of the slower delivery used by the fast bowlers.

The goal of using the leg cutter is not necessarily deceiving the batsman with the speed at which the ball

is bowled, but also the change in direction after the ball bounces on the pitch.

An easier way to understand a leg cutter is to think of it as a fast bowler trying to bowl leg spin bowling.

It is called a cutter as the ball cuts after it bounces on the pitch

It is not always necessary that a fast bowler changes the speed of the ball drastically. Although, when

bowling off cutter or a leg cutter, the speed of the ball will automatically drop and won’t be as fast the

bowler typically bowls.

9. Knuckleball

The Knuckleball is another version of a slower ball that fast ballers often use.

The objective of bowling the knuckleball is similar to that of a slower ball which is to defeat the batsman

with the change in the speed of the ball.

However, the main difference between the slower ball and the knuckle ball is position in which the ball

is held in the hands. With slower balls, there is often one finger across the seam. This can be seen by the

batsman at the other end of the pitch, and when spotted by the batsman, it defeats the surprise

element.

Therefore, a knuckleball is used. For the knuckleball to be bowled, the bowler needs to hold the

between the tip of the index and the middle finger supported by the tip of the thumb (much like holding

the ball with the bowler’s knuckles)

The advantage with the knuckle ball is that the position of the ball in the bowler’s hand from the

batsman’s angle makes it seem like the bowler is holding the ball normally!

Much like any other delivery in cricket, the knuckleball also works mainly on deception by the bowler

and the element of surprise to make the batsman play an incorrect shot.

10. Beamer

What the ball bowled by the bowler reaches the batsman directly at about chest or head high, it is

considered a beamer.
A beamer is a type of bowl that is often not intentional. Furthermore, when it is intentional, a bowler

may be penalized for bowling a beamer. Sometimes, a bowler may bowl a beamer on purpose out of

frustration, while the other times it can be an honest mistake of a ball slipping out of a bowler’s hand.

A beamer is considered an illegitimate delivery. This means, if a bowler bowls a beamer intentionally or

unintentionally, it is given a no ball and the ball is not counted. Any runs scored of such a delivery are

added to the batsman and the team’s total.

Types of deliveries bowled by a spin bowler.

Off Spin Bowling Types

As you may be aware, when a bowler bowls at a slower pace, he generally tries to make the ball spin in

order to defeat the batsman and get him out. There can be two types of spin bowling. Let’s first talk

about the off-spin bowling types.

11. Off Break

The off break, which is otherwise also known as off spin, is the most standard type of bowling for an off-

spin bowler. This is their daily bread and butter type of a bowl.
The idea of off break or an off spin, is to make the ball spin towards the stumps (for a right-hand

batsman). An off-break ball will be typically pitched outside the off stump and then made to spin back

into the stumps of the batsman

12. Top Spin for an Off Spinner

The top spin is an important variation that most off spin bowler’s bowl.

Difference between the ball grip for off spin (off break) and top spin in cricket

Difference between the way the ball should be gripped for an off spin as compared to the top spin

The different between the top spin and the off break is not just in the way the ball is gripped by also on

how much deviation the ball takes as compared to an off break.

The top spin often very deceptive as the batsman expects the ball to turn very rapidly towards him,

however, it in fact increases the speed after bouncing thereby going past the batsman.

13. Arm Ball

The Arm Ball, as the name suggests, uses some extra effort from the arm of the bowler. It is essentially a

much quicker delivery than a spinner usually bowls.

An arm ball can be compared to a slower ball of the fast bowler. The purpose of the two deliveries is the

same – to defeat the batsman with the difference in the speed of the bowling.

Most spinners usually bowl in a speed range of about 80 kmph to about 96 kmph (approximately 50

miles per hour to 60 miles per hour). Thus, most batsman start expecting the ball to be in the same
speed range. However, if a spin bowler is able to bowl much faster with the same action and a bit of

surprise, the chances of getting the batsman out is much higher.

For a spin bowler to bowl the ball much faster with the exact same action requires mainly to move the

arm much faster and use the strength of his shoulders. This is the main reason why this variation of spin

bowling is known as the arm bowl.

Some spin bowlers are able to bowl the arm ball at around 100 – 105 kmph, while a bowler like Shahid

Afridi and Andrew Sydmonds were able to bowl it at around 115-125 kmph! That’s almost as fast as a

medium pace fast bowler!

14. The “Doosra”

The “Doosra” (meaning in Hindi – the other one), was invented by Pakistan Off Spin bowler Saqlain

Mustaq.

Saqlain Mustaq was an off-spin bowler. But he came up with a clever way to deceive the batsman with

the doosra.

The doosra looked like a typical off spin bowl when it left the hands of the bowler, however, after it

bounced on the pitch it actually went in the opposite direction than it was supposed to go. The ball

landed on the pitch and spun from right to left (like a leg spin) instead of spinning from left to right (like

an off spin).
This left the batsman completely confused, and they would often end up missing the ball completely or

end up with a mis-hit.

15. Carrom Ball

The Carrom Ball is a unique style of spin bowling deployed by an off spinner. It is called a carrom ball

because of the grip of the ball.

While bowling the carrom ball, the bowler typically holds the ball between the thumb and the middle

finger. The ball then has to essentially be squeezed out of the hand of the bowler much like flicking a

carrom disc in the game of carrom board.

It is a particularly difficult delivery to bowl.

Although the delivery was first brought into use in the early 1940s with the same grip hold on the ball, it

was reintroduced by Ajantha Mendis of Sri Lanka in 2008.

The carrom ball was later adopted by Indian Spinner Ravichandran Ashwin among other bowlers.

16. The “Teesra”

The “Teesra”, much like the “Doosra” was also introduced by Saqlain Mustaq of Pakistan. It is another

variation of spin bowling adopted by off spin bowlers.

To bowl the teesra, the ball is held in a normal grip by an off spinner. However, at the point of release of

the ball, the bowler moves the wrist but does not roll the fingers.

This creates an illusion that the ball is going to spin a lot. However, it simply doesn’t spin and foxes the

batsman.
The Teesra works similar to how a leg spinner bowls a slider.

Types of Leg Spin Bowling

A leg spin, as opposed to an off spin, occurs when the ball moves from right to left (from the bowler’s

viewpoint) after bouncing on the pitch.

Leg spin is another well-known type of spin bowling.

17. Leg Break

Just as the off break is the usual delivery of an off-spin bowler, the leg break is also the go-to delivery for

a leg spin bowler! The leg break is also known as leg spin.

A leg break is often one of the most difficult deliveries to play for a right-hand batsman as it is moving

away from the batsman. However, it can be equally difficult for a left-handed batsman to play as well.

Andrew Strauss of England learned this the hard way. Watch the video below to know more.

Another amazing leg break bowling by Shane Warne that completely bamboozled Andrew Strauss of

England!

18. Top Spin for a Leg Spinner

The Top Spin for a leg spinner is an extremely useful variation. The top spin for a leg spinner works

similar to the top spin from an off spinner. The difference is a bit in the grip of the ball.

What makes top spin really potent is that because of the nature of the release of the ball, the ball loops

in the air, but drops much faster and shorter than expected and often bounces much more than
anticipated by the batsman. As we have already learned several times, any amount of unexpected spin

or bounce is really effective in getting the batsman out!

19. Googly

The Googly is a type of bowling by leg spin bowlers. In essence, the purpose of a googly is similar to the

doosra by an off-spin bowler.

The objective of a googly for a leg spinner is to deceive the batsman by spinning the ball in the other

direction than what is expected.

Typically, a leg spin bowler bowls a lot of leg break. This means, most of his deliveries spin from the leg

side towards the off side away from the batsman (from right to left side of the pitch). However, the

Googly actually goes in the other direction (from left to right of the pitch).

The Googly, once mastered by a leg spinner and when used sparingly, can yield in a lot of wickets for a

let spin bowler.

20. Flipper

A flipper, when used correctly, is an extremely potent delivery for a leg spin bowler.

It is one of the most difficult deliveries to master. The idea behind the flipper is similar to the top spin.

However, it doesn’t bounce as much as a typical top spin ball would. When a flipper is bowled by a leg

spinner, it seems to the batsman that it would be a short of length delivery, however, it just doesn’t

bounce as much and skids through getting the batsman out LBW or Bowled.
The Flipper is best understood with an example. Let’s watch the below video which showcases Shane

Warne bowling a flipper

There have been several leg spin bowlers who have used the delivery with great effect! Shane Warne of

Australia bowled it really well, whereas Anil Kumble of India and Abdul Qadir of Pakistan made it their

signature delivery!

21. Slider

The slider is another interesting variation used by the leg spin bowlers.

It was thought to have been introduced by Shane Warne, however, it was actually used during the early

1960s by multiple bowlers.

The slider actually looks just like the leg break from the angle of the batsman. This is because the grip is

exactly similar to that of the leg break.

However, the movement of the wrist and the angle of release is slightly different from the leg break. As

a result, the ball, instead of spinning like a leg break, actually just holds the line and slides on to the

batsman.
CRICKET VARIATIONS
There are three major forms of cricket at the time of writing.

- Test Cricket (oldest form of cricket)

- One Day Cricket (ODI's)

- T20 Cricket (The shortest form of Cricket)

Test Cricket

Despite the fact that cricket has become a very fast game over the past few years, Test cricket remains

there in its original form with its charm and charisma. Test cricket is the oldest (and the longest of

course) form of Cricket that has a rich history that extends to more than 100 years back.

History:

As mentioned earlier Test cricket is more than 100 years old: The first Official test match was played

between Australia and England at Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG) on 15th of March 1877. Both teams

Australia and England are considered to be the greatest rivals on the cricket field to this day and MCG is

known as one of the most prestigious cricket fields on this planet. Australia won this first-ever Test

Match by 45 runs. It was a two-match series that ended up in a draw (1-1).

Although this match is considered to be the first official Test match between two nations however this

was not the first international cricket match. The contest between teams of USA and Canada on 24-25th

of September 1844 is considered to be the first-ever International Match. Notice that both teams don't

have test status at the time of writing.

Test Playing Nations:

Unlike ODI and T20 cricket, only the nations having Test status from International Cricket Council are

eligible to play Test matches. This status is awarded on the basis of many factors including the team's

performance in shorter forms of the game.

One Day Internationals (ODI'S)

The One Day International Cricket proved to be the start of a completely new era of Cricket, which was

fast, more entertaining, and full of thrill. Despite the rising popularity of T20 Cricket One Day cricket is

still considered to be the most popular form of cricket and is enjoyed among all age groups.

History:

The ODI cricket has a very interesting history; in fact, the first official One-day international match was

played due to bad weather. Again, the first ODI just like the first Test Match was played between the old

rivals: Australia and England on the 5th of January 1971. The first three days of the match were washed

out by rain and officials had to abandon the match without any result. As thousands of people had

bought tickets for the match therefore to please the crowd, series officials decided to contend a 40 over

match between both teams. Each over consisted of 8-balls, just like the first-ever Test: Australia won

this match by 5 wickets. Since then, the number of overs in an ODI match has changed to first 60 and

then 50.

However, the birth of modern One day international cricket is due to Kerry Packer's efforts in the late

'70s to start a World Series competition. This series is known as the world cup these days and most of

the features in ODI cricket are taken from the early Kerry Packer World Series. Kerry introduced many

exciting features to make the game entertaining including colored uniforms and white ball. Introduction

of Day and night ODI's gave a new life to the One Day International Cricket. Kerry Packer is known as the

father of modern ODI cricket due to his efforts.

T20 Cricket

Twenty-Twenty cricket (also known as T20 cricket) is the shortest, fastest, and arguably the most

popular form of Cricket. It is the youngest inclusion in the International Cricket arena and in a short

period of time it has gained huge popularity among cricketing fans (especially younger ones). The T20

cricket is taking cricket to a new commercial level and no doubt this shortest form of the game has

provoked the interest of many people who were unaware of the game prior to T20. Criticism has been

made by experts as well as fans about the involvement of too much money and more than required

pace into the game due to T20. However, the fact remains that with every passing day the popularity

graph of T20 has been rising rapidly.

History:

There have been different theories floating regarding the history and origin of T20 Cricket. Many

countries and cricket boards have claimed to be the originator of this form of the game. The reason

behind this is that T20 cricket has been played at domestic levels for many years before it was

introduced at the international level. According to one theory first T20 series was played in Pakistan in

the late '90s in the domestic circuit. However, according to various credible records, England is the

birthplace of T20 Cricket. T20 matches were played because they were short and were suitable at night

in areas where daylight was not great.

The first official T20 series was started by England Cricket Board (ECB) in early 2003. This was a domestic

series among various English counties. Since then, this lively format of the game has spread among the

cricketing arena. Now Twenty 20 is an official part of international cricket and every series contains at

least one or two T20 matches. In fact, the T20 world cup has been organized on a regular basis since

2007. The first T20 world cup was won by India as they defeated Pakistan in the final.
The first official International T20 Match was played between Australia and New Zealand on the 17th of

February 2005 at Eden Park Auckland. Australia won the match by 44 runs. Since then, over 200

International T20 matches have been played and ICC keeps the official ranking of T20 teams, players,

etc.
DIAGRAM OF A CRICKET FIELD WITH ITS FEILDING

POSITIONS
WICKETKEEPER

At the batting end of the pitch, this fielding positions of cricket is positioned behind the stumps. In

cricket, there is only one wicketkeeper in the playing XI, and it is a significant fielding position. For a

spinner, the wicketkeeper generally stands near the stumps, whereas for a fast bowler, he or she stands

a few steps backward.

THE SLIPS

On a cricket pitch, the slips are another crucial location. Within the slips, there are four major fielding

positions of cricket: first slip, second slip, third slip, and fourth slip. However, you do not have to employ

all of these locations at the same time! The wicket keeper’s fielding positions of cricket is typically used

by slip fielders to determine their position. In most professional teams, the wicketkeeper is frequently

closer to the batsman than the first slip.

Fielders in the slips frequently stagger themselves diagonally, such that the first slip is further back than

the second slip, and the second slide is further back than the third slip, and so on. They stagger

themselves in this manner to avoid colliding with each other if the batter edges a ball between them!

GULLY

The gully position is a continuation of the slip fielder line. As a result, a gully fielder will stand in front of

the other slip fielders while remaining on the same diagonal line as them.

LEG SLIP

The leg slip position is on the batsman’s leg side, behind the wicket, and is the absolute opposite of the

usual slip positions. However, it isn’t utilized nearly as frequently as other positions! When the captain

chooses to employ the leg slip fielding posture, it is exceedingly uncommon that more than one fielder is

present at the same time.

LEG GULLY

The leg gully position is quite similar to the leg slip position, except that they will be somewhat broader

on the batsman’s leg side.

SILLY POINT

On the offside of the field, it’s a fielding positions of cricket quite near to the batsman. They should be

standing at a 45-degree angle in front of the batsman. While the bowler is warming up, the silly point

fielder should stand around a meter away from the cricket pitch and ensure that they do not step on the

cricket pitch.

SILLY MID-OFF

It’s another fielding position of cricket on the offside of the field that’s fairly near to the hitter. The

fielder will be straighter this time than at the silly point position.

SHORT LEG

It’s essentially the same as a silly point, with the exception that it’s on the batsman’s leg side.

SILLY MID-ON

It is the penultimate fielding position near to the batsman and on the leg side, much straighter than the

short leg.

POINT

Cricket fielding positions 11 players: The point fielding position is on the batsman’s offside, square to the

wicket. The distance they choose to stand from the bat is determined by the bowling pace.
The point fielder must cover a lot of distance to their left and right and is frequently called upon to run

and dive to stop the ball from passing them by. They must also apply pressure to the batters if the ball is

struck in their way and they attempt to run a fast single.

BACKWARD POINT

Except that it is somewhat behind the square of the wicket on the offside, the backward point position is

nearly identical to the point position

MID-OFF

On the offside of the field, the mid-off fielder should be somewhat wider than straight.

COVER

Because of the number of shots that are hit into this region, fielding at the cover is an extremely vital

duty. On the offside, the cover fielding position is immediately in front of the square, and the fielder

generally stands on the inner circle’s edge. The location of the cover is halfway between the point and

the additional cover.

MID-ON

Mid-on is essentially the same as mid-off, with the exception that it is on the leg side of the field.

SQUARE LEG

The square leg fielder is on the leg side of the field, square to the wicket. Look for the umpire who is not

at the bowler’s end of the pitch if you need a hint where this position is during a game. You should aim

to position yourself near this umpire since he or she will often be standing in the square leg area.

BACKWARD SQUARE LEG

On the leg side of the field, the backward square leg fielding position is immediately behind square. It’s

nearly identical to square leg, with the exception that it’s a few meters more behind the batsman.

MID-WICKET

In front of the square on the batsman’s leg side, mid-wicket is a crucial location. The fielder at mid-

wicket should be roughly on the inner circle’s edge, near enough to stop the single.

FINE LEG

Fine leg fielding is located behind square on the leg side of the field, and it is sometimes known as short

fine leg because of its proximity to the batter. The fielder should be on the edge of the inner circle of the

field, at a slightly less than a 45-degree angle to the hitter.

THIRD MAN

Insights of Cricket fielding positions 11 players: Another position on the field’s perimeter is the third

man, which is located behind the square on the opposite side of the field. The location should be aligned

with where the slip fielders are or will be, which is around a 45-degree angle to the batter.

DEEP POINT

On the offside, a deep point refers to a spot on the boundary that is perfectly square to the wicket.

DEEP BACKWARD POINT

On the opposite side of the field, a deep backward point is a location on the boundary that is just slightly

behind square. Apart from the extra 10 or so meters you’ll have moved behind square, it’s a position

that’s quite similar to deep point.

DEEP EXTRA COVER

The deep additional cover position is somewhat ahead of the square than the deep cover position.
LONG OFF

On the offside of the field, the long off position is just wide of straight. It’s also on the edge of the field,

as the majority of these outfield positions.

DEEP FINE LEG

On the leg side, the deep fine leg fielder should be positioned on the boundary behind the square.

Imagine yourself at a 45-degree angle to the batter, and then walk a few meters finer than that.

LONG LEG

The long leg is a little squarer fielding position behind square on the leg side than the deep fine leg.

Long-leg fielders must bridge the distance between deep fine leg and deep square leg. The fielder should

be facing the hitter at around a 60-degree angle.

LONG ON

The final boundary-based fielding position on the batsman’s leg side is still open! If you envision a line

running down the center of the cricket pitch, long on would be around 5-10 meters to the leg side of

that line.

DEEP COVER

The deep cover is another boundary-dwelling position on the offside of the wicket, right in front of the

square.

COW CORNER

The cow corner is a fielding position between deep mid-wicket and wide long-on - derives its name

from a corner of the field which was safe for cows to graze on because very few batsmen would hit the

ball there… until Twenty20 cricket came along, that is.

WAYS OF WHICH A BATSMAN CAN GET OUT IN CRICKET

Caught:

If a fielder catches the ball on the full after the batsman has hit it with his bat. However, if the

fielder catches the ball, but either during the catch or immediately afterwards touches or steps

over the boundary, then the batsman scores six runs and is not out.

Bowled:

If the batsman misses the ball and it hits and breaks the wicket directly from the bowler's

delivery. The batsman is out whether or not he is behind his popping crease. He is also out

bowled if the ball breaks the wicket after deflecting from his bat or body. The batsman is not out

if the wicket does not break.

Leg Before Wicket:

If the batsman misses the ball with his bat, but intercepts it with part of his body when it would

otherwise have hit the wicket, and provided several other conditions (described below) are

satisfied. An umpire must adjudicate such a decision, and will only do so if the fielding team

appeal the decision. This is a question asked of the umpire, usually of the form ``How's that?'' (or

``Howzat?''), and usually quite enthusiastic and loud. If the ball bounces outside an imaginary

line drawn straight down the pitch from the outside edge of leg stump, then the batsman cannot

be out LBW, no matter whether or not the ball would have hit the stumps. If the batsman

attempts to play a shot at the ball with his bat (and misses) he may only be given out LBW if the

ball strikes the batsman between imaginary lines drawn down the pitch from the outside edges of

leg and off stumps (i.e., directly in line with the wicket). If the batsman does not attempt to play
the ball with his bat, then he may be given out LBW without satisfying this condition, as long as

the umpire is convinced the ball would have hit the wicket. If the ball has hit the bat before the

hitting the batsman, then he cannot be given out LBW.

Stumped:

If a batsman misses the ball and in attempting to play it steps outside his crease, he is out

stumped if the wicket-keeper gathers the ball and breaks the wicket with it before the batsman

can ground part of his body or his bat behind his crease.

Run Out:

If a batsman is attempting to take a run, or to return to his crease after an aborted run, and a

fielder breaks that batsman's wicket with the ball while he is out of the crease. The fielder may

either break the wicket with a hand which holds the ball, or with the ball directly. It is possible

for the non-striker to be run out if the striker hits the ball straight down the pitch towards the

non-striker's wicket, and the bowler deflects the ball on to the wicket while the non-striker is out

of his crease. If the ball is hit directly on to the non-striker's wicket, without being touched by a

fielder, then the non-striker is not out. If the non-striker leaves his crease (in preparation to run)

while the bowler is running up, the bowler may run him out without bowling the ball. Batsmen

cannot be run out while the ball is dead - so they may confer in the middle of the pitch between

deliveries if they desire.

Hit Wicket:

If, in attempting to hit a ball or taking off for a first run, the batsman touches and breaks the

wicket. This includes with the bat or dislodged pieces of the batsman's equipment - even a

helmet or spectacles!
Handle the Ball:

If a batsman touches the ball with a hand not currently holding the bat, without the permission of

the fielding side. This does not include being hit on the hand by a delivery, or any other non-

deliberate action.

Obstructing the Field:

If a batsman deliberately interferes with the efforts of fielders to gather the ball or effect a run

out. This does not include running a path between the fielder and the wicket so that the fielder

cannot throw the stumps down with the ball, which is quite legal, but does include any deliberate

attempt to swat the ball away.

Hit the Ball Twice:

If a batsman hits a delivery with his bat and then deliberately hits the ball again for any reason

other than to defend his wicket from being broken by the ball. If the ball is bouncing or rolling

around near the stumps, the batsman is entitled to knock it away so as to avoid being bowled, but

not to score runs.

Timed Out:

If a new batsman takes longer than two minutes, from the time the previous wicket falls, to

appear on the field.

These methods of getting out are listed in approximate order of how commonly they occur. The

first five are reasonably common, the last five quite rare. The last three methods are almost never

invoked.
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF AN UMPIRE
Cricket umpires are responsible for making decisions and calls in a game of cricket. They also ensure that
players and matches follow the rules of the game, taking a similar role to referees in other sports. Most
umpires, at least at a professional level, are male, even in women's cricket, and there was only one
female umpire at the Women's Cricket World Cup in 2013. The number of umpires on the field varies
according to the type of match played.

Pre-Match Duties

Before the cricket match starts, umpires inspect the pitch area, make sure that all equipment is set out,
and check that the boundary is correctly marked before play begins. They then meet with team captains
to check team details and to discuss hours of play, the timing of food and drink breaks, and rules of play,
before the coin toss to decide which team bats or bowls first.

Umpire Numbers

Most cricket matches have two umpires on the field. The first stands at the stumps behind the bowler,
and the second at a position known as "square leg" to the left of the batsman. There are three umpires
in an international match. The third official gives a final decision from a TV monitor if the other umpires
feel that a decision is unclear and they need to see a replay. At international "Test" level, players can
also appeal against an on-field umpire decision and use the third umpire to challenge the call.

Position and Decisions

Umpires monitor fair play and make decisions on game play. They also monitor overs -- sets of six balls
bowled at one end of the pitch -- and tell teams when to change ends. It is the umpire's job to rule on
whether a batsman is out, whether a bowler has bowled illegally and to make a call on how many runs a
batsman hit. The position on the pitch dictates the decisions each umpire makes. For example, the
bowler-end umpire looks for mistakes such as illegal bowls (no-balls), wide/high balls (wide) and balls
that would have hit the wicket, but that were diverted by the batsman's leg (LBW/leg before wicket).
The other umpire looks for things like the ball hitting the wicket before the batsman gets back to it from
a run (run-outs and stumpings). The two switch positions after each over.

Calls

When an umpire makes a decision, he may shout out a call and make a hand signal if the judgment
needs to be communicated. Players on a cricket pitch are spread over a wide area, and umpires need to
be loud and to gesticulate clearly so that both teams understand what has happened. This also helps off-
field scorers who may not be able to see the finer details of play as it happens.
Skills and Training

An effective cricket umpire has an in-depth understanding of the game and its rules. Umpires have good
communication and management skills, must stay calm under pressure and have the ability to make
quick and accurate decisions.
ROLES OF THE COMPETITION SECRETARY

The Competition Secretary is someone of personal mobility, possess good organizational,

communication & interpersonal skills and is the person accountable for all the secretarial work for all

aspects of that particular completion.

DESIRABLE QUALITIES OF A COMPETITION SECRETARY

1. Maintaining the rules which govern the playing of the competition.

2. The taking of minutes for meetings and the other aspects of the competition.

3. Acquiring prizes, mementoes, certificates, etc. for presentation to winners.

4. Maintaining a register, and ensuring safe custody, of perpetual trophies.

5. Preparing the schedule for the competition.

6. Organizing ³audited´ draws.

7. Ensuring that all aspects of the competition are smoothly run.

BEFORE COMPETITION

1. Meet with organizing committee to set registration fees and plan schedule of events.

2. Ensure the information sheet is properly typed and duplicated. This should include

name& date of events, list of competition personnel and officials, schedule of

competition &social events, special rules and reminders.

3. Receive and record early registrations.

4. Type and duplicate the list of competitors in order run.

5. Prepare competitors packets. Include information sheet and other pertinent information.
 6. Ratification for any assistants appointed, and managing, developing and coordinating

them to support the Competition Secretary in discharging these responsibilities.

DURING COMPETITION

1. Supervise registration: collect and record entry fees, and check all relevant information.

2. Distribute packets containing information sheet, etc.

3. Work with the Chief of Scoring to assist in recording, duplicating and distributing scores.

4. Attend and take notes at Team Captains meetings and other official meetings.

5. Copy and distribute results after each run.

AFTER COMPETITION

1. Assist Chief of Communication in sending results to media.

2. Send a copy of the final results to coaches if the results weren’t available immediately for

distribution.

REPORTS TO

1. Chief of Competition/director

2. Time schedule prior and after competition.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. HISTORY OF CRICKET-

https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/cricket/history-of-cricket/early-cricket

2. HISTORY OF WEST INDIES CRICKET-https://www.windiescricket.com/cricket-west-

indies/our-history/

3. HISTORY OF GUYANA

CRICKET-https://guyanacricketboard.com/history-of-gcb/#:~:text=The%20Guyana

%20Cricket%20Board%20(GCB,first%20President%20of%20the%20GCB.

4. HISTORY OF CPL- https://www.sportsunfold.com/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-

caribbean-premier-league-history-format-teams-results-and-more/

5. VARIATIONS OF BOWLING- https://cricketmastery.com/types-of-bowling-in-cricket/

6. LAWS OF CRICKET- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_Cricket

7. CRICKET VARIATIONS- https://www.cricketequipmentusa.com/forms-of-cricket-38

8. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF AN UMPIRE-

https://woman.thenest.com/volleyball-transition-drills-3650.html