RECAP

CURRENT
The flow of electric charge

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

Pipe (Wiring)

When the faucet (switch) is off, there is no

current flow.
When the faucet (switch) is on, there is
current flow.
CURRENT IN A CIRCUIT

off on

When the switch is off, there is no current.

When the switch is on, there is current.
 Voltage
The force (pressure) that causes current to flow

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

Pipe (Wiring)

When the faucet (switch) is off, there is pressure (voltage) pushing

against the pipe, tank, and the faucet.
When the faucet (switch) is on, there is pressure (voltage) that
causes flow (current) through the system.
VOLTAGE IN A CIRCUIT

off on

The battery provides voltage that will push current through the
bulb when the switch is on.
 RESISTANCE
The opposition of current flow

- measured in Ohms (Ω)

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

Pipe (Wiring)

If a rock gets lodged in the pipe, flow (current) decreases.

 RESISTANCE IN A CIRCUIT

off on

Resistors are components that create resistance.

Reducing current causes the bulb to dim.
RESISTANCE_RESISTANCE
VARIATION_BATTERIES
EE104-1 – BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
 OBJECTIVES
❑ Explain the factors affecting the resistance of a certain cable.
❑ Calculate the resistance of a certain cable given the factors
affecting it.
❑ Explain the effects of temperature on the resistance of the
material.
❑ Calculate resistance as an effect of change in temperature.
❑ Explain the concept of supply sources connected in series or
parallel.
❑ Calculate all parameters regarding supply sources connected in
series or parallel.
EE104 – BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
RESISTANCE
RESISTANCE

l
R=
A

(a) Resistor as the element used to model

current-resisting behavior of a material
(b) Circuit symbol for resistance
Resistivity of Various Materials
Resistivity of Various Materials
Resistivity of Various Materials
RESISTANCE
❑Circular Mils (CM)
❑The area can also be measured in a quantity called
circular mils (CM).
❑It is the quantity used in commercial wire tables.
❑The mil is a unit of measurement for length and is related
to the inch by:
 RESISTANCE
A circular mil is defined as the area contained within a circle having a diameter of 1
mil (1 mil = 0.001 inch)

A square mil is defined as the area contained in a

square having side dimensions of 1 mil (1 mil = 0.001
inch)
 RESISTANCE

Cases in which R2 > R1

For each case, all remaining parameters that control the resistance level are the same.
Popular wire sizes and some of their areas
of application
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON RESISTANCE

1. It increases the resistance of pure metal.

2. It increases the resistance of alloys.
3. It decreases the resistance of inductors
and electrolytes.
 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON RESISTANCE
• The rate at which the resistance of a material changes with a variation in
temperature is called the temperature coefficient of the material
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON RESISTANCE
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON RESISTANCE
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON RESISTANCE
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON RESISTANCE

Temperature coefficient of resistance for various conductors at 20 °C

 ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM 1

▪Find the resistance at 20°C of an annealed

copper bus bar 3 m in length and 0.5 cm by 3 cm
in rectangular cross-section.

R = 344.6 μΩ
 ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM 2
▪When 120 V is applied across a certain light bulb, a
0.5-A current flows, causing the temperature of the
tungsten filament to increase to 2600 °C. What is the
resistance of the light bulb at the normal room
temperature of 20 °C?

R = 19.17 Ω
 ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM 3
▪The resistance of a certain device is 23 Ω at 25 °C. If
the temperature coefficient of the material is
0.004545 per °C at 20 °C, determine the temperature
of the device in °C when the resistance is 46 Ω?

T46 = 245.02C