Statistics

[1][2] It deals with all Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, and interpretation of data. aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and [1] experiments.

A statistician is someone who is particularly well versed in the ways of thinking necessary for the successful application of statistical analysis. Such people have often gained this experience through working in any of a wide number of fields. There is also a discipline called mathematical statistics, which is concerned with the theoretical basis of the subject. The word statistics, when referring to the scientific discipline, is singular, as in "Statistics is an art." This should not be confused with the word statistic, referring to a quantity (such as mean or median) calculated from a set of data,[4] whose plural is statistics ("this statistic seems wrong" or "these statistics are misleading"). Population
[3]

A population consists of an entire set of objects, observations, or scores that have something in common. For example, a population might be defined as all males between the ages of 15 and 18. Some populations are only hypothetical. Consider an experimenter interested in the possible effectiveness of a new method of teaching reading. He or she might define a population as the reading achievement scores that would result if all six year olds in the US were taught with this new method. The population is hypothetical in the sense that there does not exist a group of students who have been taught using the new method; the population consists of the scores that would be obtained if they were taught with this method. The sampling rate, sample rate, or sampling frequency defines the number of samples per unit of time (usually seconds) taken from a continuous signal to make a discrete signal. For time-domain signals, the unit for sampling rate is hertz (inverse seconds, 1/s, s1). The inverse of the sampling frequency is the [1] sampling period or sampling interval, which is the time between samples. Sample rate is usually noted in Sa/s (non-SI) and expanded as kSa/s, MSa/s, etc. The common notation for sampling frequency is fs which stands for frequency (subscript) sampled. In mathematics, a variable is a value that may change within the scope of a given problem or set of operations. In contrast, a constant is a value that remains unchanged, though often unknown or undetermined.[1] The concepts of constants and variables are fundamental to many areas of mathematics and its applications. A "constant" in this context should not be confused with a mathematical constant which is a specific number independent of the scope of the given problem.

A mathematical constant is a special number, usually a real number, that is "significantly interesting in some way".[1] Constants arise in many different areas of mathematics, with constants such as e and occurring in such diverse contexts as geometry, number theory and calculus. What it means for a constant to arise "naturally", and what makes a constant "interesting", is ultimately a matter of taste, and some mathematical constants are notable more for historical reasons than for their

intrinsic mathematical interest. The more popular constants have been studied throughout the ages and computed to many decimal places. All mathematical constants are definable numbers and usually are also computable numbers (Chaitin's constant being a significant exception). Assume that 1. Computers can manipulate real numbers. 2. Computers have access to a source of random variates that are uniformly distributed on the closed interval [0;1]. Then a random variate generation algorithm is any program that halts almost surely and exits with a real number X. This X is called a random variate. (Both assumptions are violated in most real computers. Computers necessarily lack the ability to manipulate real numbers, typically using floating point representations instead. Most computers lack a source of true randomness (like certain hardware random number generators), and instead use pseudorandom number sequences.) The distinction between random variable and random variate is subtle and is not always made in the literature. It is useful when one wants to distinguish between a random variable itself with an associated probability distribution on the one hand, and random draws from that probability distribution on the other, in particular when those draws are ultimately derived by floating-point arithmetic from a pseudo-random sequence. Argentina the US does not recognize any claims to Antarctica Bahrain each governorate administered by an appointed governor Belarus administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers; Russian spelling provided for reference when different from Belarusian Belgium as a result of the 1993 constitutional revision that furthered devolution into a federal state, there are now three levels of government (federal, regional, and linguistic community) with a complex division of responsibilities Chad instead of 14 prefectures, there may be a new administrative structure of 28 departments (departments, singular - department) and 1 city*; Assongha, Baguirmi, Bahr El Gazal, Bahr Koh, Batha Oriental, Batha Occidental, Biltine, Borkou, Dababa, Ennedi, Guera, Hadjer Lamis, Kabia, Kanem, Lac, Lac Iro, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mandoul, Mayo-Boneye, Mayo-Dallah, Monts de Lam, N'Djamena*, Ouaddai, Salamat, Sila, Tandjile Oriental, Tandjile Occidental, Tibesti Chile the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica China China considers Taiwan its 23rd province; see separate entries for the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau Congo, Democratic Republic of the according to the Constitution adopted in December 2005, the current administrative divisions should have been subdivided into 26 new provinces by 2009 but Kabila's administration has delayed that move