E.

History of Shopping mall

The modern version of the historical marketplace is a shopping center, shopping mall, or shopping
plaza. The mall is a collection of independent retail establishments, services, and a parking space that is
designed, built, and managed as a unit by a distinct management organization. They may also include
restaurants, banks, theaters, professional offices, service stations, and other amenities. Shopping malls as we
know them now were born in the early twentieth century and have since spread to cover the world's main cities
in a variety of designs. Not only has the shopping mall become a location where people of all ages may come to
connect, but it has also become a cultural hot spot.  Shopping malls are primarily characterized as indoor
shopping centers, while some feature outdoor portions with their own interior space for the stores. The concept
was inspired by historic covered marketplaces that were popular between the 10th and 15th centuries and are
still in use today.
The first shopping mall was the Country Club Plaza,
founded by the J.C. Nichols Company and opened near Kansas
City, Mo., in 1922. The first enclosed mall called South-dale opened
in Edina, Minnesota (near Minneapolis) in 1956. Giant megamalls
were built in the 1980s. The West Edmonton Mall in Alberta,
Canada, opened in 1981 and features over 800 businesses, an
amusement park, a miniature golf course, a chapel, a "water park"
for sunbathing and surfing, a zoo, and a 438-foot-long lake.
Shopping malls have been around for over 1,000 years in various
forms, including historical market squares, bazaars, and coastal
commercial areas. The modern shopping center, which comprises
everything from modest suburban strip malls to million-square-foot
super-regional malls, originated in the 1920s. J.C. Penney is often
credited with the idea of building a shopping center outside of a
city. Nichols from Kansas City, Missouri. His Country Club Plaza, Figure 1"Country Club PLaza" Kansas City
which opened in 1922, was built as the business center of a large-scale residential complex.
In 1954, Northland Middle in Detroit,
Michigan, employed a "cluster layout" with a single
department store in the center and a ring of retailers
surrounding it. The parking lot encircled the whole facility.
Northland was also the first facility to have central heating
and air conditioning. Southdale Center in Edina, Minnesota,
west of Minneapolis, was the first completely enclosed mall
with a two-level design, opening in 1956. It boasted central
air conditioning and heating, a relaxing common space, and,
most crucially, two competing department shops as anchors.
Most industry specialists consider Southdale to be the first
contemporary regional mall.

By 1964, the United States had 7,600 retail malls.

Following World War II, suburban development and population Figure 2"South Dale Center" Edina
increase necessitated the need for additional housing and more convenient retail shopping. Many of the centers
constructed in the 1950s and 1960s were strip malls serving new housing complexes. By 1972, the number of
shopping malls had more than quadrupled to 13,174. Regional malls such as Southdale and the Galleria in
Houston, Texas, had established themselves in many bigger cities, and Americans began to appreciate the ease
and pleasure of mall shopping. Several new forms and shopping centers kinds emerged throughout the 1970s.
There are a few distinct types of shopping malls to be aware of. The average retail mall is less than
400,000 square feet, with those between 400,000 and 800,000 square feet referred to as regional shopping malls.
Because they are larger, they may accommodate higher-end retailers that may require more room for their
establishments. Super-regional malls are ones that are larger than 800,000 square feet. These are the top retail
malls for the surrounding towns and suburbs. Strip malls are strictly suburban in nature, with big parking lots
surrounded by single-story stores. Outlet malls are unique retail complexes where manufacturers sell their items
directly through their own storefronts. The original shopping malls were mostly made up of individual stores
with a few food sellers strewn about. It wasn't long before food courts were installed to provide customers with
a convenient spot to dine. This also provided more eating options. Other improvements to shopping malls over
the twentieth century included the establishment of department shops. These were added when significant sums
of money were required to keep larger stores open.
Over the years, shopping mall developers have altered the focus and purpose of malls away from
traditional shopping plazas and toward new and upgraded shopping experiences such as thrilling food courts,
digitally native companies, and ultra-modern entertainment choices. This resulted in the building of massive
megamalls in the 1980s. The West Edmonton Mall in Canada opened in 1981 and features cutting-edge
amenities such as an amusement park, hotel, miniature golf course, zoo, lake, water park for surfing and
sunbathing, church, and many more.
Currently, shopping malls provide a variety of amenities to guests; yet, the malls are experiencing
decreased foot traffic. Mall traffic is being eroded by the advent of eCommerce shopping and the growing
popularity of direct-to-customer enterprises. The mall culture is under threat from the pressures of today's retail
culture. This, however, has compelled mall developers and constructors to innovate. Mall developers improved
their business strategies in response to the impact of eCommerce by introducing modern amenities to improve
customer experience. Furthermore, many businesses are capitalizing on new and inventive concepts to improve
the consumer shopping experience, such as Buy Online Pickup in Store (BOPIS) and curbside pickups.
Malls are becoming into interesting destinations where visitors can do much more than just purchase.
People nowadays enjoy more immersive experiences thanks to cutting-edge facilities such as gaming zones,
movie theaters, amusement parks, hotels, food courts, and so on. Malls often have places for farmer markets,
local projects, concerts, and other events, which add to the sense of community.

Hashemi, S. (n.d.). An overview of Shopping Mall, History of the Shopping Mall.

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/overview-shopping-mall-history-soroush-hashemi/
T, A. (2016, July 26). History of Malls | Management. Your Article Library.
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/mall-management/history-of-malls-management/
87292
K. (2022, November 10). Evolution Of The Shopping Mall: Past, Present, And Future. Next
Galleria Malls. https://nextgalleriamalls.com/evolution-of-the-shopping-mall/

I. CASE STUDY

SM MALL OF ASIA
Architect: Arquitectonica

Location: Bay City, Pasay

Project Completion: 2006
Site Area: 67 Hectares
No. of Shops: 600+

About:
 Largest Shopping mall in the Philippines
and third in the world.
  Consists of six-story-parking buildings that are meant to cater to 5000 car spaces.
 Iconic symbol of the mall is a giant globe that
is made up of steel frames and LED lights.
 Gross floor area of approximately 489,891 sqm.

The Mall of Asia is made up of four buildings that are linked together by walkways and elevated walkways:
the Main Mall, the Entertainment Mall, and the North and South Wing Parking Buildings. The Main Mall is
home to several retail and dining companies, as well as a food court. The Entertainment Mall is a two-story
open-air structure that also has some shopping and food establishments. The Music Venue, an events hall
(previously open-air, now air-conditioned) facing Manila Bay, is also located at the Entertainment Mall. As of
late 2021, the bulk of the area has been refurbished, including the installation of air conditioning. Because of the
mall's vastness, all towers include concierge desks that provide local information.
The mall's 5,000 parking spots are distributed between two six-story parking towers aptly labeled the North
and South Parking Buildings, each of which features solar roofing. The mall's official SM Store is in the South
Parking Building, while the mall's supermarket, the SM Hypermarket, is in the North Parking Building. Since
2016, these parking structures have been outfitted with elevators and escalators, allowing for quick access to
parking floors.

The Philippines' climate is divided into dry and wet seasons, and architectural design does not take use of
this climatic setting. It is too hot to walk outside the air-conditioned areas. The building's design does not
include wind tunnels, and its orientation does not enhance wind flow. The morning breeze arrives from the
bottom right side of the structure, and the building's response appears to be complete insensitivity to the wind.
You scarcely feel any air coming in. The air that strikes the building in the evening and late afternoon originates
from the bay, which encompasses the whole upper side of the structure. This architectural flaw might have been
solved with cooling fans, but there aren't enough of them, so people stay inside since it's more comfortable.
More people inside equal more squeezing. Individuals have complained that they are unable to cross the
pedestrian bridge to the river during the rainy season since it provides no protection. This is due to the builders'
failure to recognize that rainfall in this region of Asia is angled, unlike what they are used to. As a result, rain
enters pathways and floods the interiors. A design alternative would have been to enlarge the pathway to
increase setback from rain or to install rain guards; they could have done all this while directly exploiting the
wind via wind tunneling of the sea breeze.

The architects did not anticipate or did not expect the number of people to be at a startling 200,000 heads
per day based on daily observations of traffic flow. This is due to a lack of knowledge of the building's local
culture.
Missmeredithdee, V. a. P. B. (2011, August 9). Truly a Mall of Asia. History of Architecture
in a Nutshell. https://missmeredithdee.wordpress.com/2011/08/09/truly-a-mall-of-
asia/
Wikiwand - SM Mall of Asia. (n.d.). Wikiwand.
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/SM_Mall_of_Asia

SM CITY LEGAZPI
Architects: DSGN Associates
Location: Zone 9 Imelda Roces Ave, Legazpi
City, 4500 Albay
Owner: Henry Sy
Parking: 922 Slots
No. Floors: 3
Opened: September 14, 2018
 Total Retail Floor Area: 87,706 m2 (944,060 sq ft)

SM City Legazpi is a shopping mall owned and operated by SM Prime Holdings, the largest retail and
mall operator in the Philippines. It is located in Barangay Bitano, Legazpi City, Albay, near the junction of
Imelda C. Roces Avenue and Terminal Road. It is the first SM Supermall in Albay and the second in the Bicol
Region, after the September 14, 2018 opening of SM City Naga. It is the 71st SM Supermall in the Philippines,
after SM City Telabastagan in San Fernando, Pampanga. SM City Legazpi is presently the largest mall in the
Bicol Region, with 87,706 m2 (944,060 sq ft) of total floor space.

SM City Legazpi is a three-story green-

architecture shopping center. The floor plan is z-
shaped, with natural lighting options. A glass-walled
Food Hall with an outdoor balcony, as well as an SM
Prestige Lounge with panoramic views of Mt. Mayon,
are significant mall features. In addition, the mall has
a 922-slot three-level parking structure with roof deck
parking and six digital cinemas with 109 comfort seats
apiece.

There is also a customer service center, PWD access

ramps, and a breastfeeding station. It boasts a typhoon-resistant construction, according to Annie Garcia,
President of SM Supermalls.
SM Prime opens SM City Legazpi in Albay. (2018, September).
https://www.sminvestments.com/. Retrieved February 17, 2023, from
https://www.sminvestments.com/press_release/sm-prime-opens-sm-city-legazpi-in-
albay/

ROBINSONS CYBERGATE NAGA

Architect: LG+V Architects

Location: Naga, Camarines Sur

Project Completion: 2004
Site Area: 67,300 sqm
No. of Shops: 600+

Cybergate Naga is a four-story PEZA-

registered premium office property strategically placed inside the 6.7-hectare Robinsons Place Naga complex.
The mixed-use complex includes an office building, a shopping center, and a hotel. The Bicol Central Bus
Station and the Philippine National Railways (PNR)-Naga Station are also nearby transit hubs. Cybergate Naga
consists of three floors with large and efficient floor plates ranging from 2,600 to 3,000 sqm. It is linked to the
Robinsons Place Naga mall on the third level, giving it access to the mall's extensive retail, service, and food
offerings. It is designed with world-class engineering and is outfitted with dependable equipment for efficient
and safe day-to-day operations. This prime office complex incorporates green construction elements for energy
savings and an improved work environment.
 Cybergate Naga highlights its prime strategic location, close proximity to residential communities, and
commercial/lifestyle centers, easily accessible to public transportation, large and efficient office floor plates,
wide selection of retail and dining options, 24/7 operations capacity, LEED silver pre-certified, green and
sustainable building features, space options for recruitment center, exclusive lobby and elevators for the office
building.

Having a sustainable and green building design in a building can enhance the work environment for the
employees, more productive and safer operations every office hour. Having a strategic location, being accessible
to public transportation and close proximity to residential communities can attract a large number of customers
and gives easy access to the side and would save a significant amount of time and energy.

Robinsons Malls | ROBINSONS NAGA. (n.d.).

https://www.robinsonsmalls.com/mall-info/robinsons-place-naga
Cybergate Naga. (n.d.). Robinsonsoffices.com. Retrieved February 16, 2023, from
https://www.robinsonsoffices.com/properties/cybergate-naga

Site planning is the art of organizing the exterior physical environment to facilitate human activity. Site
planning encompasses the closely connected operations of site selection, site inventory, site analysis, and site
design. The traditional technique of site planning is reliant on the planner's judgment, creativity, expertise, and
experience, resulting in an immeasurable and opaque site design process. The problem space is not specified in a
meaningful way; no rule or method is provided to evaluate the produced site plan for its effectiveness.
Furthermore, site planning issues are poorly organized and are not handled using appropriate algorithms or
operators. (Kapoor &Bansal, 2019).

Figure 3 Developed framework for site planning in hill areas.

Cycle 1: Understand

This cycle involves a clear understanding of the existing conditions of the site and the intended purpose
of its modification. Existing conditions of the site require information related to its physical parameters, which
are unique for every site. These physical parameters affect the development of the site plan and thus require
evaluation. The intended purpose of modifying the site in understanding, alternate scenarios are required to be
generated. The alternate scenarios are developed based on changing parameters, which are compared to each
other for their impact on the existing conditions of the site in terms of impact parameters. The complete
understanding of the site in terms of the identification of the physical parameters, change parameters, impact
parameters, evaluate physical parameters, and complete the first cycle of the developed framework. The cycle
consists of five steps. Out of these, three steps are the core steps that are repeated in each cycle. The various
steps involved in the first cycle of the framework are discussed as follows.

Problem identification:
The identification of the facilities for which the site is intended to be designed, the site's geographic location,
and the scope of the site planning project under consideration.

Data acquisition:
Information relating to physical characteristics to be obtained from various sources are chosen in order to
comprehend the site's current state. The physical factors differ depending on the location. The first cycle's data
acquisition goal is to determine the physical parameters associated with the data to be obtained. The information
is used to create map layers that depict the physical circumstances of the place.

Evaluation of parameters:
Prioritizing the physical factors specified in the preceding stage is required before making a site planning
choice. This scenario is one of the key processes in the first cycle, and its objective is to choose the technique to
be used for evaluating the physical parameters. This stage is determined by the type of project, its magnitude,
the planned purpose for development, and its location. Expert questionnaire surveys, interviews, seminars,
stakeholders' opinions, or decision-makers assessments are among the methods to be employed.

Scenario generation:
The intended purpose of site planning is based on the stakeholders' needs, the site's context, and the objective to
be attained. As a result, it is necessary to generate various scenarios of the transformation from the present
situation to the desired site planning proposal. Change parameters are the variables that influence change. This
key phase in the first cycle's objective is to identify the change parameters for scenario development.

Impact analysis:
The impacts of the alternative scenarios are analyzed and compared to finalize the best site plan in this step. The
parameters used for comparing the alternate scenarios are called impact parameters. This step aims to identify
impact parameters, which depend upon the context of the site planning project under consideration.

Cycle 2: PROCESS

The created framework's process is finished in reverse order. It is critical to define potentially helpful
processes by reversing the typical sequence of the key phases. As a result, the framework will be decision-
driven rather than data-driven. The second cycle's goal is to clearly outline the technique for analyzing the data
relevant to the parameters defined in the previous cycle. This cycle contains six phases, which are explained
below.

Scenario generation:
This key stage of the framework is utilized to complete the operation of producing different scenarios based on
change parameters, which are identified in the first cycle.

Site evaluation:
Following the completion of the scenario-generating operation, the site is reviewed. In this phase, the procedure
for assessing the site is completed.

Evaluation of parameters:
To generate suitability maps for producing various scenarios, physical criteria must be weighed. Various
approaches for giving weights to physical attributes are utilized, including ranking, rating, pairwise comparison,
and trade-off analysis. This core phase focuses on the technique for determining the weights of the indicated
physical characteristics for site evaluation, whereas the procedure was chosen in the first cycle's core step.

Constraints and opportunities:

This stage focuses on identifying the restrictions and potential of the development site. Constraints limit the
site's use to a certain purpose. Opportunities stimulate the use of the site for a specific development. This stage
paints a clear picture of how the site's present characteristics favor or constrain growth. This stage additionally
compiles the code provisions for the indicated physical parameters for suitability analysis.

Data acquisition:
This step selects various sources for the acquisition of the data related to the physical parameters, which were
identified in the first cycle.

Problem Structuring:
This step is conducted after finalizing the physical, change, and impact parameters and the procedures for
analyzing, evaluating, and generating alternate scenarios.

Cycle 3: IMPLEMENTATION
The third cycle is the actual implementation part of the framework, where the data acquired and the
procedures finalized for the analysis of the data are actually implemented to develop the site plan. The steps of
the third cycle are discussed as follows:

Framing problem:
The act of describing and understanding an issue in order to arrive at a problem statement is known as framing.
This stage is critical in issue-solving since even changes in problem framing can result in radically different
problem-solving processes and solutions.

Data acquisition:
The current circumstances of the site are represented in terms of base maps, for which the physical parameters
are identified in the first cycle, and data relevant to these parameters are obtained from various sources in the
second cycle. In this cycle, data linked to physical parameters are represented as map layers.

Data Structuring:
Following the representation of the site's current circumstances, the following stage is to arrange the map layers
for assessing the site. This evaluation aids in the modeling of the proposed site's restrictions and potential based
on code provisions related to various physical factors.

Evaluation of parameters:
This first stage carries out the technique and method for calculating the percentage effect of physical factors in
terms of weights for site design decisions. In the first cycle, processes are chosen, and the mechanism for
computing weights is completed in the second cycle.

Suitability analysis:
Based on the percentage effect of the defined physical factors and their code provision, suitability analysis
determines the most appropriate land patches for the required categories. The suitability analysis results are
given in the form of suitability maps, taking into account the site's limits and potential.

Scenario generation:
Suitability maps are used as an input to generate different scenarios representing proposed changes from the
current situation to the desired one. The first cycle identifies change parameters. The technique for producing
alternate scenarios is completed in the second cycle, and the alternate scenarios are formed in this cycle based
on the change parameters.

Impact analysis:
The alternate scenarios created are compared for their impacts on the basis of impact parameters finalized in the
first cycle. The comparison of the alternate scenarios helps in selecting the most appropriate solution for the site
planning problem under consideration. The alternate scenarios are modified until the impact is positive. The
impacts of alternate scenarios generated are compared based on identified impact parameters, resulting in a
positive or a negative impact on the existing condition of the site. If the impacts are positive, then the site plan is
finalized for implementation by the decision-makers. If the impacts are negative, then feedback is required.
Thus, any or all the three core steps are subject to feedback and revision: alteration of the parameters requires
good quality input data, an improved method of evaluation of parameters, and a redesigned alternate scenario
until the proposed site plan results in positive impacts on the existing condition of the site.

Decision:
The site plan developed with the most positive impact is selected based on a comparison of all alternate
scenarios.

Kapoor, N., & Bansal, V. (2019). Development of creative problem solving based framework
for site planning in hill areas.

There is rising concern about the energy consumption of shopping malls, which has prompted answers
from all construction sectors to the need for passive elements in their design. However, the retail industry has
been reluctant to respond to this demand. Shopping malls should take responsibility for implementing passive
design features, particularly energy efficiency in their design, to minimize excessive energy consumption.
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are the principal drivers of high energy consumption
in shopping malls. (Izobo-Matins, et al, 2022).
A high proportion of retail malls employ HVAC systems to guarantee enough air exchange for indoor
thermal comfort. However, extended operating hours and a rise in the number of open days have resulted in
significant energy usage due to HVAC systems. To mitigate the environmental impact of excessive energy
usage, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) have required the retail industry to incorporate passive
cooling systems into the design of new shopping malls (Izobo-Matins, et al, 2022).
As stated by (Ahmed, 2019) incorporating passive cooling systems into the architectural design process
of retail malls necessitates several design considerations. This is because enclosed areas without passive cooling
components can produce an increase in carbon dioxide and temperature levels when occupied by humans,
causing discomfort, and posing health risks as a result of poor indoor thermal comfort. The goal of including
passive cooling components throughout the design process is to provide effective thermal comfort in interior
areas. A successful passive system is mostly dependent on natural and environmental components such as the
sun, wind, soil, and water. The incorporation of passive cooling systems into the design process necessitates
performance that is influenced by building orientation, materials, height, and other architectural elements.

HVAC systems undoubtedly contribute considerably to shopping center energy usage. This is required
to provide a high degree of indoor thermal quality.

Special architectural conditions and needs in shopping malls are driven by the following;

 The need to enhance indoor environmental quality and functionality.

 The necessity to improve customers’ experience.
 The need to reduce energy consumption of the mall.
 The obligation to improve building operation and reduce maintenance costs, and
 The condition to mitigate the environmental and socio-economic impact of the shopping mall (Maxim
pact Energy Efficiency Services, 2021).

The continual evolution of the construction industry has aided in the development of environmentally friendly
building materials and components. This progress has improved technical systems such as lighting, ventilation,
and the building envelope. Retrofitting necessitates a thorough examination of the building's characteristics;
however, this may be accomplished with the use of building energy simulators, which aid in estimating the
impact of building components on natural ventilation and day illumination. Here are some examples of different
energy-saving strategies:

 To minimize heating and cooling demand, a multi-functional climate sensitive façade system, multi-
purpose coatings and insulation, and applications for strategic vegetation integration are used.

Figure 4: Vegetative integrated façade system Source: Figure 5: Terracotta cladding façade system for
Pinterest (2021). extreme weather conditions.

 To reduce the usage of energy-intensive climate control systems, smart natural ventilation and cooling
are used.

Figure 6: Light tube system in a mall

 The use of solar collectors, photovoltaic panels, and sophisticated storage systems to help satisfy a
building's energy demands by renewable energy sources.
 Because most retail malls' outer surfaces are built of steel and glass, a big amount of the energy savings
can come from envelope energy efficiency, as the glass surfaces generate significant solar heat
(Maximpact Energy Efficiency Services, 2021).

Izobo-Martins, O. & Oyelami, B. & Agboola, O. & Ejale, E.. (2022). Investigation of Passive
Cooling Strategies in Selected Shopping Malls, Southwestern Nigeria. IOP Conference
Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 1054. 012024. 10.1088/1755-1315/1054/1/012024.

Ahmed, F. (2019). Advances in

Passive Cooling Design: An
Integrated Design Approach.
London:
IntechOpen.
Ahmed, F. (2019). Advances in Passive Cooling Design: An Integrated Design Approach.
London: IntechOpen.

Maximpact Energy Efficiency Services. (2021). Energy Efficiency Consumption in Shopping

Centers. Retrieved from Maximpact.com: http://www.maximpact.com/energy-efficiency-
consumption-in-shopping-centers