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MILLMAN’S INTEGRATED ELECTRONICS

Analog and Digital Circuits and Systems, Second Edition

JACOB MILLMAN, CHRISTOS HALKIAS & CHETAN D PARIKH

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INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Ideal Operational Amplifier
Practical Operational Amplifier
 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
An operational amplifier or op-amp is a versatile device commonly used in integrated circuits. It is a
high-gain differential amplifier which can be used in several applications, such as, inverting and non-
inverting amplifiers, oscillators, waveform generators, filters, in many instrumentation circuits, and
realization of many mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, differentiation and integration. It
contains a chain of differential amplifiers to achieve a very high gain.
ELECTRICAL EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
(Replace the Op-amp with)
VIRTUAL GROUND CONCEPT
Voltage Gain-from Notes
 Application of Op-amp
• Inverting & Non Inverting Amp
• Unity Follower
• Inverter
• Adder (Summing) Amplifierlifier
• Integrator
• Differentiator
• Current to Voltage (I/V) and
• Voltage to Current (V/I)
 Inverting Amplifier-virtual ground

At the input to the amplifier proper there exists a virtual ground, or when there is
negative feedback present.
Voltage Follower
Z and Z’ are equal in magnitude but differ in angle. Any phase shift, from
0 to 360° (or ± 180°) may be obtained.
Summing Amplifier
Integrator
The input bias current will also flow through the feedback capacitor, charging it
and producing an additional linearly increasing voltage at the output.
Differentiator
Chapter-15- Article-15.6-Ref-2 (PP-583)
Input Bias Current
Input offset Current
Input Off-set Current Drift

Input offset Voltage

Input Off-set Voltage Drift
Output offset Voltage

Power supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR)

Slew Rate
Input-output Offset Voltage & Current
 Other Important Application of Op-amp
• Instrumentation Amplifier: Differential
Amplifier with high input impedance and
low output impedance called
Instrumentation amp.
(Circuit consist of voltage follower followed
by Diff. Amp.)
Differential Amplifier
Voltage follower
Differential and Common Mode operation
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
 The function of a differential amplifier (DIFF AMP) is to amplify the difference
between two signals. It is the basic stage of integrated operational amplifier.

The Output of Diff. amp. is:

In general the output depends upon the difference

Signal vd the common-mode signal vc where
Instrumentation Amplifiers:

Differential Amplifier: (Single op-amp instrumentation amplifier)

To obtain vo in terms of v1and v2 use superposition theorem
V1 at Non-Inverting Terminal
V2 at Inverting Terminal
R1 Input resistance at Inv.
R2 Feedback resistance .
Instrumentation Amplifiers:
Differential Amplifier: (Single op-amp instrumentation amplifier)
Short input v2 to ground (Inverting Configuration)
Instrumentation Amplifiers:
Differential Amplifier: (Single op-amp instrumentation amplifier)
Short input to v1 (Noninverting Configuration)
Instrumentation Amplifiers:

Differential Amplifier: (Single op-amp instrumentation amplifier)

Differential Input Impedance: Zin or Zd

Zd = 2R1 Zd is limited
Instrumentation Amplifiers:
Three Op Amp Instrumentation Amplifier (IA):
CMRR and Zin are very important attributes of an IA
Can increase Zin of difference amplifier configuration by adding unity gain buffers
or buffers with gain
Voltage follower followed by Diff. Amp.
Instrumentation Amplifiers:
Three Op Amp Instrumentation Amplifier:
CMRR and Zin are very important attributes of an IA
Can increase Zin of difference amplifier configuration by adding buffers
Common mode signals are not amplified if common R1 is used and
connection to ground is removed.
Figure-15.28-INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER

Rf=R1
we should like to have Ad large, Ac should equal zero. Common mode rejection ratio
DIFFERENTIAL AND COMMON-MODE OPERATION