MODULE 2

Anti-derivatives
Anti-derivatives or integral is just simply a reverse of differentiation. If we are going to
integrate (𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙: ∫ ) an integrand (a function to be integrated), say,

∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

We get,

= 𝒇 (𝒙 ) + 𝑪

Hence,

𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 )
f prime (f’) is the derivative of f.
f is the anti-derivative of f prime.

Remember that EVERYTIME we integrate a function, we need to add a constant C ,

because the derivative of a constant is zero (0).

Indefinite Integral. With an indefinite integral there are no upper and lower limits on the
integral here, and what we'll get is an answer that still has x's in it and will also have a C,
plus C, in it.
∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

Definite Integral. A definite integral has upper and lower limits on the integrals, and it's
called definite because, at the end of the problem, we have a number - it is a definite
answer.

𝒃
∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝒂

In the following topics, we will focus first on understanding how to integrate indefinite
integrals using different techniques to understand the principle of integration before
proceeding to the definite integrals.
FUNDAMENTAL FORMULAS OF INTEGRATION.

𝑑
1. ∫ [𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 ] = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥

2. ∫[𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥 )]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

3. ∫ 𝑎𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥, 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.

𝑥 𝑚+1
4. ∫ 𝑥 𝑚 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑚+1

Reverse Power Rule. The power rule for integration provides us with a formula that
allows us to integrate any function that can be written as a power of x, see formula 4. This
is an essential step in learning integration, make sure to work through all the exercises
and if you have plenty of time, do watch YouTube tutorials.

EXAMPLE 1

∫ 5 𝑑𝑥

Every time you integrate a constant, all you need to do is to multiply a variable to it with
respect to the derivative. So the anti-derivative of 5 is 5y+C, because the derivative of
5y+C, is 5.

To check your work,

𝑑
[𝟓𝒚 + 𝑪]
𝑑𝑥

= (5 + 0)𝑑𝑥
= 𝟓 𝒅𝒙
EXAMPLE 2.

∫ 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥

STEP 1. Identify if the problem is solvable by direct formula.

𝑥 𝑚+1
∫ 𝑥 𝑚 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑚+1
STEP 2. Directly use the applicable formula of integration to the problem.

∫ 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 𝑚+1
= +𝐶
𝑚+1
𝑥 5+1
= +𝐶
5+1
𝒙𝟔
= +𝑪 Don’t forget to add the constant (+C) to the answer.
𝟔

To check,
𝑑 𝒙𝟔
( + 𝑪)
𝑑𝑥 𝟔

6𝑥 6−1
=[ + 0] 𝑑𝑥
6

= 𝒙𝟓 𝒅𝒙
EXAMPLE 3.

𝑑𝑥
∫
𝑥2

STEP 1. Identify if the problem is solvable by direct formula.

𝑥 𝑚+1
∫ 𝑥 𝑚 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑚+1
STEP 2. Directly use the applicable formula of integration to the problem.
𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2

𝑥 𝑚+1
= +𝐶
𝑚+1
𝑥 (−2)+1
= +𝐶
(−2) + 1
𝑥 −1
= +𝐶
−1
𝟏
= − +𝑪
𝒙

EXAMPLE 4.

3
∫ 2 √𝑧 𝑑𝑧

STEP 1. Identify if the problem is solvable by direct formula.

𝑥 𝑚+1
∫ 𝑎𝑥 𝑚 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑥 𝑚 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 [ ]+𝐶 Formula 3 and 4
𝑚+1

STEP 2. Directly use the applicable formula of integration to the problem.

1
3
∫ 2 √𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 2 ∫(𝑧)3 𝑑𝑧

𝑥 𝑚+1
= 2( )+𝐶
𝑚+1
 1
z(3)+1
= 2[ ]+C
1
(3) + 1
5
z3
= 2[ ]+C
5
3
5
3𝑧 3
= 2( )+𝐶
5

𝟔𝟑 𝟓
= √𝒛 + 𝑪
𝟓

EXAMPLE 5.

∫(2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥

STEP 1. Identify if the problem is solvable by direct formula.

∫(𝑎𝑥 𝑚 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑛 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑥 𝑚 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑏 ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 Formula 2, 3 and 4

STEP 2. Directly use the applicable formula of integration to the problem.

∫(2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥

= 2 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 5 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 2+1 𝑥 1+1
= 2[ ]−5[ ] + 3𝑥 + 𝐶
2+1 1+1
𝟐 𝟑 𝟓 𝟐
= 𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟐
EXAMPLE 6.

∫ 𝑥 3 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥

SOLUTION

∫ 𝑥 3 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
= ∫ 𝑥3 (𝑥2 ) 𝑑𝑥

1
= ∫ 𝑥 3+2 𝑑𝑥

7
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

7
𝑥 2+1
= +𝐶
7
+ 1
2
9
𝑥2
= +𝐶
9
2
𝟐 𝟗
= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟗

ACTIVITY 1: EVALUATE THE FOLLOWING INTEGRALS USING DIRECT FORMULA

𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 5. ∫ 3
9 √𝑥 2

2. ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫(1 − 𝑥)√𝑥 𝑑𝑥

3 2
3. ∫ √𝑥5 𝑑𝑥 7. ∫(3𝑠 + 4) 𝑑𝑠

1 𝑥3 − 5𝑥2 − 4
4. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 8. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 𝑥2
INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION (also called "u-Substitution" or "The Reverse
Chain Rule") is a method to find an integral, but only when it can be set up in a special
way.

GENERAL FORMULA ∫ 𝑓 [𝑔(𝑥)]𝑚 [𝑔′ (𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥

The function of g(x) is the integral of g’(x). After identify the complex term g(x), replace it
with u and dx with du, to make the integral simpler.

EXAMPLE 7.

∫(𝑥 + 3)11 𝑑𝑥

STEP 1. Identify the complex term of the problem and find the derivative.
Say,

𝑢 = (𝑥 + 3 )
𝑑𝑢 = 1 𝑑𝑥

STEP 2. Isolate the dx.

𝑑𝑢 = 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
1

STEP 3. Replace the complex term of the integral with u, and dx with du.

∫(𝑥 + 3)11 𝑑𝑥

𝒅𝒖
= ∫(𝒖)11 ( )
𝟏
 = ∫(𝒖)11 𝒅𝒖

STEP 4. Evaluate the simplified integral.

= ∫(𝒖)11 𝒅𝒖

𝑢11+1
= +𝐶
11 + 1
1 12
= 𝑢 +𝐶
12

STEP 5. Substitute the value of u from STEP 1.

1 12
= 𝑢 +𝐶
12
𝟏
= (𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟏𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟏𝟐

EXAMPLE 8.

∫ 8𝑥 √40 − 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

STEP 1. Identify the complex term of the problem and find the derivative.
Say,

𝑢 = 40 − 2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 = −4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

STEP 2. Isolate the dx.

𝑑𝑢 = −4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
−4𝑥
STEP 3. Replace the complex term of the integral with u, and dx with du.

∫ 8𝑥 √40 − 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

1
= ∫ 8𝑥(40 − 2𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑢
= ∫(8𝑥)(𝑢)2 ( )
−4𝑥
1
= ∫ −2(𝑢)2 𝑑𝑢

1
= −2 ∫(𝑢)2 𝑑𝑢

STEP 4. Evaluate the simplified integral.

1
= 2 ∫(𝒖)2 𝒅𝒖

1
𝑢2+1
= 2[ ]+𝐶
1
+1
2
3
𝑢2
= 2[ ] + 𝐶
3
2
4 3
= 𝑢2 + 𝐶
3

STEP 5. Substitute the value of u from STEP 1.

4 3
= 𝑢2 + 𝐶
3
𝟒 𝟑
= (𝟒𝟎 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟑
EXAMPLE 9.

𝒙𝟑
∫ 𝒅𝒙
(𝟐 + 𝒙𝟒 )𝟐

STEP 1. Identify the complex term of the problem and find the derivative.
Say,

𝑢 = 2 + 𝑥4
𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

STEP 2. Isolate the dx.

𝑑𝑢 = 4 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
4

STEP 3. Replace the complex term of the integral with u, and dx with du.
𝒙𝟑
∫ 𝒅𝒙
(𝟐 + 𝒙𝟒 )𝟐

𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒖
=∫ ( )
(𝒖)𝟐 𝟒𝒙𝟑

𝒅𝒖
= ∫
𝟒𝒖𝟐

𝟏
= ∫ 𝒖−𝟐 𝒅𝒖
𝟒

STEP 4. Evaluate the simplified integral.

1
= ∫(𝒖)−2 𝒅𝒖
4
 1 𝑢(−2)+1
= [ ]+𝐶
4 (−2) + 1
1 𝑢−1
= [ ]+𝐶
4 −1
1
=− +𝐶
4𝑢

STEP 5. Substitute the value of u from STEP 1.

1
=− +𝐶
4(2 + 𝑥 4 )
𝟏
=− +𝑪
𝟖 + 𝟒𝒙𝟒

EXAMPLE 10.

∫ 𝑥√3𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥

STEP 1. Identify the complex term of the problem and find the derivative.
Say,

𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 2
𝑑𝑢 = 3 𝑑𝑥

STEP 2. Isolate the dx.

𝑑𝑢 = 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
3
STEP 3. Replace the complex term of the integral with u, and dx with du.

∫ 𝑥√3𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
= ∫ 𝑥 √𝑢 ( )
3

Note: In using the power rule formula, there should be only one variable with respect to
the derivative. Going back to STEP 1. Isolate the value of x.

𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 2
𝑢−2
=𝑥
3
𝑑𝑢
= ∫ 𝑥 √𝑢 ( )
3

𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢
=∫ √𝑢 ( )
3 3

𝑢−2 1
= ∫ (𝑢)2 𝑑𝑢
3(3)
1 1
= ∫(𝑢 − 2) (𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑢
9

1 3 1
= ∫(𝑢2 − 2𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑢
9

1 3 2 1
= ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
9 9

STEP 4. Evaluate the simplified integral.

5 3
1 𝑢2 2 𝑢2
= ( )− ( )+𝐶
9 5 9 3
2 2
2 5 4 3
= (𝑢2 ) − (𝑢2 ) + 𝐶
45 27
STEP 5. Substitute the value of u from STEP 1.
2 5 4 3
= (𝑢2 ) − (𝑢2 ) + 𝐶
45 27

𝟐 𝟓 𝟒 𝟑
= (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 − (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟒𝟓 𝟐𝟕

EXAMPLE 11.

∫ √5𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥

SOLUTION
Let
𝑢 = 5𝑥 + 4
𝑑𝑢 = 5𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
5

∫ √5𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
= ∫ √𝑢 ( )
5

1 1
= ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
5
3
1 𝑢2
= ( )+𝐶
5 3
2

2 3
= 𝑢2 + 𝐶
15
𝟐 𝟑
= (𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟏𝟓

In most cases, the u variable is always the x of g(x)m, and by mental

derivation, you can conclude the u variable immediately because it can
cancel the outside variable through division.
ACTIVITY 2. EVALUATE THE INTEGRALS USING U-SUBSTITUTION METHOD
8𝑥 2
1. ∫ 4𝑥(𝑥 2 + 5)3 𝑑𝑥 4. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 3 + 2)3
𝑥2
2. ∫ 3𝑥 √1 − 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 5. ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥3 + 2
1 (𝑥 + 3)
3. ∫(𝑥 3 + 2)2 (𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥)3

QUICK INTEGRATION BY INSPECTION. The learning objective of this topic is to identify

the problem that is of similar form of

∫ 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥)]𝑚 [𝑔′ (𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥

and perform the integration. The derivative of 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥 )]𝑚 must be equal to 𝑔′(𝑥 ) in order
to perform the integration immediately.

EXAMPLE 12.

∫ 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 5)3 𝑑𝑥

STEP 1. From the integral, select the complex term.

∫ 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 5)3 𝑑𝑥

= ∫(𝑥 2 + 5)3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥 )]𝑟 𝑔′ (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

STEP 2. Find the derivative of the complex term and supply the missing coefficient to the
original equation.

𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 5
𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∫(𝑥 2 + 5)3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 Remember that the dy = 2x dx, so I
2 2
= ∫(𝑥 2 3
+ 5) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( ) multiplied it by 2 to complete the integral.
2

2𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 2 + 5)3 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2

1
= ∫(𝑥 2 + 5)3 ( ) (2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2

1
= ∫(𝑥 2 + 5)3 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Now, the integral is complete without
2 altering the original value of the problem.

STEP 3. The new integral has the same value with the original integral, proceed to
integration immediately.

1 Notice that I immediately delete 2x,

∫(𝑥 2 + 5)3 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 because if you do the u-substitution it will
2 be cancelled anyway. Stick to the
GENERAL FORMULA

2
𝑎 ∫ 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥 )]𝑚 𝑔′(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
1 (𝑥 + 5 )3+1
= ∗ +𝐶
2 3+1

1 (𝑥 2 + 5)4
= ∗ +𝐶
2 4
𝟏 𝟐
= (𝒙 + 𝟓)𝟒 + 𝑪
𝟖

REMINDER: THERE ARE SOME INTEGRAL PROBLEMS THAT YOU NEED TO

SIMPLIFY FIRST BEFORE USING INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES

ACTIVITY 3. EVALUATE THE INTEGRALS

3 (1 + 𝑥)2
1. ∫ √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥

2. ∫ √𝑥2 − 2𝑥4 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
4. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)2
FUNDAMENTAL FORMULAS OF INTEGRATION.

𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ = ln|𝑥 | + 𝐶
𝑥

𝑎𝑥
6. ∫ 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
ln 𝑎

7. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶

EXAMPLE 13.

𝑑𝑥
∫
𝑥+2

STEP 1. Identify if the problem is solvable by direct formula.

𝑑𝑥
∫ = ln|𝑥 | + 𝐶
𝑥
Note: If you try to use POWER FORMULA, the resulting exponent will lead to 0,
therefore the POWER FORMULA is not applicable for the problem.

STEP 2. Identify the complex term and find the derivative.

𝑦 = 𝑥+2
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥

STEP 3. Determine if the integral is complete.

𝑑𝑥 The derivative of x+2 is dx,

∫
𝑥+2 the integral is complete.

STEP 4. Apply the formula (5).

𝑑𝑥
∫ = 𝐥𝐧|𝒙 + 𝟐| + 𝑪
𝑥+2
EXAMPLE 14.

𝑑𝑥
∫
2𝑥 − 3

STEP 1. Identify if the problem is solvable by direct formula.

𝑑𝑥
∫ = ln|𝑥 | + 𝐶
𝑥
Note: If you try to use POWER FORMULA, the resulting exponent will lead to 0,
therefore the POWER FORMULA is not applicable for the problem.

STEP 2. Identify the complex term and find the derivative.

𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3
𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑑𝑥

STEP 3. Determine if the integral is complete.

𝑑𝑥 The derivative of 2x-3 is 2dx, the

∫
2𝑥 − 3 integral is incomplete.

𝑑𝑥 2
= ∫( )( )
2𝑥 − 3 2

1 2𝑑𝑥 The derivative of 2x-3 is 2dx, the

= ∫ integral is complete.
2 2𝑥 − 3

STEP 4. Apply the formula (5).

1 2𝑑𝑥 𝟏
∫ = 𝐥𝐧|𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑| + 𝑪
2 2𝑥 − 3 𝟐
EXAMPLE 15.

∫ 𝑎2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

STEP 1. Identify if the problem is solvable by direct formula.

𝑥
𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
ln 𝑎
STEP 2. Identify the complex term and find the derivative.
𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑑𝑥

STEP 3. Determine if the integral is complete.

The derivative of 2x is 2dx, therefore

∫ 𝑎 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 the integral is incomplete.
2
= ∫ 𝑎2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( )
2

1 The derivative of 2x is 2dx, the

= ∫ 𝑎2𝑥 2𝑑𝑥
2 integral is now complete.

STEP 4. Apply the formula (6).

1
∫ 𝑎2𝑥 2𝑑𝑥
2

𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝒙
= +𝑪
𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝒂
EXAMPLE 15.

∫ 𝑎2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

STEP 1. Identify if the problem is solvable by direct formula.

𝑥
𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
ln 𝑎
STEP 2. Identify the complex term and find the derivative.
𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑑𝑥

STEP 3. Determine if the integral is complete.

The derivative of 2x is 2dx, the

∫ 𝑎 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 integral is incomplete.
2
= ∫ 𝑎2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( )
2

1 The derivative of 2x is 2dx, the

= ∫ 𝑎2𝑥 2𝑑𝑥
2 integral is complete.

STEP 4. Apply the formula (6).

1
∫ 𝑎2𝑥 2𝑑𝑥
2

𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝒙
= +𝑪
𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝒂
EXAMPLE 16.

∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

STEP 1. Identify if the problem is solvable by direct formula.

∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
STEP 2. Identify the complex term and find the derivative.
𝑦 = −𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = −𝑑𝑥

STEP 3. Determine if the integral is complete.

The derivative of -x is -dx, the

∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 integral is incomplete.
−1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( )
−1

The derivative of 2x is 2dx, the

= −1 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (−𝑑𝑥)
integral is complete.

STEP 4. Apply the formula (7).

= − ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 (−𝑑𝑥)

= − 𝒆−𝒙 + 𝑪
EXAMPLE 17.

𝑑𝑥
∫
𝑒𝑥 + 1

SOLUTION
𝑑𝑥
∫
𝑒𝑥 +1

𝑑𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥
= ∫( 𝑥 )( )
𝑒 + 1 𝑒 −𝑥

𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫
𝑒 𝑥+(−𝑥) + 𝑒 −𝑥

𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥

Let
𝑦 = 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = (𝑒 −𝑥 )(−𝑑𝑥)

𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −1
= ∫( )( )
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 −1

(𝑒 −𝑥 )(−𝑑𝑥)
= −1 ∫
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥

= − ln|1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 | + 𝐶
(1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑒 𝑥
= − ln | ( 𝑥 )| + 𝐶
1 𝑒
𝑒𝑥 + 1
= − ln | 𝑥 | + 𝐶
𝑒
Review properties of natural log and e
𝒆𝒙
= 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 +𝑪
𝒆 +𝟏
ACTIVITY 4 EVALUATE THE INTEGRALS BELOW
𝑥
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 4. ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 − 1
1
𝑥2
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑥
1 − 2𝑥 3 5. ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑥+2
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫(𝑒 𝑥 + 1)3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1

FUNDAMENTAL FORMULAS OF INTEGRATION

8. ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 9. ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶

10. ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | sec 𝑥| + 𝐶 11. ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | sin 𝑥| + 𝐶

12. ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥| + 𝐶 13. ∫ csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥| + 𝐶

14. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶 15. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶

16. ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶 17. ∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 + 𝐶

EXAMPLE 18.

1
∫ sin ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2

STEP 1. Identify if the problem is solvable by direct formula.

∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶

STEP 2. Find the derivative of the complex term and supply the missing coefficient to
the original equation.
1
𝑦= 𝑥
2
1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
2

1
∫ sin ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2
 1 2
= ∫ sin ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ( )
2 2
1 1
= 2 ∫ sin ( 𝑥) ( 𝑑𝑥)
2 2

STEP 3. The new integral has the same value with the original integral, proceed to
integration immediately.

1 1
2 ∫ sin ( 𝑥) ( 𝑑𝑥)
2 2

1
= 2(− cos 𝑥) + 𝐶
2
𝟏
= −𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐

EXAMPLE 19.

∫ cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

STEP 1. Identify if the problem is solvable by direct formula.

∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶

STEP 2. Find the derivative of the complex term and supply the missing coefficient to
the original equation.
𝑦 = 3𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑑𝑥

∫ cos (3𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
3
= ∫ cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( )
3

1
= ∫ cos 3𝑥 (3𝑑𝑥 )
3
STEP 3. The new integral has the same value with the original integral, proceed to
integration immediately.

1
∫ cos(3𝑥 ) (3𝑑𝑥 )
3

1
= sin 3𝑥
3

𝟏
= 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟑

EXAMPLE 20.

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

SOLUTION
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 By inspection, it can be determined immediately
the relationship between two terms

= ∫(sin 𝑥)2 (cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥)

Let
𝑦 = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

(sin 𝑥)2+1
= +𝐶
2+1

𝟏
= 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟑
EXAMPLE 21.

∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

SOLUTION
∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

sin 𝑥 Review trigonometric identities

= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥

Let
𝑦 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 −1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ( )
cos 𝑥 −1

− sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −∫
cos 𝑥

= − ln |cos 𝑥| + 𝐶

1
= ln | |+𝐶
cos 𝑥

= 𝐥𝐧|𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙| + 𝑪

EXAMPLE 22.

sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∫
cos 2 𝑦

SOLUTION
sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∫
cos 2 𝑦

sin 𝑦 Review trigonometric identities

= ∫ 𝑑𝑦
(cos 𝑦)(cos 𝑦)

sin 𝑦 1
= ∫ ∗ 𝑑𝑦
cos 𝑦 cos 𝑦
 FORMULA 16
= ∫ tan 𝑦 sec 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 + 𝑪
= 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒚 + 𝑪

EXAMPLE 23.

∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

SOLUTION

∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ (cos 𝑒 𝑥 ) (𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥)

= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪

ACTIVITY 5 EVALUATE THE INTEGRALS BELOW

1. ∫ tan 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 7. ∫ 𝑒 3 cos 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑥 cot 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 8. ∫
1 + cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ sec √𝑥 9. ∫(sec 4𝑥 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 10. ∫
𝑎 + 𝑏 sec 𝑥
sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
5. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 11. ∫(tan 2𝑥 + sec 2𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
6. ∫(1 + tan 𝑥)2 12. ∫
csc 2𝑥 − cot 2𝑥
FUNDAMENTALS OF INTEGRATION FORMULAS.

𝑑𝑥 𝑥
18. ∫ = arcsin + 𝐶
√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
19. ∫ 2 = arctan +𝐶
𝑎 + 𝑥2 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
20. ∫ = arcsec + 𝐶
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎

EXAMPLE 24.

𝑑𝑥
∫
√4 − 𝑥 2

STEP 1. Identify if the problem is solvable by direct formula.

𝑑𝑥 𝑥
∫ = arcsin + 𝐶
√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑎
STEP 2. Transform the problem into formula alike.
𝑑𝑥
∫
√4 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
=∫
√(2)2 − (𝑥)2
STEP 3. Test if the numerator is the derivative of the complex term.
𝑦 = 2+𝑥 𝑦 = 2−𝑥
or
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑑𝑥
I took only the base (as shown above) because the exponent and the negative sign is ON
the formula itself. Moreover, the sign of “x” whether positive or negative is acceptable
because the square root of a number is either positive or negative, but in order to minimize
the risks in arithmetic, I used the positive sign.
STEP 4. Complete the derivative of the complex term.
𝑑𝑥
∫
√(2)2 − (𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥 1
=∫ ( )
√(2)2 − (𝑥 )2 1
STEP 5. Apply the formula.
𝑑𝑥
∫
√(2)2 − (𝑥 )2
𝑥
= arcsin + 𝐶
2

EXAMPLE 25.

𝑑𝑥
∫
√25 − 16𝑥 2

STEP 1. Identify if the problem is solvable by direct formula.

𝑑𝑥 𝑥
∫ = arcsin + 𝐶
√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑎
STEP 2. Transform the problem into formula alike.
𝑑𝑥
∫
√25 − 16𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
=∫
√(5)2 − (4𝑥)2
STEP 3. Test if the numerator is the derivative of the complex term.
𝑦 = 5 + 4𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 4𝑑𝑥
STEP 4. Complete the derivative of the complex term.
𝑑𝑥
∫
√(5)2 − (4𝑥)2

𝑑𝑥 4
=∫ ( )
√(5)2 − (4𝑥 )2 4

1 4𝑑𝑥
= ∫
4 √(5)2 − (4𝑥 )2
STEP 5. Apply the formula.
1 4𝑑𝑥
= ∫
4 √(5)2 − (4𝑥 )2

𝟏 𝟒𝒙
= 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 +𝑪
𝟒 𝟓
EXAMPLE 26.

𝑑𝑥
∫
9 + 𝑥2

STEP 1. Identify if the problem is solvable by direct formula.

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
∫ = arctan + 𝐶
𝑎2 +𝑥 2 𝑎 𝑎
STEP 2. Transform the problem into formula alike.
𝑑𝑥
∫
9 + 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
=∫
√(3)2 + (𝑥)2
STEP 3. Test if the numerator is the derivative of the complex term.
𝑦 = 3+𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
STEP 4. Complete the derivative of the complex term.
𝑑𝑥
=∫
√(3)2 + (𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥 1
=∫ ( )
√(3)2 + (𝑥 )2 1
𝑑𝑥
=∫
√(3)2 − (𝑥 )2
STEP 5. Apply the formula.
𝑑𝑥
=∫
√(3)2 − (𝑥 )2
 𝟏 𝒙
= 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟑

EXAMPLE 27.

𝑑𝑥
∫
4𝑥 2 + 9

STEP 1. Identify if the problem is solvable by direct formula.

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
∫ = arctan + 𝐶
𝑎2 +𝑥 2 𝑎 𝑎
STEP 2. Transform the problem into formula alike.
𝑑𝑥
∫
4𝑥 2 + 9
𝑑𝑥
=∫
√(2𝑥)2 + (3)2
STEP 3. Test if the numerator is the derivative of the complex term.
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3
𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑑𝑥
STEP 4. Complete the derivative of the complex term.
𝑑𝑥
=∫
√(2𝑥)2 + (3)2
𝑑𝑥 2
=∫ ( )
√(2𝑥)2 + (3)2 2
1 2𝑑𝑥
= ∫
2 √(2𝑥)2 + (3)2

STEP 5. Apply the formula.

1 2𝑑𝑥
= ∫
2 √(2𝑥)2 + (3)2
𝟏 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 Note: The formula is 𝒂 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂 + 𝑪 ,
= ∗ 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 +𝑪 and don’t forget the coefficient of
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
the integral.
 𝟏 𝟐𝒙
= 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 +𝑪
𝟔 𝟑

EXAMPLE 28.

𝑑𝑥
∫
𝑥√4𝑥 2 − 9

STEP 1. Identify if the problem is solvable by direct formula.

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
∫ = arcsec + 𝐶
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎
STEP 2. Transform the problem into formula alike.
𝑑𝑥
∫
𝑥√4𝑥 2 − 9
𝑑𝑥
=∫
𝑥√(2𝑥)2 − (3)2

STEP 3. Test if the numerator is the derivative of the complex term.

𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3
𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑑𝑥
STEP 4. Complete the derivative of the complex term.
𝑑𝑥
=∫
𝑥√(2𝑥)2 + (3)2
𝑑𝑥 2
=∫ ( )
𝑥√(2𝑥)2 + (3)2 2
Note: The coefficient of the x outside the
2𝑑𝑥 square root MUST BE EQUAL to the
=∫
2𝑥√(2𝑥)2 + (3)2 coefficient of x inside the square root.

STEP 5. Apply the formula.

2𝑑𝑥
=∫
2𝑥√(2𝑥)2 + (3)2
𝟏 𝟐𝒙
= 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒆𝒄 +𝑪
𝟑 𝟑
EXAMPLE 29.

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
∫
√1 − 𝑥 6

SOLUTION
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
∫
√1 − 𝑥 6
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
= ∫
√(1)2 − (𝑥 3 )2

Let

Be cautious 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥3
to the sign
𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 3
=∫ ( )
√(1)2 − (𝑥 3 )2 3

1 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
= ∫
3 √(1)2 − (𝑥 3 )2

𝟏 𝒙𝟑
= 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟏
EXAMPLE 30.

𝑑𝑥
∫
𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒 −1

SOLUTION
𝑑𝑥
∫
𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= ∫
1
𝑒𝑥 +
𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
=∫
𝑒 2𝑥 +1
𝑒𝑥
 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=∫
𝑒 2𝑥 + 1
𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=∫
(𝑒 𝑥 )2 + (1)2

Let

𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝒆𝒙
= 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 +𝑪
𝟏
EXAMPLE 31.

(2𝑥 − 7)𝑑𝑥
∫
𝑥2 + 9

SOLUTION
(2𝑥 − 7)𝑑𝑥
∫
𝑥2 + 9
2𝑥 7
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2+9 𝑥 +9
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 2
−7∫ 2
𝑥 +9 𝑥 +9
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 2 −7∫
𝑥 +9 (𝑥) + (3)2
2

𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 9 𝑦 = 𝑥+3
𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
7 𝑥
= ln|𝑥 2 + 9| − arctan + 𝐶
3 3
EXAMPLE 32.

𝑑𝑥
∫
√20 + 8𝑥 − 𝑥 2

SOLUTION
𝑑𝑥
∫
√20 + 8𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
=∫
√−(𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 20)

COMPLETING THE SQUARES

𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 20 = 0

𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 = 20

𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16 − 16 = 20

𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16 = 20 + 16
(𝑥 − 4)2 − 36 = 0
𝑑𝑥
=∫
√−[(𝑥 − 4)2 − 36]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
=∫ ∫ = arcsin + 𝐶
√−(𝑥 − 4)2 + 36 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 Rearrange to make the integral alike with
=∫ the formula.
√(6)2 − (𝑥 − 4)2
𝒙−𝟒
= 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 +𝑪
𝟔
ACTIVITY 6. EVALUATE THE INTEGRALS BELOW.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 5. ∫
√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑥√𝑥 4 − 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 6. ∫
1 + 𝑥2 √4 − (𝑥 + 2)2
𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 3𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥
𝑥√𝑥 2 −1 7. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 1
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
4. ∫ 8. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4 + 3 9 + 4𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
 (𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+3
9. ∫ 12. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2 √5 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 + 3
10. ∫ 13. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 + 10𝑦 + 30 9𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 8
𝑑𝑥
11. ∫
√28 − 12𝑥 − 𝑥 2

FUNDAMENTALS FORMULA OF INTEGRATION

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥−𝑎
21. ∫ = ln | |+𝐶
𝑥2
−𝑎 2 2𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥
22. ∫ 2 2
= ln | |+𝐶
𝑎 −𝑥 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑥
𝑑𝑥
23. ∫ = ln (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 ) + 𝐶
2
√𝑥 + 𝑎 2
𝑑𝑥
24. ∫ = ln (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ) + 𝐶
√𝑥 − 𝑎2
2

EXAMPLE 33.

𝑑𝑥
∫
9𝑥 2− 16

STEP 1. Identify if the problem is solvable by direct formula.

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥−𝑎
∫ = ln | |+𝐶
𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 2𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
STEP 2. Transform the problem into formula alike.
𝑑𝑥
∫
9𝑥2 − 16
𝑑𝑥
=∫
(3𝑥 )2− (4)2
STEP 3. Test if the numerator is the derivative of the complex term.
𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 4
𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑑𝑥
STEP 4. Complete the derivative of the complex term.
𝑑𝑥
∫
(3𝑥 )2− (4)2
𝑑𝑥 3
=∫ ( )
√(3𝑥)2 − (4)2 3

1 3𝑑𝑥
= ∫
3 √(3𝑥)2 − (4)2

STEP 5. Apply the formula.

1 4𝑑𝑥
= ∫
4 √(3𝑥)2 − (4)2

1 3𝑥 − 4
= 𝑙𝑛 | |+𝐶
2(4) 3𝑥 + 4

𝟏 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒
= 𝒍𝒏 | |+𝑪
𝟖 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒

EXAMPLE 34.

2𝑥 − 3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 2 − 11

2𝑥 − 3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 2 − 11
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
=∫ −∫
4𝑥2 − 11 4𝑥2 − 11
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
=∫ −∫ 2
4𝑥2 − 11 (2𝑥)2 − (√11)

𝑢 = 4𝑥2 − 11 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − √11

𝑑𝑢 = 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥
 1 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3 2 𝑑𝑥
Completing EACH integrals = ∫ 2 − ∫
4 4𝑥 − 11 2 (2𝑥)2 − (√11)2

1 3 1 2𝑥 − √11
= ln|4𝑥2 − 11| − ( ) ln | |+𝐶
4 2 2√11 2𝑥 + √11

1 3 2𝑥 − √11
= ln|4𝑥2 − 11| − ln | |+𝐶
4 4√11 2𝑥 + √11

𝟏 𝟑√𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝒙 − √𝟏𝟏
= 𝐥𝐧|𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏| − 𝐥𝐧 | |+𝑪
𝟒 𝟒𝟒 𝟐𝒙 + √𝟏𝟏

EXAMPLE 35.

𝑑𝑦
∫
25 − 16𝑦 2

𝑑𝑦
∫
25 − 16𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 Be cautious with the sign of 4y.
=∫
(5) − (4𝑦)2
2

𝑢 = 5 + 4𝑦
𝑑𝑢 = 4 𝑑𝑦
1 4 𝑑𝑦
= ∫ 2
4 (5) − (4𝑦)2
1 1 4𝑦 + 5 FORMULA 22
= [ ] ln | |+𝐶
4 2(5) 4𝑦 − 5 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥
∫ = ln | |+𝐶
1 5 + 4𝑦 𝑎2 −𝑥 2 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑥
= ln | |+𝐶
40 5 − 4𝑦
EXAMPLE 36.

𝑑𝑠
∫
√4𝑠 + 𝑠2

𝑑𝑠
∫
√4𝑠 + 𝑠2
𝑑𝑠
=∫
√(𝑠2 + 4𝑠 + 4) − 4
𝑑𝑠
= ∫ FORMULA 23
√(𝑠 + 2)2 − (2)2
𝑑𝑥
∫ = ln (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 ) + 𝐶
= ln (𝑥 + √(𝑠 + 2)2 − (2)2 ) + 𝐶 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2

ACTIVITY 7. EVALUATE THE FOLLOWING INTEGRALS

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 7. ∫
𝑥2−1 √4𝑥 2 + 9
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
2. ∫ 8. ∫
𝑥2−4 √9𝑧 2 − 25
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 9. ∫
1 − 𝑥2 𝑥2 + 6𝑥 + 8
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ 10. ∫
9 − 𝑥2 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+2
5. ∫ 11. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 +1 √𝑥 2 + 9
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+2
6. ∫ 12. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 −1 √𝑥 2
+ 2𝑥 − 3
2−𝑥
13. ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 3
FUNDAMENTAL FORMULAS OF INTEGRATION.

1 1 𝑥
25. ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 arcsin + 𝐶
2 2 𝑎
1 1
26. ∫ √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 ln (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 ) + 𝐶
2 2
1 1
27. ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 ln (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ) + 𝐶
2 2

EXAMPLE 34.

∫ √25 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

STEP 1. Identify if the problem is solvable by direct formula.

1 1 𝑥
∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 arcsin + 𝐶
2 2 𝑎
STEP 2. Transform the problem into formula alike.

∫ √25 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥
=∫
(5)2 − (𝑥)2
STEP 3. Test if the numerator is the derivative of the complex term.
𝑦 = 5+𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥

STEP 4. Complete the derivative of the complex term.

𝑑𝑥
∫
(5)2 − (𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥 1
=∫ ( )
√(5)2 − (𝑥 )2 1
𝑑𝑥
=∫
√(5)2 − (𝑥 )2
STEP 5. Apply the formula.
𝑑𝑥
=∫
√(5)2 − (𝑥 )2
1 1 𝑥
∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 arcsin + 𝐶
2 2 𝑎
𝟏 𝟐𝟓 𝒙
= 𝒙√𝟐𝟓 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟐 𝟓

EXAMPLE 34.

∫ √𝑥 2 − 36 𝑑𝑥

STEP 1. Identify if the problem is solvable by direct formula.

1 1
∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 ln (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ) + 𝐶
2 2
STEP 2. Transform the problem into formula alike.

∫ √𝑥 2 − 36 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥
=∫
(𝑥)2 − (6)2
STEP 3. Test if the numerator is the derivative of the complex term.
𝑦 = 𝑥+6
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥

STEP 4. Complete the derivative of the complex term.

𝑑𝑥
∫
(𝑥)2 − (6)2
𝑑𝑥 1
=∫ ( )
(𝑥)2 2
− (6) 1
𝑑𝑥
=∫
(𝑥)2 − (6)2
STEP 5. Apply the formula.
𝑑𝑥
=∫
(𝑥)2 − (6)2
1 1
∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 ln (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ) + 𝐶
2 2
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒙√𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔 + (𝟑𝟔) 𝒍𝒏 |𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔| + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
= 𝒙√𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔 + 𝟏𝟖 𝒍𝒏 |𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔| + 𝑪
𝟐

ACTIVITY 8. EVALUATE THE FOLLOWING INTEGRALS.

1. ∫ √3 − 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 3. ∫ √3 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫ √3𝑥 2 + 5 𝑑𝑥 4. ∫ √4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥

SUMMARY

Congratulations for finishing the fundamentals of integration! You studied about the direct
use of the power integration formula, u-substitution method and through inspection
method from FORMULA 1 to 27.

SUGGESTED ITEM FOR RESEARCH:

Study about Integration by Parts. YouTube helps a lot.

REFERENCES:

Ayres, Frank Jr.,Ph.D; Mendelson, Elliot, Ph.D Theory and Problems of Differential and
Integral Calculus Third Edition.

www.radfordmathematics.com

https://www.mathsisfun.com/calculus/integration-by-substitution.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Smp1WJjfUvM&list=PL0o_zxa4K1BWYThyV4T2All
w6zY0jEumv&index=130
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdeCv9fhIAo&list=PL0o_zxa4K1BWYThyV4T2Allw6
zY0jEumv&index=131

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ew2TFsgZV50&t=368s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IAh00vU3FSY&t=12s