ASSESSMENT OF URBANIZATION AND ITS SOCIO- ECONOMIC IMPACT IN

DURAME ZONE

(IN CASES OF KADIDA GAMELA WOREDA)

BY SELAMU TADELE ID 00199

ADVISOR TAYECH LAKEW.(MSC)

ASENIOR ESSY SUBMITITED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS IN

PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR BACHELOR (BA)DEGREE
OF ARTS IN ECONOMICS
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
WACHEMO UNIVERSITY

FEBRUARY,2020
HOSSANA, ETHIOPIA

Declaration
I would like to declare that the research entitled Assessment of urbanization and its socio-
Economic impact in cases of Lemo woreda submitted to department of Economics college of
business and Economics Wachemo University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
degree of Bachelor of Arts in Economics is a record of the original report word done by me and
support of my Advisor

NAME ESHETU WATUMO ---------- ----------------

Signature Date
Advisor TAYECH LAKEW--------- --------- -----------------------
Signature Date

This research paper has been submitted for the partial fulfillment of bachelor of Arts of Degree
in Economics with approval as a university main advisor
1,-------------------- ------------ -------------
2,-------------------- --------------- -----------------
Examiners signature Date

Acknowledgment

First all I would to praise the almighty of God who has been with me all the time since I started
my education and has never isolated his presences from me until the accomplishment of my
academic and thesis.
Next, I would like to thanks my family for their physical, financial and moral support and
encouragement .further more ,I would like to express my gratitude and deep appreciation to my
Adviser TAYECH LAKEW..(M.S.) for her intellectual guidance and expert advice helped me
during conducting this paper from initial point to the final.

Abstract
This paper investigates with the urbanization and its socio-economic impact in hadiya zone in
cases of lemo woreda and the main objective of the study was to show how urbanization affects
the socio-economic of the woreda especially in Amebicho Gode Kalisha and Kidigissa three
kebeles because they are densely populated than the rest of kebele that found in the lemo
woreda and the researcher was to identifies the effects of socio-economic and to analysis the
major causes of urbanization
Urbanization refers to the process by which rural areas become urbanized as result of economic
development and industrialization, the term urbanization denotes the re-distribution of
population from rural to urban settlements over time where the relevant data for this study was
obtained from both .Primary and secondary source of data systematic and simple random
sampling techniques are taken as appropriates one for the study from total population of 16000
selecting 80 sample size
Eventually data collected from both source were checked and analyzed using descriptive
techniques and presented in the form of table, percentage, and with detail explanation with this
respect the study identified that the major urban problem facing the residents due to
unprecedented urban growth are socio-economic factor such as lack of house ,shortage of
water ,limited supply of social and infrastructure service like education ,health care service,
sanitation ,transportation, electricity and other economical impact like poverty ,unemployment
and dependence. This paper analyses different data on the issues mentioned above and possible
recommendations to counteract this impacts are suggested by the researcher.

TABLE OF CONTENT
Declaration--------------------------------------------------------------------i
Acknowledgment--------------------------------------------------------------ii
Abstract-------------------------------------------------------------------------iii
Acronyms-----------------------------------------------------------------------v
List of table t------------------------------------------------------------------vi

CHAPTER ONE:INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study .......................................................1
1.2 Statement of the problem.......................................................2
1.3 Objective of the study ............................................................3
1.3.1 General objective of the study.............................................4
1.3.2 Specific objective of the study..........................................5
1.4 Significance of the st udy......................................................6
1.5Scope of the study....................................................................7
1.6 Limitation of the study............................................................8
1.7 Organization of the study........................................................9
 CHAPTER TWO:REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Urbanization in the Globally....................................................10
2.1.1 Urbanization in Africa.............................................................11
2.1.2 Urbanization in Ethiopia.........................................................12
2.1.3 urbanization in the Lemo woreda .........................................13
2.2 Theoretical review of related literature.....................................14
2.2.1 Concepts and definitions of urbanization..............................15
2.2.2 Rise and expansion of urbanization.......................................16
2.2.3 Urbanization of developing countries....................................17
2.2.4 Urbanization in Ethiopia..........................................................18
2.2.5 Rural to urban migration.........................................................19
2.3 Empirical Review of literature....................................................20
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Description of the study area....................................................21

3.2Data source........................................................................... .22

3.3 Sampling techniques and sample size................................. .23
3.4 Data analysis............................................................................ .24
CHAPTER FOUR Data Analysis and Discussion
4.1 1 Sex and marital status of the respondent.............................................................. .25
4 1.2 The Age structure and family size of the respondent .................................................. 26
4.1.3 Educational background and living standards of the
respondent ...................................................................27
4.1.4 advantages and disadvantages of urban growth ----------------------------------28
4.1.5 the distribution of respondent based on migrant and resident-------------------29
4,1.6 social impacts of the urban growth ----------------------------------------- 30
4.1 .7 Economic impact of urbanization------------------------------------------------ 31
4.1 ,8 the problem of unemployment--------------------------------------- 32
4.1. 9 Role of government in reducing urban problem----------------------------------33
List of table
4.1 the distribution of respondent by sex and marital status-----------------------------27
4,2 the age structure and family size of respondents -------------------------------------29
4.3 Educational background and living standards of the respondent-------------------30
4,4 cause of urban growth and he distribution of the respondent based on the impacts of rural
urban migration-----------------------------------------------------------32
4.5 Advantages and disadvantages of urban growth----------------------------------33
4,6 the distribution of respondent based on migrant and resident ------------------34
4.7 unemployment rate in lemo woreda from 2015-2020---------------------------37
4,8 Applicants for job in the lemo woreda 2015-2020------------------------------38
4,9, the distribution of respondent based on the role of government to reduce the problem of
woreda-------------------------------------------------------------------------39
CHAPTER FIVE conclusion and policy recommendation--
5.1 conclusion ---------------------------------------------------------------------------40
5.2 recommendation --------------------------------------------------------------------41
Reference----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41
Appendix------------------------------------------------------------------------------------42

Acronyms

CSA: Central Statics Authority

GDP: Growth Domestics Product
GNP: Growth National Product
IGPCC :Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change
NGOs: Non Governmental Organization
MDGs :Millennium Development Goals
MODIS :Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer
SAP: Stagnant Adjustment Policy
SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa
SRES: Special Report on Emission Scenario
UN: United Nation
UNFA: United Nation Food Program Association

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Urbanization refers to the process by which rural areas become urbanized as result of economic
development and industrialization. Demographically, the term urbanization denotes the re-distribution of
population from rural to urban settlements over time. However, it is important to acknowledge that the
criteria for defining what is urban may vary from country to country, which shows as against strict
comparison of urbanization cross-nationality. The fundamental difference between urban and rural is that
urban population live in large, denser and more heterogeneous Woreda as opposed to small, sparser, and
less differentiated rural places. (AbebeZelelu 2009)To locate the origin of urbanization today, we go back
in time to identify if the beginning in the middle and near east -near what the present-day Ira around
3,500 BC. In other words, the oldest urban communities known in history began approximately 6,000
years ago and later emerged with the many a culture in Mexico and in the river basis of china and India.
By as early as the thirteen century the largest cities in the world were the Chinese cities of Hangman
(Xian, 2012) today and Hangzhou, which had over one million people and London, did not reach one
million people until the 1970’s However, until the ninetieth Century, constrained by the limits of food
supply and the nature of transportation both the size and share of the world’s urban population remained
very low, with less than three percent of the world’s population living in urban places around 1800
(Clark,2012). The acceleration of world urbanization since 1050 partly reflects a corresponding
acceleration of world population growth, but urbanization is not merely an increase in the overage density
of human settlement (Lower, 2015). The urbanization of developing world to accelerate in late twentieth
there was no clear trend in over all urban growth in less developed countries due to inconsistent definition
of urbanization and lack of quality in their census data. According to UNO the levels of urbanization in
1995 were high across the Americas. Most of Europe, parts of western Asia and Austria. South America
was the most urban continent with the population in all but one of its country (Guyana) being more urban
than rural. More than 80 percent of the population lived in towns and cities in Venezuela, Uruguay,
Chile and Argentina. Levels of urban development were low throughout most of Africa, south
and East Asia Sub-sahara Africa is the world most rapidly urbanized region, and almost all of
this growth has been in slums, where new city residents face overcrowding, inadequate housing,
and a lack of water and sanitation. In western Asia, as well most of the urban growth is occurring
in slums. The rapid expansion of urban areas in southern and eastern Asia is creating cities of
unprecedented sizes and complexity and challenges for providing a decent environment for the
poor Northern Africa is the only developing region where the quality of urban life is improving:
In this region, the proportion of city dwellers living in slums has decreased by 0.15 percent
annually. Although population growth and accelerated rural-urban a migration are chiefly
responsible for the explosion on in urban shantytowns, part of the blame rests with government
(UN.MDG, 2010).

Ethiopia was under urbanized, even by African standards. In the rate 1980’s only about 11
percent of the population lived in urban areas of at least 2000 residents. There were hundreds of
communities with 2000 to 5000 people, but these were primarily extensions of rural village
without urban or administrative functions. Thus, the level of urbanization would be even lower if
one used strict urban structural criteria. Ethiopia’s relative lack of agricultural self-sufficiently,
which has reinforced rural peasant life. The slow pace of urban development continued until the
1935 Italian invasion

Urban growth was fairly rapid during and after the Italian occupation of 1936-41. Urbanization
accelerated during the 1960’s, when time average annual growth rate was about 6.3percent.
Urban growth was especially evident in the northern half of Ethiopia, where most of the major
town.

Addis Ababa was home to about 35 percent of the country’s urban population in 1987. Major
industrial, commercial, governmental, educational, health and cultural institutions were located
in these cities which together were home to about 2 million people, or one out of twenty-five
Ethiopians. Nevertheless, many small towns had emerged as well. In 1970 there were 171 towns
with population of 2, 0000 to 20,000, this total had grown to 229 by 1980 [Ethiopia urbanization]

In Addis Ababa, this population dynamics population are occurring within the context of
economic stagnation or low economic growth, poor housing condition financially weak
municipalities in capable of providing basic services, a poor transportation system and the like
(UN-Habitat,2009; pitter 1998; CSA,2001; Harsch,2002). In addition to this the authorities are
inefficient in meeting the services demands of urban residents particularly the urban poor. The
absence of policies on land use and economic development has also led to urban problems
(Kumar and Barrett, 2008).

The period 1967-75 saw rapid growth of relatively new urban centers the population of five
towns , Arbaminch, Hawassa, Bahirdar, Jijiga, and Shashemene more than tripled, and that of
eight others more than doubled. Hawassa, Arbaminch, metu and Goba were newly designated
capitals of administrative regions and important agricultures centers (Ibid)the same source used .
Over all, the rate of urban growth declined from 1975-1907 with the expiration of Aseb,
Arbaminch and Hawassa, urban centers screw an average of about 40 percent over that twelve
years period. This slow growth of is explained by several factors. Rural-urban migration had
been largely responsible for the rapid expansions during the 1967-75 periods. Whereas natural
population growth may have been mostly responsible for urban expansion during the 1975-84
periods, the 1975 land reform program provided incentive and opportunities for peasants and
other migrants to stay in rural area restriction on travel, lack of unrest in some towns during the
1975-85 period also contributed to a decline in rural to urban migration (

1.2 Statement of the problem

It obvious that Ethiopia is one of the least developed country (LDC) in the world and by using
various socio-economic indicators one sees that most of the population are living under poverty
line even so, in the country the issue of urbanization and its socio-economic impacts has been
given due concern. In fact, the acceleration of urbanization and the growing number of people
living in the Woreda and Kebeles are facing socio-economic problem /Ethiopia-urbanization/

Lemo woreda is one of the Woreda in Hadiya zone which was established and showing rapid
urbanization currently. In the Woreda urban lively hood become complex in time confronting the
urban people with various deprivations due to increasing rural-urban migration to the Woreda
from different directions, urban people have limited to job, transportation shortage, lack of
employment, housing shortage, expansions of crime and social conflict in the Woreda (SNNPR
cultural and Tourism Bureau 1999).

The level of urbanization increases because people move from rural areas to urban areas in large
number. It becomes more so when a country is in the process of development including
industrialization and other nonagricultural activities (Davis, 2001). In the modern are of urban
expansion the rural-urban interaction is at its maximum, and so the term rural-urban fringe has
assumed great significance. There is a vast scholarly literature available on the urbis a relatively
definition about urban yet emerged the rural-urban fringe is a relatively new concept in the field
of urban landscape study in the developing of the world in general, and India in particular. when
there is rapid increase in population growth in the city center, there is always a competition for
space. The people have to face high land value along with growing congestion and other
associated problems in the city . All these force camped the people to move to the outlying
suburbs or the fringe areas of the city

.This process leads to the horizontal expansion of urban areas, and bring about marked changes
in its land use and socioeconomic character This phenomenon is known as urban sprawl

The other important problem is natural population growth as a result of high birth rate; all urban
centers received a large influx of population, resulting in severe overcrowding, shortage of
housing and water, over taxed social services, and unemployment

according to my finding there is also urbanization is different problems for example

environmental pollution, market instability, lack of awareness about urban life to rural migrant,
and finally don’t focus on pulling factors to the urban like education health care transportation
and sanitation
1.3 Research Questions
1.what are the consequences of urbanization on socio-economic impact?

2. What are the major causes for urbanization?

1.3. 1 Objective of the study

1.3.2 General objective
The general objective of the study was to investigate the urbanization and its socio-economic
impact in Hadiya zone (in case of Lemo woreda).

1.3.3. Specific Objective

• To analysis the effects of urbanization in the socio-economic

• To Identify major cases for the urbanization

1.4 Significance of the study

This paper has its own predetermined objectives and aims. In general, it significantly contributes
as much as to the urbanization to give awareness to migrants. Some literature to be used as a
reference from many other research studies which are going to be conducted around this study
area in the future finally; it is provided tool to government and Woreda administration in
constructing policy in urbanization.

1.5 Scope of the study

Even though the concepts of urbanization and its socio-economic impacts are wide bulky in
terms of area as well as concepts the research is narrow in Hadiya zone (in case of lemoWoreda)
by selected three kebeles out of 35 kebeles. The researcher also was taken 80 respondents by
simple random sampling techniques. Thus, the study was only focus on the area that is described
or mentioned above.

1.6 Limitation of the study

The study was the following Limitation. shortage of time because of simultaneous
accomplishment of both academic tasks and conducting the research and lack of internet
access

1.7 Organization of the paper

The paper was organized in to five chapters; the first chapter consists the background of the
study, the second chapter was concerned the review of related literature, the third chapter
deals with methodologies, the fourth chapter was concerned up on data analysis and
discussion and finally the fifth chapter given brief conclusion and recommendation

CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LETERATURE
2.1 Urbanization in the Globally
Globally, more people live in urban areas than in rural areas with 54 percent of world's
population residing in urban areas in 2014. 1950, 30 percent by 2050, 66 percent of the world's
population is projected to be urban. Today, the most urbanized regions include Northern America
(82 percent living in urban areas in 2014), Latin America and the Carribean (80 percent), and
Europe (73 percent). In contrasts Africa and Asia remains mostly rural, with 40 and 48 percent of
their respective population living in urban areas. All regions are expected to urbanized further
over the over t. Africa and Asia are urbanizing faster than the other region and are projected to
become 56 and 54 percent urban, respectively by 2050. The urban population of the world has
grown rapidly since 1950, from 746 million to 3.9 in 2014. As the world continues to urbanize
sustainable development challenges will be increasing conceded rel Urbanization middle income
countries where the Pace of urbanization is fastest. Integrated policies to improve the lives of
urban and rural dwellers are n

2.1.1 Urbanization in Africa

Africa is urbanizing fast. Its rate of urbanization soared from 15 percent in 1960 to 40 percent in
2010 and it’s projected to reach 60 percent in 2050 (UN Habitat, 2010). Urban population in
Africa are expected to triple in the next 50 years, changing the profile of the region, and
challenging policy makers to harness urbanization for sustainable and inclusivegrowth.
Urbanization is not a sub-plot, but rather the main policy narrative for Africa. Africa's urban
growth is in line with trends observed in most emerging and developed countries. In the last 10
years the 5 percent a year (IMF, 2012) and the outlook for the near term is largely positive.

2.1.2 Urbanization in Ethiopia

Ethiopia was under urbanized, even by African. In the late 1980s, only about 11 percent of the
population lived in urban areas of at least 2,000 residents. There were hundreds of communities
with 2,000 to 5,000 people, but these were primarily extensions of rural villages without urban or
administrative functions. In Ethiopia case, rural to urban migration is the form of migration often
viewed as the main cause of urban population. When population grow rapidly in the urban area
of Ethiopia, it becomes difficult to accommodate the over increasing urban population. This
requires in depth studying of the effect and cause analysis rural to urban migration on economic
development and to address the related problem with rural to urban migration. (World
Development Report, 2007]

2.1.3 Urbanization in the Lemo woreda

Urbanization in the lemo woreda: It is a town woreda in south central Ethiopia. The
administrative center of the lemoworeda is in Hadiya zone in the Southern Nation, Nationalities
and People Region. Migration is a movement in human terms usually refers to permanent change
of residence. It can also, however be applied more widely to include temporary change involves
seasonal and daily movements. Migration worsens rural to urban structural imbalances on supply
side and demand side. On the supply side; migration disproportionately increases the growth rate
of urban job seeker relative to urban population growth which by itself historically is at
unprecedented levels. Together with this rapid supply increases and lagging demand growth tend
to covert a short run problem of resources imbalances into long run situation of chronic and
rising urban surplus labor. According to migration report Hadiya Development Association
(HDA, 2012), migration to the town is alarmingly increasing from time to time "presently
situations are becoming have stormed the town in search of better life where there are no enough
jobs to absorb them

2.2 Theoretical review of related Literature

2.2.1 Concepts and definitions of Urbanization
Urbanization in a conventional term refers to the process by which rural areas become urbanized
as a result of economic development and industrialization. Urbanization is the increase in the
proportion of people living in towns and Woreda. Urbanization occurs because people move
from rural area to urban area. This usually occurs when a country is still developing.

It is also the life territorial recognition in that it shifts the location as well as the characteristics of
population and production activity. Typically, urbanization can be defined as proportion of a
nation residing in an area that is classified by national census authorities as urban places since
the definitions what is or not urban differ from one country to another (UN, 2012).

Urbanization is the increase over time in the population of towns in relation city population. It
has been the trend of countries since the industrial revolution and continuing through the twenty
centuries, a trend that has shown few signs slowing down. Although initially regard as an
advance in the quality of human life, in technology of people, cultural opportunity was abundant
quickly emerged without attempts to adopt the city to the population on increase of urbanization
my prove detrimental to the cities survival. Traffic congestions are all possible side effects of
urbanization (www.new world encyclopedia org, 26 April 2015).

One can define urban centers as place where the majority of people their living on non-
agricultural engagements dwell, close proximate to each other and where one finds better
infrastructure development. In other words, urban centers are the place where the house of public
services and residents are characterized by the concentration of work place, modern way of life
and where better standards and quality of living are achieved (AbebeZelelu, 2009).

It is mostly known that urban for most part has their beginning development in the influx of
institution, people and capital. While urban centers have always been knownas administrative,
culture and services canters as well as the main stay of development. The creation and the role of
urban centers in our day are linked to industrial revolutions which are constructed on the basis of
the progress and civilization of the present era. Urban centers are presently seen as centers of
social transfer of nation (Ibid).

Urbanization is the growth number of people in as society living in urban areas. Urbanization
means increase special and densities of settlements as well as business and other activities in the
existing population or resulting from outside. The development level of countries has the direct
relationship with the level of their urbanization so, such infract, that processional in the area
sometimes china that the urbanization level can be used as the measure of development level of
countries. Several studies have related that in this present era the world is progressively
transforming itself into a serous of urban centers (Urban Future, 2008, 373).

2.2.2 Rise and expansion of urbanization

When we see the evolution of urbanization in the world, the earliest towns rose during the
Neolithic period when the early farmers began to exercise settled agriculture and produce the
surplus amount of food stuffs to aid of newly invested plough. Towards the fourth millennium
BC in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the lowlands valley which have the fertile river valley was
continued settlement led to the use of more permanent building metals such as brick and stone.
Technology development makes it possible mean to live in urban places advance in agriculture,
domestication of plants and animals breading and activities of crafts in town make possible to
produce surplus service workers (www.answer.com, 8 Nov, 2010).

In Africa the process of urbanization dates back many centuries, during the pre-colonial period,
there were the concentrations of urbanization mostly in the West Africa countries which are
originally per industrial form their importance of long distance trade administration or religious
purpose (Ibid).

2.2.5. Urbanization of developing countries

Although many Woreda have relax their policy towards migrant workers to better suit their needs
life insurance and health care insurance regulation policies will enacted later these year. The
number of cities in China grew to 655 by 2008 with 12 mega cities with population more than
one million and 118 big cities with population between 500,000 and one million. Urbanization
has been encouraged by the government since 1990s, to encourage economic development, but
with 662,000,000 people (167,000,000 of whom are migrant workers) living in town now, it has
been force think its social welfare and health care policies (www.lehman law .com, 11 April
2011).

About 46.6 percent of Chains’ population, now living in urban areas is in considerable steers
being put on social infrastruct. cott Gamer, office stated that “we handle cause regarding
everything from labor and employment contacts”, advisement on governmental health and safety
requirements and employee benefits, assisome scholars like, Bencivenga and smith,1997 have ad
that rural urban migration and urban under employment can create development traps including
server rescission that may be extremely difficult to escape. Bencivenga and smith suggested that
a key focus should be on how policies such as agricultural subsidies and provision of urban
service impacts migration, urban under development and capital formation and why these
impacts are so strong of the developed world are no longer labor intensive while the developing
world still has key accepts of dual economy. There have been policy changes such as SAP
beginning 1980 in Senegal and 1983 in Tanzania that may have significantly changed the
situation of migration confronts both in rural area and in major urban areas throughout SSA.

2.2.6 Urbanization in Ethiopia

Ethiopia is under urbanized even if in Africa sanders. In the late 1980s only about, eleven percent
of population lived in urban area of least 200 residents. There were few hundreds of communities
with 2000 to 5000 people but these were primary extension of rural villages without urban
administrative functions. Ethiopia’s relative lack of urbanization is result of counters agricultural
self-sufficiently which has reigned to forced rural peasant life. Urban growths were rapid during
and after Italian occupation of 1936 to 1941. Urban growth and urbanization process in Ethiopia
by high city development. In 1994 population and housing census indicate that Addis Ababa has
28.4 percent of the national urban population and is twelve time large than the second largest
city, Dire Dawa (Feyere,2005), However, recently Addis Ababa as functional primete city is
declining recently mainly the emergence of regional capital as competitors (Teller and
Assefa,2010). Low level of urbanization in Ethiopia could be seen as a manifestation of
country’s low level of development. The growth rate our Woreda is disproportional compared to
the growth rate of the former has put the Woreda elsewhere with a fast growth rate.

Ethiopian urban centers have their own distinctive features among which we find the following

• Their location on hills for purpose of military strategy, which also takes in account their
scenic beauty, as well as their salubrious quality.

The settlement patterns of our Woreda did not allow the apartheid policy characteristics of
colonial role nor have the Woreda been subjected to the arbitrary rule of free market enterprise,
the settlement distribution is balanced in terms of both ethnic and income composition, the social
intention of population is sold as a result of such institution such as and employment related
disputes settlements liability, pension, and insolvency. SSA in fact appears to have a large present
of its urban population in slums (71.9% vs. 31.6% worldwide) than any other region. In all 166
million of the 231 million urban dwellers in SSA live in what the UN designates a slum. This
trend toward urbanization without growth (since the debt crises of 1970S and subsequent
restructuring polices economies in most Africa countries where contracting by 2 to 5 percent per
year) has been termed perverse urbanization as it seems to contradicted accepted economic
model (Davis, 2011, 9).

Dual economy models (Lewis, 1954, Fei and Rains 1964) was based on the idea of urban
industrialization empowerment impact each sector while more recent models (Fried man,1989)
have suggested that a key short term concern is the tradeoff between GNP and Unemployment.
Todaro popular and sophisticated model of rural urban migration explained the phenomena as
reflecting the comparison of expectations of urban employment with the expectations of
employment in rural area where expectation is the result of chance of employment by the
expected income. The model of fundamentally proposed that “expectations” would adjust and
replace pressure to equalize income rural-urban sector and so functions to stabilize rates of rural-
urban migration. While focus of much of migration literature relying on the Harries Todaro
model is on suggesting possible polices to stimulate economic growth without exacerbating to
stimulate urban growth was especially evident in northern half of Ethiopia, where most of the
major towns are located (http, country studies us. Ethiopia, Oct, 2009).

Addis Ababa was home to about 35% of the countries urban population in 1987. Major industrial
commercial, governmental, educational, health and cultural institutions were located in Addis
Ababa. Nevertheless, many small towns have emerged as well. In 1970 there were 171 towns
with population of 200 to 20,000 (Ibid).

Urban centers that experienced moderate growth tended to be more established towns such as
Addis Ababa, Diredawa, and Debrezeit, a few old provincial capitals such as Gonder also
experienced moderate growth, but others such as, Dessie, DebreMarkos and Jimma had slow
growth rate because of competition from larger Woreda (Ibid).

As a result of in testified welfare in the period of 1989-1991 all urban centers received a large
influx of population resulting in server out crowding shortages of employment. In addition to
beggars and maimed persons, the arrivals comprised large number of young people. These
include not only primary and secondary school students, but also an alarming number of orphans
and street children. Although, all large cities shared in this influx, were the most affected
(www.monga bay .com/history /Ethiopia).

Although the process of urbanization might have started in the 19th century, the founding of many
countries where created and established as military, political, administrative centers, which come
about in the wake of laying down of first and railway line in the countries was recent
phenomenon. Although, the establishment of cities assumed the form described above, their
development followed as which other cities of world (Ibid).

2.2.7 Rural to urban migration

Climate variations, extreme weather events including droughts and floods, and rising global
temperatures are increasing in frequency and severity around the globe Urbanization, specifically
rural-to-urban migration is also a growing phenomenon around the world. Ethiopia, the second
most populated country in Africa has a rapidly growing urban population with nearly four
percent growth in Africa has a rapidly growing urban population with nearly four peach year,
twice the national population growth rate, often exacerbated by extreme climatic events such as
drought population growing rate often exacerbated by extreme climatic events such as
drought.Rural-to-urban migration is a last resort effort to sustain the livelihoods of rain-fed
agricultural households, which make up nearly 85 percent of the Ethiopian population. Poor
government infrastructure development, poor political will and resource allocation, and few
adaptation and coping strategies result in families having to seek out additional income source
that diversify a household’s livelihoodsIn a country such as Ethiopia where small-scale rain fed
agriculture is the norm, environment employment in non – agricultural, non-affected sectors.
This is known as “labor migration” or the movement of able-bodied individuals from their
village of organ into cities where they try to earn he literature on migration as an adaptation to
slow-onset or cumulative environmental degradation is small, but growing. Most migration
surveys that exist to date often focus on economic or environmental prompts to population
movement, but fail to acknowledge that given the choice, families prefer to stay and cope or
adapt to these environmental changes, prolonging or preventing the onset of migration. Labor
migration is most often cited as a last-choice coping mechanism, but does allow individuals to
remit money home and pay their land –tax and government To better understand how climate,
influence an individual decision to migrate; primary interviews were conducted with rural-to-
urban migrants in the capital city of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. Upon concluding this research,
themes were drowning from the responses and review in the context of recent research in this
area. The government office for science. London, recently developed a model to demonstrate the
push and pull influences climate exerts on the five divers of migration, namely political,
demography, economic, social, and environmental factors. This model was adapted to the
Ethiopian context in the Hunnes (2012) review article based on the finding of this study.This
study begins with the understanding that migration is an ongoing trend in Ethiopia, and posits
that environmental extremes and degradation to a rural household’s assets act as critical factors
influencing the decision to migrate. This paper presents primary interview of rural-to-urban
migrants from villages in Ethiopia to the capital city, Addis Ababa. This study assesses the
driving factors for migration, posits context-specific explanatory framework, and concludes with
policy implications and suggestion for future work in this important

Theoretical Framework

Opportunity in Lemo WoredaWoreda

Information and communication

Smuggling and Finance

Peer or Family Pressure

Government Policy

2.3 Empirical Review of literature

According to (Glasser, 2012) the current period of human history can plausible be identified
history be identified not only as a global but also as on urban era. This is a period in which
population productive activity, and wealth are highly and increasing concentrated in cities. Most
cities offer a better standard of living for more people than ever before in human history; even
the urban poor are better off, on average, than the rural poor around the world. Cities are primary
centers of scientific cultural and social innovation.

According to Addis (2006). Urbanization and urban growth is often explained in economic,
social and spatial dimensions. In economic terms, urban growth is seen as a direct result of
economic growth. But, this idea may not be true for less developed countries where urbanization
is mismatched industrialization and economic growth. The social dimension of growth also
discussed in terms of the change in social organization from rural to urban. However, the
development of secondary economic activities in many of the developing countries has been
quite slow leading to the transfer of rural type of lifestyle.
ZelekeNeda (Jun, 2005), the has identified and discussed the major demographic and socio-
economic impacts of urbanization, highlighting its role in sustainable population management
and improved quality of life. A number of major conclusions have emerged from evidence and
discussion in the paper.

• Urbanization generally contributes to the lowering of population fertility rate and average
family sizes. This is largely a result of the behavioral and lifestyle changes which
characterize urbanization, including better education, higher age at first marriage, increased
female employment and higher rates of contraceptive use. In addition, the cost caring for the
diverse needs of children, combined with the desire for improved living condition and higher
quality of life, tends to discourage urban residents from having large families. This
conclusion is supported by evidence from both development and developing countries.

• Evidence on mortality suggests that in developed countries, urbanization initially led to

higher mortality rates in urban than in rural areas, largely due to severe overcrowding
combined with very bad sanitation condition. At present, there is hardly any difference
between urban and rural mortality rates in developed countries. However, recent evidence
from developing countries suggests that urban areas have lower mortality rates than rural
areas. This is largely a result of the greater concentration of medical facilities within urban
areas.

• With regard to general socio-economic development. It is very clear from historical evidence
that towns and Woreda are both the local and agents of innovation, innovation diffusion and
socio-economic transformation. The history of scientific and technological innovation and
that of civilization in general, is inseparable from that of towns and Woreda. Among the
significant manifestations of most of the ancient civilizations were their towns and Woreda.
• Worldwide empirical evidence demonstrates clearly that there is a positive correlation
between GNP per capital & level of urbanization (measured as the percentage of the total
national population resident within urban areas). It is generally recognized that towns and
Woreda are the engines of national economic growth, largely as a result of the agglomeration
economies which characterize them.

• At the household level, the net effect of urbanization is an increase in average real income.
For individuals and their households, urban area offers better opportunities of income
generation, whether through formal employment or through informal sector activities. It is
also clear that expectation of higher income is the main factor underlying rural-to-urban
migration in developing countries.

Finally, evidence from developing countries suggests that urban centers have many positive
impacts on their rural hinterland through a variety of urban-rural linkages. These linkages
include: remittance of money by urban residents to their rural kin; transfer of knowledge and
skills through migrants returning from urban to rural areas, and the provision of retail, transport,
social administrative services to rural hinterland populations.

Historical experience suggests that urbanization is an inevitable process. In light of this

observation, combine with the positive impacts or urbanization outlined above, it is clear

In hat the main challenge at present is not that of slowing-down urbanization, but of learning
how to cope with rapid urban growth. In recognition of the role of cities as engines of economic
development there has recently been a resurgence of interest in urban management as the main
tool for coping with raped urban growth and maximizing the positive demographic and socio-
economic impacts of urbanization.

According to Mrs.Vimala.M (Sep, 2011), adverse environmental consequences of urban growth

are usually the product of some form of human activities in the pursuit of wealth or in some case
for sheer survival. Therefore, environmental issue is linked to human issues. A brief look at
socio-economic consequences of a rapidly deteriorating environment caused by urbanization is
given.

The increase in population and their demand for a better life have exert unprecedented
pressure on the Woreda transportation network, housing and provision of basic amenities.
This in turn has for those living and working in Kula Lumpur in order to adapt to the
pressure in life. These entire problems are interrelated. Although the amount of
communicable disease is not of major concern, the rise in non-communicable disease
 such as cancer, coronary disease and mental illness that are caused by the change of life
style among the Woreda residents is worrying. Pollution from development activities and
traffic aggravates health problem in Kula Lumpier. Squatters continue to become problem
in Kula Lumpur as become less available and expensive, hindering the building of low
cost housing. The rise of negative behavior among youth has also become worrying trend,
which needs to be addressed urgently, since they make up the majority of Kula
LUMPURs population. Coordination between the federal government and DBKL is vital
to ensure that the socio-economic problems adequately addressed. The Woreda social
problems must not be neglected because the development of a Woreda does not only
mean to develop just its physical infrastructure but also the well-being of those living and
working in the Woreda.

According to John (Sep. 2010) Urbanization is a major change that is taking place globally. The
urban global tipping point was reached in 2007 when over half of the world’s population was
living in urban areas, around 3.3 billion people. There are currently 19 mega cities (population of
over 10 million) and there are expected to be 27 by 2020, this rapid urban growth of megacities
causes severe ecological, economic and social problems. 30% of urban populations in developing
countries live in slums or informal settlements. Rapid urbanization is setting the greatest test for
land professionals in the application of land governance to support and achieve the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs).

Finally, he concludes that challenge facing the world today is to minimize the negative effects
and build the benefits. Infrastructure needs to improve. Opportunities should be created within
rural areas to prevent migration to Woreda
 CHAPTER THREE

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

3.1. Description of the study Area
The study was conducted in hadiya zone lemo woreda, Lemo woreda is one ofthe woreda in
SNNPRs of Ethiopia.A part of hadiya zone lemo is borader on the south by kambata tambaro
zone,on south west by duna and soro,on the west by gomibora,on the north west by misha,on
north east by ana lemo and south east by shashogo

Towns in lemo includes balesaand lissana.The town of hossana is surrounded by lemo.parts of

lemo worada were separeted to creat ana lemo -hossana-mirabi Azernet berbere and misiraki
azerinat worada.[According to 2007 census]

Based,on the 2007 census,condacted by the CSA,this worada has a total population of 118,594,of
whom 58,666 are men and 59,928 women. 2,049 or 1.73% of its population are ureban
dwellers.The majorty of the inhabitants were protestant, with 74.07 %of the population reporting
that belifes 12.37%were musilm, 7.2%practicves Ethiopian ortodox crtiyanity,and 6.14 were
catholic.

3.2. Data source and methods of data collection

While conducting this paper, the data were obtain from various aspects and directions. The
researcher was carried out the study by using primary and secondary source of data. primary
data was gathered from lemo woreda house hold through questionnaire and interview. Interview
were preparing for municipal, and Woreda administration.

Questionnaire was distributed to collect sound data from urban residents and migrants who are
affected by rapid urbanization.

The source of secondary data was gathered from books, reports documents magazines, internet
and other published written materials.

3.3. Sampling techniques and sample size

The researcher was used purposive sampling techniques and simple random sampling methods to
determine sample size. The reason is that simple random sampling technique is better to collect
the exact data in order to make his or her study better and to give equal chance for the
respondents. In addition to th ese the select method is simple and it avoids the probability of
making personal bias. In theLemo woreda there are 35kebeles and the total number of population
in these Kebeles is118,594 for the researcher it is difficult to conduct the study on the above
mentioned population and the whole kebeles due to lack of budget and time constraints.
Therefore, the researcher was selected to uses three kebeles by using purposive sampling
techniques such as Ambecho gode, Kidigissa and kalisha because of in these three kebeles the
population is highly crowds (densely populated) than the rest of the kebeles and they are well
awards about urban. In these selected three kebeles which are: -ambecho gode with 5,400
populations, Kidigissas 4,300 populations and kalisha with 6,300 populations. The total number
of population in each kebeles is 16,000.

It is mandatory to determine the sample size from the total number of 16,000 populations to
analyses study.

According to the Yamane (1967) the sample size is calculating as follows: -

Where n= the sample size

 N=the total number of population found in the study area

E=the error term or the level of precision, its value is 10%

n = N/1+N (e)2

16,000/1+16,000(0.1)2

16,000/1+16,000(0.01)216000/161

= 99, but the researcher was rejected 19 respondents, because it may be involuntary to give
response, there is also budget and time constraints. Thus,19 respondents are excluded out of 99
respondents and the exact sample size is 80.

The researcher was distributed the total sample size for each Kebeles by using proportional
sampling that is:

Kebele (01) = 5400*80/16000=27

Kebele (02) = 4300*80/16,000 =22

Kebele (03) = 6300*80/16,000 =31

n= n1+n2+n3

27+22+31=80

Total sample size

The above formula was used to take sample size proportional because the three Kebeles were
not having equal number of dwellers. Due to their resident variation their sample size is also
different.

3.4. Method of Data Analysis

The collected data was analyzed employing classification and tabulation. The quantitative data
was analyzed by techniques like tables and percentage. But the qualitative data was presented in
the form of statements to meet the objective of the study. There fore, data analysis method was
used descriptive analysis because of its simplicity and clarity for inferences
 CHAPTER FOUR

4. DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

This part of the study focused on the analysis and interpretation of the data collected by means of
questioner, interview and the review of primary and secondary data source. The questioner that
the researcher distributed is 80 and also gathered key information from key informants.

4.1 Demographic background of the respondent

The demographic background of the study comprises the various demographics of the
respondents which are taken as a sample from the population in Lemo Woreda. This
characteristic includes Age, Sex, Educational status, Martial status .and family size.

4.1.1. Sex and marital status of the respondents

From the above table, it is possible to understand that the share of the respondents based on sex
structure. That is, about 56.3% of the respondents are male and the remaining 43.7% is covered
by female .it shows the share of male is greater contribution on the assessment of increasing
urbanization According to the blow table, the marital status analysis of dimension of
respondents, the majority of the respondents for about 50% of the respondents are married,
followed by single which covers 35% and about 15% are divorce. Generally, more than half of
the respondents are married. This implies that as the number of married persons increases
population also may because they give more birth or generally birth rate will increase. If the
population number increases it has adverse impact on the economy of the Woreda

Table 4.1.1 The distribution of respondents by sex and marital status

Item No, respondent % shares

Sex No,, of sex

Male 45 56.3
Female 35 43.7

Total 80 100

Marital status No, of marital status

Single 28 35

Married 40 50

Divorced 12 15

Total 80 100

Source ,own survey 2020

4.1.2 . The age structure and family size of the respondents

The blow table indicates that the majority of the respondents [50%] are in the age group
between 18-30, 37.5% are in the age group between 31-65 and those above 65 years are only
12.5%. Based on this table, the age structure of the respondent implies that most of the
respondents are in the productive age group. According to international labor policy, an
individual whose age above 18 and below 65 are categorized under productive age group. Age
of an individual limits his/her productivity. An individual whose age between18-65 is more
productive and individuals whose age is above 65 is considered as less productive. But in terms
of experience those whose age is above 65 are considered as more productivit As the following
table 4.2 shows the majority of the respondents 45% were with family size above 5 and the rest
of 35% b/n 4-7 and 20% were less than four these shows that the No, of population increase and
it causes rapid increasing of urbanization

Item No, of respondent % shares

No. No,

Family size

1-3 20 20%

4-7 25 25%

5-8 35 35%

Total 80 100
Age

18-30 40 50

31-65 30 37.5

Above 10 12.5

Total 80 100

. source own survey 2020

4.1.3. Education background and Living standards of the respondents

The below table shows 33.75% of the respondents are those who have illiterate and above
where as the 23.75% of respondents have Degree, grade 9-12 covers 18.75% grade 1-8 covers
5% of the respondents and holders of certificate covers 11.25% and diploma covers 7.5% of the
respondents .this implies the less educated have its social economical and political impact on
urbanization by doing effective leading, management .and planning

As much as possible many of the respondent’s living standards are not good. Also as table 4.3
below shows the majority of the respondents living standards are poor 50% of the total
respondents while the remaining 35%,and 15% are fair ,and good respectively. Since many of
the respondent’s living standards are poor, the social welfare is low.

Item No, of respondent % shares

Educational background

Illiterate 27 33.75

1-8 4 5

9-12 15 18.75

Certificate 9 11.25

Degree 19 23.75

Diploma 6 7,5

Total 80 100

Living standard of the

respondent

Poor 50 50

Fair 35 35

Good 15 15

Total 80 100

Source own survey 2020

Table 4.1.4 Cause of rapid urban growth and the distribution of respondent based on the
impact of rural-urban migration
Unprecedented urban growth caused by factors such Rural- urban migration, the increase in the
population, the change in economic activities and opportunities of different job.

As table 4.5 reveals that, the change in economic activity covers 43.7% of the respondents
followed by the search for different job which covers 31.3% of the respondents and the
remaining 25% of the respondents replied that the increase in the number of people is
responsible for growth of urbanization in the Lemo Woreda. Therefore, from this table it is
possible to that the major reason for the urbanization is that the change in economic activity
that is, from traditional way of farming to business activity (trade) as a result of strategic
location of the Woreda and different job opportunities such as, construction of Asphalt Road,
buildings and coble stone which are the main reason for people to migrate from rural area to the
urban

People migrate to the Woreda mainly for job opportunities, better urban social services such as,
education, clean water, health care services, electricity and recreational centers. As a result of all
this factors the number of population in the Woreda’s is increasing at an alarming rate and the
socio-economic problems of the Woreda increasing. From the blow table 4.4 it is possible to
summarize that 40% of the respondents replied that, the major problem of rural-urban migration
is increase in the number of unemployment and, 32.5% of the respondents replied that the next
major problem caused by rural-urban migration is increase the rental price of houses and the
remaining 27.5% of the respondents replied that rural to urban migration causes increases
commodities on the market. In general urban migration causes a great impact on the economy of
the Woreda as well as the country as a hole.

Causes of urban growth No ,of respondents %

The change in economic 35 43.7

activity

Increase in population 20 25

Search of job 25 31.3

Total 80 100

Effects of Rural urban

migration

Increase rental price of 26 32.5

house

Increase price of 22 27.5

commodities on the markets

Increase the level of 32 40

unemployment

Total 80 100

Source own survey 2020

4.1.5 . Advantage and disadvantages of urban growth in the Woreda

The followings are some of the advantages of urban growth of the Woreda

It helps in overall economic development of the country because due to urbanization local
talents gets chance whether it is in sports, business, entertainment and by using the talent of the
people many industries as well as companies are getting better and bigger which in is helping
the country in achieving its target of economic growth and also enabling the country to have
competitive edge in global markets. People who are from rural areas are deprived of based
amenities like school, hospital, banks and so but due to urbanization these people get these
facilities and hence it helps in improving the overall living standards of people. Due to
urbanization foreign companies having international presence come to set up their companies
because these companies want all facility and in rural or semi urban areas these facilities are not
present and hence urbanization promotes foreign direct investments which in turn help in
improving the foreign exchange reserves of the country. Since people in rural areas are more
superstitious and follow old age tradition like child marriage ,black magic gender bias and so on
which leads to many problems but due to urbanization when these people come to Woreda
slowly they began to come out of their regressive attitude
As table 4.6 shows, about 42.5% of the replied that the major advantages of urbanization is
access to urban facility. As Woreda urban growth the infrastructures were expand with the
growing level of the Woreda. Such as transportation, electric city, water supply, road, Tell
communication and public toilet and etc.Another advantage of the urban growth of the Woreda is
job opportunity which covers 37.5% Technological progress which covers 20% of the
respondents. As urban growth of the Woreda there is a transformation of technology which
means the shift from manual work to machine.

• Urbanization of the Woreda also has some demerits

Due to urbanization many people benefit but not get the opportunities which results in those
people doing illegal things like raillery, kidnapping, murder and so and thus one can say that
urbanization is party behind the increasing crime rate in big Woreda. Since many people
migrate to Woreda it results in scarcity of house which in return results in development of
slums and since in these slums many people live in small areas (which is unhygienic) it result
in these people contracting many diseases. Urbanization leads to shift of working population
from agriculture to industries and due to this there is fall in agriculture produce which results in
fall in food product. due to urbanization are not prepared to face natural disasters like food,
earthquake, and tsunami ad if faced with such disaster it can cause loss of both property and
people.
From table 4.5, it is possible to that, 47.75% of the respondents replied that unemployment is
the major demerit of the urban growth of the Woreda , followed, by crime , violence and
lawlessness which cover 34.75% of the respondents and traffic accident which covers 17.5%
of the respondents. To sum up, unemployment is the major demerit of the urban growth which
back creates other social and economic problems

Item No,of respondent % shares

Advantage of urbanization
in the woreda
Technological progress 16 20

Access to urban facility 34 42.5

Job opportunity 30 32.5

Total 80 100

Disadvantage of the
urbanization woreda

Crime 26 34.75
violence .and ,lawlessness

Unemployment 40 47.75

Traffic accident 14 17.5

Total 80 100

Source own. survey 2020

4.1 .6 the distribution of respondent based on migrant and resident

From the table,4 .1.6 it possible to conclude that, about 43.5% of the respondents replied that
they born in that woreda and with the 56.5 31.25% of the people those who are migrant from
different place this shows the population increases also urbanization increases

Item No ,of respondent % shares

Are you born in this

woreda?

Yes 35 43.5

No 45 56.5

Total 80 100

Are you migrant from other

place?

Yes 55 66.5

No 25 33.5

Total 80 100

Source ,own,survey,2020

4.6. Social impact of the urban growth

According to the informants, unprecedented urban growth in the Woreda is negatively affecting
the social well being of the population in terms of housing, social service education, health care
service, infrastructure and deviance like crime and beggary.
Education is the base for social, cultural and economic development of a nation in general and
local unit in particular. The advancement of science and technology reached its present stage of
development through education. Thus education becomes a major instrument for achievement of
desired goals of the society. But when we see the quality of education, informants indicate that
the teacher – student ratio of the Woreda is much more than the national standard. Therefore, the
greater student- teacher ratio for the school in the words leads to decrease in quality of education
in particular and national development in general.

The health care service is another social problem. Health status is one of the fundamental factor
which can affect socio economic progress, because it affects the efficiency and productivity of
labor force. Therefore, it needs a joint effort alleviate different health problem like HIV/AIDS
and other communicable disease (LemoWoreda Aministration,2019).

In Lemo Woreda the major sources of water supply are springs. The annual water supply has
increased. But, the increase in population, opening of government institution and demand for
home activities results the insufficient accessibility of clean water. Even though the supply of
water are increasing in the Woreda, rapid urban expansion and the increasing number of people
aggravated the supply of water. Due to this, those who haven’t accesses to clean water are
suffering from water born disease (interview).

Housing is one the basic needs of human being. According to the informants, the first task of the
municipal office is transforming the agriculture and bare lands in to urban and legalizing the
former residents in the area. Housing is not only serving as shelters but also accesses to lots of
neighborhood, exchange of social and economic activity. So, housing guides the social and
development of the community. The law standard of housing conditions of the Woreda and the
highly increasing demand for house from time to time due to unprecedented urban growth raising
the rent for available house with in the lower quality and services. In this condition those who
have low income were affected mostly.

The other social problems occur in the Woreda that damage the productive force of the country
are hallucinogenic drugs, homelessness, juvenile delinquency, prostitution, crime and criminality
etc. hinders the development of social and economic activity.

4.7. Economic impact of urban growth

Based on information obtained from respondents, rapid urban growth of the Woreda is negatively
affecting the economic activities of the respondents in terms of unemployment, poverty and
dependency. Unemployment is one of the main unemployment is one of the main urban
problems in Ethiopia and in Lemo Woreda. The fact that the Woreda’s lack of meaning full
education and training is the source of unemployment of the youths. In addition to this
unemployed people come from rural part and other parts of the country to Lemo Woreda due to
the political and economic stability of the Woreda, search for better job and lack of agricultural
land aggravates the problem. As the result, the communities are tied to unsecured economic
activity because of the absence of regular work and formal employment responsible to create
problems with regard to economic development of the Woreda.

Urban poverty in Ethiopia is multifarious phenomena with social, economic, cultural and
political dimension. Poverty can be manifested as hunger, lack of shelter sickness lose of child
and family by illness, lack of accesses to school and job, low self-esteems, powerlessness and
discrimination. In short, the inability to satisfy the minimum material and human needs. As
informants, the rapid urban growth has an effect on the Woreda’s economic development by
expanding the level of poverty. The existing capacity is not capable of matching the growth of
the woreda with a number of urban facilities and job opportunities which results, malnutrition,
starvation, infectious disease, mental illness, drug dependence, crime and violence. People who
were without engaging in the production of economic goods and service during a given refinance
of period were classified as economically non-active or dependant people. According to the
result of housing and population censes of May ,2010 52.1% of the population was economically
non-active. This shows that more than half of the population depends on shoulder of 47.9%of
economically active people. Therefore, high level of dependency results the down fall of
economic development.

4.1.8 The problem of unemployment

One of the major effects of urbanization is the problem of unemployment which seriously
affects Lemo woreda .As a survival mechanism, many of unemployed resort to varies acts such
as beggary, crime, prostitution, etc.
Table 4.1 .7 Unemployment rate in Lemo woreda from 2015-2020.

Year Total unemployment Change

Male Female Total Male Female Total

2015 1215 1324 2539 - - - -

2016 1316 1415 2731 101 91 192

2017 1410 1520 3430 94 105 199

2018 1510 1654 3619 100 134 234

2019 1713 1835 2408 203 184 387

2020 1924 2046 4069 211 211 422

Source: Lemo woreda labor and social affairs, 2020

As the above table depicts, the majority of the populations are females unemployed are high as
well as their number having been increasing over the period .The office proved that in 2016 the
total unemployment people in the town were 2731 with unemployment growth rate of 0.56 in
the period from 2015 to 2020, the total unemployed population of the woreda has increased
from 2539 to 4069 like that of the total population of the town.

The growth rate of unemployed people in the town has been fluctuation even if the number of
unemployed people has been increasing.

Table 4.1 8 Applicants for the job seeking in the woreda from 2015 to 2020.

Year Male Female Total % of male % of female

2015 486 772 1258 47.05 52.79

2016 474 815 1289 39.99 60.01

2017 832 905 1737 45.76 56.23

2018 982 1062 2044 44.47 551.95

2019 1130 1198 2328 46.59 53.41

2020 1340 1497 2837 42.14 57.86

Source :Lemo woreda labor affairs office, 2020

As above table indicates, the numbers of applicant job seekers in 2015 were 1258 and this
figure increased to 2837 in 2020.Still today the woreda could not reduce the number of
unemployment because the number of job seekers increased due to migration from other places.

4.8 Role of government in reducing urban problems

Table 4. 1 .9 The distribution of respondents based on the role of government to reduce the
problems of the wored
Activity No ,respondent % shares

Constructing school 11 13.75

Organizing small scale 27 33.75
enterprise

Creating small scale 14 17.5

employment opportunities

Expanding infrastructures 15 18.75

Adopting environmental 13 16.25

policy

Total 80 100

Source ,own survey 2020

From the above table it is possible to conclude that the major government activity to reduce the
socio-economic problem of the Woreda is organizing small scale enterprise which covers 33.75%
the , followed by expanding infrastructure facilities swhich covers 18.75% of the :17.5% of the
replied that, providing employment opportunities, adopting environmental policy which covers
16.25% and finally 13.75% replied that, constructing schools also an important activity to solve
the socio-economic problem.
 CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND POLICY RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
Urbanization is an inevitable process. Countries change from agrarian society to an urban and
industrialized society. Not only does urbanization represent socio-economic shift but also helpful
to bring about agricultural and rural development even in agrarian society. Equally true is the
differential benefit countries enjoy from urbanization.

While the benefit from urbanization is evident, equally evident are the challenges and negative
impacts those urbanization posses. Most of the problem emanates from disconnect between
levels of urbanization and levels of socio-economic growth. Urbanization brings high density
settlement which requires adequate service, infrastructure, employment, housing etc. quit often
countries at low level of development do not have the necessary capacity to meet these demands.
In addition the pattern and expansion of urbanization could result in distorted urban system those
posse’s socio-economic challenges in the form of inadequacy and unavailability of urban service.
This study deals with the urbanization and its socio economic impact in Hadiya Zone [In case of
Lemo Woreda]. Unprecedented urban growth affects the socio economic development of the
woreda which creates serious problem and national development. In this study, it’s found that the
main cause for rapid modern and business oriented activity. Moreover, the movement of people
from rural and other parts of the country to the woreda causes urban growth.

Unprecedented urban growth in the woreda created social and economic problems to the urban
residents. The residents are socially affected by the problems like housing, transportation,
inadequate social services such as education, healthcare, sanitation and infrastructure services
such as road, electricity, communication service and etc.

Economic factors that hinder the development of the woreda in particular and the national
development in general are unemployment dependence; income inequality and inflation. To
reduce these socio economic problems of the governmental of the urban residents of the
woreda.And also government is providing different employment opportunities to employment in
one side and migration on the other side.

5.2 Recommendation
This study shows that rapid urban growth created different socio economic problem such as
unemployment, lack of housing, shortage of water, supply, transportation, electricity, and
sanitation problem and also expansion of crime and violence, unqualified health and education
service, and urban poverty. The researcher has given the following recommendations as possible
means of reducing negative socio economic impacts of urbanization which are facing the
population of the woreda extremely and to balance social and urban services with the speedy of
the woreda.

• In urban areas the government should facilitate social services like education,
health service, water supply, housing, electricity and transportation etc at
increasing rate as much as possible.

• Providing employment opportunities by means of organizing small scale

enterprises to hamper unemployment problems and reduce the number of those
who are without regular job.

• Improving creative educational access in the urban centre is important in order to

make the people creative and involve in better income generating activities. This
education also enables the residents to contribute for the development of the
woreda and the country because they will involve in other innovative In order to
reduce the problem in the woreda needs to work to word creating urban centers in
rural area themselves equipped with service such as school, health administration,
water, electricity and infrastructure network.

• Linking the sub kebeles with one another and with rural kebels with solid ground
to be made by government

• Government should prepare speedy development of woreda. The plan should have
the objective exercising control and must accommodate the urban dynamism and
designed with participation of all state holders. NGOs should bring attitudinal
change for favorable urban growth woreda in general are entities organized based
on different views opinions and identities people cannot live together in unity in
the absences of common interest that bring them together.

• Government should making urban centre where the rural law prevails.

REFERANCE
Abebe Zelelu (2009]:urbanization and its consequence in Ethiopia
Be to woreda administration (2010):socio economic profile, fikre selam printing.
Both Ethel,(2001),urban wealth and development :a practical manual for use in developing
countries,1stedition Macmillan publishing limit
Clark, C(1940):the condition of Economic progress 3rd edition ,London Macmillan CSA,(1991)
Dana .E:Analysis on Ethiopian Rural to urban migration patterns.
Davis .W and Deborah Ede (2002):Development and woreda ,Oxford University oxford
publishing.
Daniel B(2009)Impacts of urban development in Addis Ababa.
Gugler .J (1994) woreda, poverty and urban development 3rdedition New York Oxford University
press.
John(1981):the urban world,2ndedition.MackGrawhill
Linn,(1983),cities in developing World :policies for the in equitable and efficient
growth,1stedition,Oxford University press.
NUPI,(1982)Mrs. Vimala .M.M :urbanization and its effect on environment in Kulalumpier
Todaro(2009):EconomicDevelopment10thedition,NewYorkUniversityandpublishingcouncil.
UN(1996):World Development Report, New York oxford university press.
Zelekes (2007):Demographic and socio economic impacts of urbanization in Addis Ababa
http://country studies us. Ethiopia Oct,(2009).
Http.//sire sceres in Colombia edu
www.answer HYPERLINK "http://www.answer.com,(8nov,2010)/".Com,(8Nov,2010)
www.new world encyclopedia org,(26April2012)
Www .En Wikipedia org,(28,sep2010)
www.lehman HYPERLINK "http://www.lehmanlaw.com/"law.com

APPENDIX
WACHEMO UNIVERSITY
CLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS
DEPA RTMENT OF ECONOMICS
QUESTONNARIES

This research questionnaires prepared for the fulfillment of first degree in economics .this
questionnaire prepared for research will be conducted on urbanization and its socio-economic
impact in hadiya zone in case of lemo woreda .there objective is purely for academic reason and
you are kindly requested to share you .review without bias .remeber information you give is kip
it in confidential for question that contain box ;’x’ and for question blank space provided
possible answer personal information

• Part One Demographic background of the respondent

1. Sex .Male female

2. Age

18-24year 25-40year 41-65year above65year

• 3. Marital status: single married widowed separated divorced

4. Educational levels: illiterate 1-8 9-12 certificated diploma above

5 family size/house hold

1-3 4-7 5-8

• Part Two cause of urbanization

6. What are major causes of urban growth?

(a) increase in the number of people.

(b) Searching for different job

[C] Rural urban migration

[D] the change in economic activity

Others please specify……………………………………………………….

7. is there any advantage because of urban growth? Yes No

8 .If your answer is yes for question number 6 what are those advantages?

(a)Technological progression
(b) access to urban facilities
(c ) access of job opportunities
Others please specify
………………………………………………………………………………….

9.Are there any disadvantages associated with urban growth, Yes No

10.If your answer for question number 8yes, what are the disadvantage?

(a)Increase the level of unemployment

(b) crime, violence and law Lessness

[C] Traffic accident

Others Please Specify……………………………………………………………………………

11.Which age group are the most beneficiaries from urban growth?

(a)15-18 (b)19-35 (c)36-65 (d)>65

12.Which age group is mostly affected by urban growth?

(a)15-18 (b)19-35 (c)36-65 (d)>65

13.Which section of the society is benefiting more from urban growth in the woreda?
(a) Those with high income level
(b) those who have a business man
[c) those who have a house owner
[d] other please specify--------------------------------------------------------
14. Which section of the society is not benefiting much from urban growth?

(a)Those new migrants

(b) those low income level

(c) those medium income level

Others pleases specify------------------------------------------

 • Part Three Socio-Economic impacts of urbanization

15 Is there any negative and positive impacts of urbanization on socio-economic?

16 .What are the socio- impact of urbanization?

(a) shortage of clean water

[b] health care service

[c]on education

[d]Not change
17 what are economic impact?
[a] increases rental house price
[B] increase level of unemployment
[C] increases commodities on the market
Others pleases specify----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

18.Is there any way to reduce the rural urban migration problem in the woreda ? Yes
No
19.If your answer is yes for question number 15, how is the government helping the residents to
reduce the problem of the woreda?

[a] By constructing schools, colleges and university

(b) by organizing small scale enterprise

(c) by constructing infrastructure

(d) by creating employment opportunity

other please specify--------------------------------------------------------

THANK YOU