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SE AS 1288—1994 Australian Standard® Glass in buildings— Selection and instailationfoe ca a) a el puny | m wo ee ee eee AS i288 1994 ‘ Safety glazing materials for use in buildings (human impa deration B 952 Glass for glazing Part i: Classification Specification fi ra flexible PVC compounds for moulding extrusion Rubber used in preformed gaskets for weather exclusion from buildings Part 1: Specification for none Hular gaskets 6262 Code of practice for glazing for buildings 1.4 DEFINITION For the purpose of this Standard, th: 141 Area—the arew of the panel between sight lines after 14.2) Aspect ratio—the ry 143 Balustrades change in levels 14d Buildings 1441 Re ‘al build eds L442 Double glazing he purpose of sou 14.9 Fin—a piece 1410 Frame—a struct: ty annealed glass and toughened COPYRIGHTAS 1881904 4 SHOWER DOORS, SHOWER SCREENS AND BATH ENCLOSURES SHOPFRONTS AND INTERNAL PARTITIONS LDINGS GLASS FOR BUILDINGS DESIGNED FOR SPECIAL ACTIVITIES LEADLIGHT GLAZING 8 OPERABLE WINDOWS. SECTION 6 REQUIREMENTS FOR LOUVRES AND SLOPED OVERHEAD GLAZING aes Pe TION 7 INST GENERA 588 St a MINATION RESSES EAT-STRENC a AND MINIMUM NESS 4 c ICKNESS OR AREA OF GLASS IN MENTS FOR WIND LOADING 4 4] Ds SSURES 45 + E DESIGN CHAR E COMMONLY U fio he ASPECTS FOR CONSIDERATION IN THE SELECTION OF Gi SLOPED OVERHEAD GLAZING g H BASIS FOR DETERMINATION OF FIN DESIGN TO PREV KLING 98 Lina tes3 Se oR oT eee soe ‘ Reet Rim Re nt AS 1288-094 5 L427. G. —the actual size of the pane of glazin E i 1427.2 Sight size or daylight site—the clear unsupported opening size that admits light 1427.3 Tight size or rebate size—the actual size of the cebote opeaing 1.4.29. Stall be: a shop 1430 used as bo 1431 Thickness—the di its leagih or wieth, 0 Detween the 1.4.32 Toughened glass— iduai sui of external ®| f 4 q 1 Kit Rese a 194 SECTION 2 waTERIALS 4 21 GLASS 2.11 General Glass types not otherwis: shail be classified in accordance with BS 97_ Standard used in build 2 Heat-strengthened glass When glass shall have s wilh Appendix A. heat- 25 wither 72 + of the following limits .ce compression: 24.14 MPa to o> <2 > MPe> 257 sy Toughened glass When tested I have Edge npression sicess: ompression of ot less than 24 Safety glazing material Si Safety organic-coated glass Setting blocks, location blocks. sod distance s. and distance piece a) plasti PVC complying with BS 25 to 90,J stem cinse formed for Section 4 as non-standard thicknesses can Interpolation is not necessarily ps be determined by reference to Appendix C. NOTE: The tables referred to in Sections 3,5 and 6 are applicable to glasses of nominal thic ing minimum and maximum thickness as given in Table a these tables have been determined using the minimum glass thickness thickness | 4 ee TABLE 3.1 THICKNESS LIMITS FOR STANDARD NOMINAL THICKNESSES OF GLASS itlimetces | standard nominal | ___Thickness limite Type of glass ON nickness Misimum | Maximum BR uw q ca thickness tole Linear interpolatic shall be c mum thickness of the non-standar mum thickness of the standard nominal thicknesses of the appropria coevarcer{ ' fos nat me Iehour fire-resistance sated’ window prietary window assemblies may be jons contain a specification for ed glass in a galvanized steel frame, re: ratings of up 10 2h available with rements of building window assemblies Normally, such windows do not sand are suitable only al laminated glass 3.7 CHAIR RAIL Chair rails shalf have a width in the vertical direction of not less than 40 mm and be designed for the horizontal railing loads specified in AS 13 Where the chair rail is installed ci the gi it shall also be desi, vertical railing loads, spe flection horizontal loads shail be such that the emain clea! 1.5 times the specified rail loads. he glass panel under COPYRIGHTa J ] 1 ) sae cee bet” i i I AS 1288-1994 16 The maximum value of area (A) for any value of design wind pressure (p) shall be determined from the following equation AsKp 440) NOTES ~ 1 A design line for a minimum glass thickness can be constructed on 4.1 by drawing or the standard 0% 1e parallel te tho: ‘al thicknesses (slope WASK point p {ratio associated with such a design line on Figure 4.1 may be ‘The maximum aspe calculated from Equa ding 6 mm, oF from C3(3) of Appendix C for minimum giass thicknesses up 10 and ation C3(6) for minimum glass thicknesses ov: Telating to this Clause is given in Appendix C, La Aa example of 3 Paragraph C4.2.1 44.2 Rectangles of glass supported on two opposite sides only For a given minimum lass for a of glass supported on two opposite sides only, the shall be e constant (C). Maximum spans for minimum thicknesses other 2 shall be <: thickness of iculated by determining C from Equation C21), jon (b) of the span for any va uation: The maximum dime design wind p: determined from the following d glass thickness for types ot ne pressure factor (F} given Standard nominal thicknesses mum 13 given minimum or the minimu he types of glass ed in Table 41 si ssure factor (F) gi specified in Clause 4.3 pressure (p) by pressure in the method coPyaisHTwo = s 5 ans o @ e 2 ¢ a - 8 tf «9 25 5 ey 55 os yak 2 wis 3 Ze uz Boo SSV19 JO VSuY a C tee 5 ar = ee ee oeL SECTION HUMAN IMPACT REQUIREMEN 1 GENERAL Where glass is likely to be subjected to human im with the human-impact safe ' NOTE: 1 In some circumstances j requirements of this Se pact, it shall comply 1 | AS 1288— 1994 20 1 ] irements of this Section, e requirements of Sections 3, 4, 6 and 8 can exceed che sion (see Clause 3.2) 2 The application of the requirements of this Section will red hea human impact. However, this does not presuppose that the sien impact of, when broken, the likelinced of 1¢ tisk of injury from will not be broken under "¢ mosi likely forms oi juries will be minimized bs of the glass, or by the ven 10 the glass. of by the i Serre ear ‘ ad ws mistaken fora doorway or unimp marking (s not a substitute this Section is Section is given in Appendis F FRAMING OF DOORS AND PANELS A door o: tal” tad ll ee as osed edges or one or more expe 4 SUBSTITUTION OF SAFETY GLASSES Ordinay used in lieu of Grade A or Grade 5 sai copyRicr ee ena) nm me ae eat ei Ke é AS 12681994 Gi) Where the lowest part of the glass is 500 mm or more above the highest abulting finished floor level. . g height of each of the glass panels is ao greater than iv) Where the side panel is provided with a chair rail satisfyi ‘tect each face of the glass and located with its upper ed 700 mm or its bottom edge not more than 1000 mm above the highest abutting finished floor level. a oe) evel is provided: or ordinary anneaied glass not less than 10 mm standard nominal thickness is ade A satet side panels w Louvres in side panels Louvr 3.10 GLAZED PANELS NOT DEFINED AS DOORS OR SIDE PANELS, WHICH ARE CAPABLE OF BEING MISTAKEN FOR AN UNIMPEDED PATH OF TRAVEL 3.101 General ding that it is capabie of being ss from, one portion 0 so that a pe doorway or clear way and walk int unimpeded pi en for a doorway or requirement comvaianta il il ro i j baw a As 126810994 TABLE MAXIMUM AREAS OF CLEAR OR PATTERNED GRADE A SAFETY GLAZING MATERIAL FOR FRAMED GLASS DOORS, FRAMED GLASS SIDE PANELS, AND OTHER GLAZED PANELS ee Standard somal thickness | Maxim T | TABLE MAXIMUM AREAS OF CLEAR OR PATTERNED ORDINARY ANNEALED GLASS FOR FRAMED GLASS DOORS, FRAMED GLASS SIDE PANELS. AND OTHER FRAMED GLAZED PANELS Standard nominal thickooss Manimum areacd Aaa xe hood ie ae q I AS 1288— 1994 2 TABLE 5. SHOPFRONTS, INTERNAL PARTITIONS, AND OTHER GLAZED PANELS WITH UNFRAMED SIDE EDGES Height of | | Miximom sioadsrd | Mfaxiqum aumber | Maximom BS" typeotalm | somnatibinoes | “Grtemear ge” | sont ite Tae is aaett | nee etiel [a a Tos escarensene | : : 19 | Toupienes | | 2 } ota | Toughened | No limit No lim Csuauetliil some | not Aaneaiea 1 i oo | | ' : EE | i feeb amin | 38 : foo SHOPFRONI S131 General This Cis t doors ad non-res unless the w Framed panels Unframed Panels Top edge unframe abut case anne, t greater than 1m than 6 mm, coPvAIGHTed wll S° .F fees i meet i £ &. wer ios Nea SECTION 6 REQUIREMENTS FOR L AND SLOPED OVERHEAD GLAZ ich as louvres and sloped overhead GENERAL Glass for special situations relevant requirements of this Section lazing saali comply with 1 NOTE: In some circumstances the requirements of Sec requirements Of 1 62 LOUVRES Where either fixed or operable louvre windows are installed, the biade ass shall not exceed ihe values given in Table 6.3 provided does not exc! tengih for ordinary annealed he design wind pressu sure and other types | uirements for wind upported id loading of Secuon § TABLE 6.1 MAXIMUM LENGTHS FOR LOUVRE BLADE: ORDINARY ANNEALED GLA\ smillimetees ee ‘Maximum blade Fenech Standard nonunat thickness Blade wiath Too | > 1002130 | > 1802 General Sloped prevent gia NOTE: Differe: breakage selection of theas nes 1984 TABLE 6.2 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SPANS FOR SLOPED GLAZING FOR NON-TRAFFICABLE ROOFS Se Tay Camfaated glass zoo | 1060 | 3 Sou | [ Maximum spas", 7 Slope | gieing | Standard sominal thickness, mm segrees 1 | cae | as [eos | ess ee f aso | aso | 600 [2200 | 2edses | 450 | 600 | | 200 1 = | 0 | 1500 | 1 500 iby Toughened glass (fb) Toughened glass sone us T Viosimum span’ mm Stope | icin Standard nominal thickness, om faedeeeed: ne Laminated heatsteengthened glass T 1 Masimum spans mm J ] Slope | ising [Standard nominal thickness. nim | [sve | w.ter [ 12-76 ilske ] 1 1 r SSH ARES ben et eg dha a a AS 12881984 s 7.2.3 Dimensions of rebates and grooves Dimensions of rebates and grooves shail be consistent with the requirements of Clauses 7.2.1 to 7.2.2, and mmodate dimensional tolerances for glass panels and frames 7.3. USE OF GLAZING MATERIALS 7.3.4 Suitabil ials A glaring material shall be used recommended by the manufacturer. 1 the purposes where 73.2 Compatibility of materials A glazing material shall be used compatible with contiguous materials, including the frame and the giass ty js shall be in ing materi 3.3 Application of materials The application of accordance with manufacturers’ instructions ly be used where 7.3.4 Life expectancy of materials been est pectancy (durability) The manufacturere’ adviee shoul Setting blocks and location blocks II be as shows in Figures 7.we! 5 eee ees eee ome onea id ee CO 7 aS aE ea” la L 1 i sag 1994 8 GLA ~ SECTIO UNFRAME Ss M D TOUGHENED ASSEMB LIES o wv ghened glass, $1 GENERAL This Section applies te unframed assemblies oft NOTES Toughened-glass assen panels, most of which Of glazing large open blies (in the form of an all-glass facade comprising toughened glass ie Fixed panels but some of which may be coors) provide @ method igs without ihe use of mullions of frames. These assemblics can be Saag ioe parually suspended from the building structure. depending op We Sr ‘of the ner to be glazed, The glass itself becomes 2 load-bearing Taleria) i hstanding the opening Spevent in such an assembly. They require installation techniques quite differen: from those of framed panels. panels being joined 3 iy designed holes or apove pene! is suspended wiih adja fittings bolted together through spé och tier of panels except the top is suspended from the th ‘or the doors, 1s suspended from aad rigidly connected | ne building, which mi spable of fully supporting she on to the forces due to wind leading, 2 In fully suspended assemblies, the pane noiches in the fang the whole assembly. except Substantial structural membe Geadweight of the assembly in acd} fe height of the suspended assembly is the "P ‘wo noles in the giass share the load equally bbe provided 10 gi rip SUppoT The main limisin of the holes in alsho 4 especial situations. ieute of adequucy from an approve gesiel genes glass assemblies might be required © DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 82 $2.1. Fail-safe requirements The design of 104 Nai breakage of any component of the assembly will Ao} he remainder 2 Components The facade shall be and, where required. shail fed glass not less than loads by fins, of stiffeners, of toughe nerally located mm thick mounted on edge adjacent to the fins shall be attached to the £ fg in such a way as 10 vertically attached to the building structu Glass design stress fins and the fixing to the build) wind loading in accordance m design stress for je panels 50 MI an width with AS 1170.2. The maxi shall be 43 MPa and for the analysis of fin stability is carried out, the thickness. buckling, unless an 18 times the glass NOTES nderval ysis of fin stability are given in Appendix # Suitable equations fe: ng an anal 2 The maximum design stress of 50 MPa may give tse 10 for certain applications, [1 is recommended that 4 ani60 at the design wind joading. 8.2.4. Provision for expansion and structural movement for downwards thermal ga rebate in the floor or sill for be used under the edge in ibis 8.2.4.1 Suspended assemblies Provision shall be made expansion of a fully suspended glass facade by providin: the lower edge of the glass. Setting blocks shail n COPYRIGHT eee— ew ave tL) 4 boy a ree ln Leni 2 Lad Beam k wees 3 As 1288-1994 342 Doors supported directly from the floor and partially suspended 8.2.87 ies Allowance shall be made for upwards thermal expansion of doors which are Ty from the floor. A designed clearance of not less than 3 mm shall be ¢ door and the bottom of the transom for assemblies up to gowgh with not less than 1 mm additional clearance for every 3\m ot part thersof thst the haluht of the assembly exeeeds 5 m. The same allowance for thermal expansion shalt Re provided for partially suspended assemblies where the lower row of side panels i supported directly on the floor in a manner similar to doors. 8.2.8 Adjustment The suspension brackets for the 5 overcome minor irregularities in the opening, and 10 take ¥ vertical adjustment to Seflection of the overhead support due 10 the weight of the glass supported dires allowed between the top of 1 facade panels shall provide for 8.3 GLAZING TECHNIQUES 1 General To! sary cultins dimensions prior to toughening, not be cul or wor working shall be cari The installation of toughen ig assemblies shall be carried out by tradespeopic, The edges and surfaces of jase shall not be dam: fixing The manufacturer's 83.2 Sizing Glass sizes shall be verified aga ning into which the toughened jared should prete 8.3.3. Glazing 8.3.3.1 Suspended assemblies Glazing shall star ed a the upper fins which shall be horizontal plune er. successive tiers shail be he bu therproofed if desised with an H ‘at may be gunned into the 83.3.2 Sill i Where panels are supported from 4 blacks of neopren a si (see Figure 8.2),ol ee a eo tall Cat om = fem le AS 12881994 “0 APPENDIX A ~ DETERMINATION OF SURFACE AND EDGE COMPRESSION STRESSES FOR HEAT-STRENGTHENED AND TOUGHENED GLASS ormative) ‘The polariscopic of light refraction methods are used for determination of surface or edge compression. Where the range of the apparatus permits examination for edge compression stress only, the value for all midpoints shall be measured and averaged. ‘andrei glasses having @ ceramic coating may need to have the coating removed to able determination of surface or edge compression stress, Index oil and a glass slide-cover plate may be necessary to eliminate the diffusing of ihe abraded surface and expose compression colour bands. his subject, see AS 2208 NOTE: For further inform APPENDIX B DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM THICKNESS, (Normative) Bi SCOPE This Appendix describes the method for determining the maximum and minimum thickness of 3 glass pane B2 APPARATUS The ind with 5: diameter plates. () Plate micro! aduated to ( (bh) Point mie ce included angle anvil with (3 mm radius, or apparatus to give an equivalem! measurement. B3_ PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows: ely equally spaced around the perimeter o/ S using the plate micrometer. maximum thicknes: ly spaced around the ps meter. The minimum meas sure the a m 86 using the point mic: thickness shall be taken as the minimum thic! ness, NOTE: The appropriate locations for thickness measurement for patterned glass is at the for maximam thickness ‘measuremenis and the bottom of valleys for mioimum th measurements COPYAIGHT— 7 —d ald wea em i mem ear Cost amas. Ce 5 12881994 is the short side (b). The valve of a/ at which exactly the same area (A) of glass would be given by either criterion can be determined as follows: For glass up to and including 6 mm minimum thickness: (2) For 4-edge support, Equation C1(1) can be written as— abp = 0.2158 cx) wwation C2(1) can be written as— (ii) For 2-edge supp: bp = 16.717/750 €3(3) Dividing Equation C3(1) by Equation C3(2}— a/b = 8.98 ‘This gives the maximum aspect ratio for the application of F minimum thickness up to 6 mm. gure 4.1 for an! jam thickness (2) For glass mi seater For ¢ ‘dge support, Equation C cx aspect ratio for the application are $1 far any ater than 6 mm, bi will b Equation C306) ar independent of p. For practical upplicut red ‘ first decimal place by dropping ail subsequent decimal ‘ounding up) C4 SAMPLE CALCULATIONS FOR DETERMINATION OF THICKNESS, AREA OR SPAN TO RESIST WIND LOADING C4.1 Examples for determination for ordinary annealed glass of standard nominal thickness is desited to find the standard nominal thickness of ordi $40 mx 6.62 m, ie. 2 7, required for 2 design wind pressure (p} of Lines drawn on Figure kPa intersect at Q mand p=1 ass next higher on U However, the aph Qi a s spe er SS SS 3 sen) oo i a a ey 4 AS 1288—| Lines drawn on Figure 4.2 at b = 0.62 m and p = 1.3 kPa intersect at T. The standard nominal thickness of glass next higher on the graph is 5 mm,-and this is the required standard nominal thickness. 3 It is desired to find the standard nominal thickness of ordinary annesied glass 2.0 mx 0.25 m, ie. 0.5 m*, required for a design wind pressure (p) of 2.7 kPa. The aspect ratio (aib) is 8 and, as in Example 2, Figure 4.2 must be used. Lines drawn on Figure 4.2 at 6 = 0.25 m and p = 2.7 kPa intersect at U. The standard nominal thickness of giass next higher on the graph is 3 mm, and this is the required standard nominal thickness. C412 Example reiating 10 Clause 43.3, Rectangles of glass supported on two opposite sides only It is desired 1o find the standard nominal thickness of ordinary anneaied glass supported on two opposite 4 span of 1.42 m and exposed to a design wind pressure (p) of 1.3 KP: Since the b= 142m and p = 1 required is the next higher lass is supported on two opposite sides only, Figure 4.2 is used. Lines drawn at kPa intersect at S. The standard nominal thickness of glass mn. on the graph, i.e. 12 4.2. Examples for determination for ordinary annealed glass not of a standard nominal thickness Reciangies of glass supported on all sides C4.2.1 Examples relaring so Clause 4.4.1, 1 ss Sold as 5.3 mm ordinary fed glass with a tolerance of 2.3 mm has 2 minimum thickness of 5.2 mm Sine. Ao hus a mmimum thickness less than 6 mm, Equation C11) 1s used as 42k hus for ass w calculated iro und this holds foe all uspeet ss sold as 14.3 mm ordinary annealed glass with a thickness toteran nis a minimum giass thickness of mm. Since this g eater than 6 mm, Equation C1(2) is used as follows: hickness C422 Examples re sides only 1A glass with a minimum thickness of 5.2 mm has a design stress f oading of 16.7 MPa as given in Paragraph C2. wind gust Thus for this glass, C = 5.2? x 16.7 0.602, aid the dimension 5 is given by Thus where p = 1 kPa, the dimension 8 will be 6.78 a a minimum thickness of 13.5 mm has a design stress for wind gust 15.2 MPa as given in Paragraph C2.8 CSP ae Stee EP rn ne Kens Co | 45 AS 12881894 APPENDIX D SIMPLIFIED METHOD OF DETERMINING DESIGN WIND PRESSURES informative) NOTE: The pressures in this Appendix are based on simplifications of Section 2 of AS 1170.2, They will in general be conservative. D1 INTRODUCTION A simplified proce the determination of wind loads on small structures and buildings is given in Section 2 of AS 1170.2 This simplified procedure has been prepared so that users interested only in the design of small structures and buildings do noi have to comply with the more complex procedures of Section 3 and Section 4 of AS 1170.2. Generally, loads calculated using Section 2 of AS 1170.2 will be greater than loads calculated using Section 3 of AS 1170.2 out in this Appendix have been extracted from that and are included here for guidance only, subject to the an fn wind pressur The design wind pressur simplified procedufe in AS 1170 limitations set out i the simpli obtained by the use.of this Appendix cai s he area or thickness of glass through insertion imio Fig 2 tion into Figures El to E15 and Tables El Appendix E. The loads specified in this Appendix are permissibie ss design wind sidential buildings. For more comples p AS 1170.2 will be required in order te then be inserted ime and Tables Ei to E1S of This Appendix covers the majority situations. the di order te Appendix D2 BUILDING LIMITATIONS TABLE DI BUILDING LIMITATIONS Aspect qT Lime coPyRIGNTAPPENDIX & ? oe DESIGN CHARTS AND TABLES FOR WIND LOADING FOR THE J COMMONLY USED GLASS TYPES : (Normative) oa El CHARTS NOTE: For design wind pressures in excess of S kpa, it will be necessary 10 use the appropriate equation given in Appendix C in the manner outlined in cither Clause 4.4.1 or Clause 4.4.2 as appropriate ‘The glazing sizes for rectangles of standard nominal thickness of the commonly used glass types with all sides supported are given in Figures El, 3, 5, £7, £8, E10, £12 ] 7 ae ‘The lines of limiting value in these figures have been broken where the ares exceeds the maximum areas of glass readily available in Australia es that fall in these areas (dp the designer should check the availabitity of the glass before proceeding with the design. s supported on 1wo opposite sides only, the glazing sizes are given in Figures £9, El), and E15, The lines in these have been modified 10 limit the glass deflection to the recommended maximum deflections ‘The lines of Figures £1. E3. E5. €7, E8, £10, E12 and Els h modified to jimit deflection because the deflection limiis vary with a deflection should always be considered when using large panels of glass. NOTE: The pressure factors of Table 4.1 pave already been ap; hese chris and | therefore should aot be applied again when using these For each of the different glass types, refer to the follow j Ordinary annealed glass with all sides supp Ordinary annealed glass supported on tw nly g Toughened float glass with all sides supporied joat glass supported on two apposite sides 0 a f ides supported. 2 strengthened float glass supported on two opposite sides onty F Sealed insulating glass units consisting of ordinary anneaied oat glass, with all sides pporied NOTE: No chart is sides only bs manner. Laminated ( snnealed) float glass wi sides supported. Laminated (a oat glass supported oa two opp Annealed patterned glass with all sides supp Annealed pat Toughe red glass supported on two apposite sides only upported. patierned glass with all sides hened patterned glass supported on two opposite sides only sides supported. Wired gigss supported on two opposite sides only copyniser mL1 a ju ‘1 a eee ee a ee ] ] Pt ma se J ] ] we boul hem = § £2. TABLES NOTE: For design wind pressures in excess of 5 kPa, it will be necessary 10 use the appropriate {quation as given in Appeacix C in the manner outlined in either Clause 431 or Clause 4.4.2 a8 ‘appfopriete ‘The corresponding tables for the charts of Figures £1 te E15 are as follows: Table E1 Annealed glass supported on all sides. Tabie E2 Annealed glass supported on two opposite sides only ss supported on alt sides. .s5 supported on two opposite sides only Table E3_ Toughened Table E4 Toughened Table ES Heat strengthened glass supported on all side 6 Heat strengthened glass supported on two opposite sides only lass units supported on ali sides. 7 Sealed insulating renerally recommend theie use io NOTES: No Tabie is given for sealed insulating opposite sides ony dgcause manufacturers do not such 3 manner Table ES Laminated (annealed) glass supported on all sides, pported on two opposite sides only Table E9 — Laminated (annealed) gl Annealed patterned giass supported on all edges. 10 opposite sides only Table E11 Annealed patterned glass supported oF Tabie £12. Toughened. patterned glass supparied on ali sides. E13. Toughen: Table E14 Wired gi Table E1S Wired glass supported an two opposite sides only fon two opposite sides only patterned glass support ‘ass supported on all edges If the aspect ratio is less than or equal to the values at the boitom of four-side support, a more economical thickness be possible by using rwo-side support using the minimum dimension as the span copyRigHTas 1388—1994 so OATS SPAN BETWEEN SU COPYRIGHT hiSPAN BETWEEN SUPPORTS (6), m HAT 5 060768 DESIGN ¥ on hee La COPYRIGHT aneg é z COFYRIGHTWIND PRES:a S 12es. oe ae oP ae AREA OF ANNEALED PATTERNED a 4SIDES |ey Ee AREA OF GLASS (4) ] awe Ce earAs 1288194 1 ] 1 1 J 1 ] J 1 i I a ] a ioe a Fa AS 12681994 os 7 TABLE El ( MAXIMUM AREAS FOR ANNEALED FLOAT GLASS a SUPPORTED ON ALL SIDES Desiga | Maximum allowable area of glass, ar wind | pressure ee ) ) 5 at 5.00 | 18.00 ag Ja 66 80 Maximum aliow Feadily available in Au the design ability of wih i 7} coPyRIGHT { eekanil ld — ] sao “6 TABLE 3 MAXIMUM AREAS FOR TOUGHENED FLOAT GLASS SUPPORTED ON ALL SIDES SSeS Doses cere errs er Sisedard somioaliekae of gave mm kPa a s |]. 3 10 2 | a05 15.00 j 15.00 15.06 | 13.00 roos | is |. 1500 | iso | is0o [osx [wa | ae | isa | ism | 1500 | 1800 | i500 300 | 1800 1300 | 1300 | 1% | ico | 1800 sa | 1500 \ | 53.60 | | 936 3487 | is.a0 / ' | | soo | 1500 | ; ast | j 7 : i | | | | | ss se] uss | ison | | | | j an | aos 1370 | as ota oar | | | | | | 20 as taal cee 290 | 432 fox $46 . E | | T cama] 8* [| 62 | oss | se | oo | —s HE NOTE: Maximum allowable glass ar exceed the masimum are slses readily available in Avs availability Proceeding with che gisse 5 coPyaiGHTi . AS 1288-1905 o TABLE ES MAXIMUM AREAS FOR HEAT STRENGTHENED FLOAT GLASS : SUPPORTED ON ALL SIDES — Desiga Maximum allowable area of glass, m wind Standard aomival thickness of glass, min pressure | 3 4 T T se 0.98 3 | oss | ne Loos: | | 4 | oss | oss fo ase i PYRIGHTAS 1288—1994 70 TABLE £7 = MAXIMUM AREAS FOR ANNEALED FLOAT GLASS IN SEALED INSULATING GLASS UNITS SUPPORTED ON ALL SIDES De Maximum allowable area of glass, m= ee Slandard cominal thickness of glass mm sacl ate dsbeeeeeeeentSeeeE kPa 345 646 848 1410 | 2612 050 [aia |rea0 f ass ois | i291 1 960 | ssi | nas : oss > | 1092 i 070 oa k ors | 9.46, | | i: 0.80 | | gsr : oss | fogs By | J ies | 2s | 358 so | on | | 196 7 Foo fos | ago | oe | ns 300 fF ass | aso [ree an 6.06 1 | : | } 039 {os | tss | oy | | | ts d | v7 | | be oo | foo | te | sas ] 450 | on | 109 | isa | i ve 150 | ose a | iar 378 | sf i laa! ot used with !Wo edges suppored coPvaichT west Li | ! ! ] ] ] J 1 i “Les ma be Liat em oo AS 12881994 TABLE £9 ~ ( MAXIMUM SPANS FOR LAMINATED (ANNEALED FLOAT) GLASS SUPPORTED ON TWO OPPOSITE SIDES ONLY ST SenEES neonate OLSON ONSEN Design Maximum allowable span of glass eee ‘Standard nominal thickness of glass, mm sas] 638 [338 | 1038 | iss | ase | on 708 | 20st | 2704 635 ust | | 1 | to | 28 | 047 98, 300 | 0.455 s | | 2 COPYRIGHTAS 1388— 1996 1 TABLE E11 MAXIMUM SPANS FOR ANNEALED PATTERNED GLASS SUPPORTED ON TWO OPPOSITE SIDES ONLY Design Masinianaiwabie sn a geasa ae Standard nominal thickness of glass, mm i i 350 om ass oroe 1 oe sea : i 0.65 0.647 ov ese 1 7s oats a0 osta zy | 0.566 al ees ; 4a ose i 180 | 0278 | a.3go oes ost ee) os q 0196 | or ac } eis: | o2er Pee #00 | 0786 420 0182 i af a 4.40 on 0.248 Ls ms ed a COPYRIGHTAS 1288—1994 % TABLE E13 MAXIMUM SPANS FOR TOUGHENED PATTERNED GLASS SUPPORTED ON TWO OPPOSITE SIDES ONLY ‘ ied Standard nominal thickness of glass, mm i wesere q kre a 5 3 10 2 050 | easy | tae] 1 nas | 2608 oss | 0830 | 1008 | 30s | 2436 | 2611 j eso | 0807 | ros7 | ras | aor | 2536 oss | ons | roo | ass | 200 | 2470 7 a7 | 076 | osss | 1206 | 197 07s | ons | 0963 | itz | 1926 a 080 ose 1.885 dy oss | ome | oz | rane | tase 990} ors | 0906 | sos | 1813 | q oss | a6s2 | oss | 1088 | 1.760 x00 | oes | oars | 1069 | 1750 | 120 | o6i0 nos} ger i 60. 0.582 0.748 ood 496 ‘ 10 | oss | one | as | sa Loe! oo | os | os | oe | rai | 1498 220 | 0523 | oes | oan | ines | tess uf - 2.40, 0.508 0.653 0.799 1307 1.598 i 200 | oss | oms | ons Ls I 80 0483 0.62) 0759 479 1 | so] on | aoe | one | ta ' 3200 | 046 0593 | | 2384 a 30 | ose | osts 3 og 3.60- 0.435 0.559 | 304 i 380 oases axe | i270 so. | eaz | oss0 1012 a 4.20 0.402 0.518 0.988 | sao | aes ass | ooss | 160 ] sso | o3ss cas | ass | tise «a0 | ors ossz | 0924 ] 5.00, | 369 0.580 090s | a i coPrniciTpo) AS 1288-1994 7% TABLE E15 MAXIMUM SPANS FOR 6 MM WIRED GLASS 7 SUPPORTED ON TWO OPPOSITE SIDES ONLY a ee Design wind pressure | Maximum allowable KPa span of glass, m Bead ed ed a an oo fp rn coPvaisHT ee eea AS 12881994 80 “4 TABLE Fi : TYPE OF BUILDING, APPLICATION OF GLASS AND THE RELEVANT CLAUSES RELATED TO THE APPROPRIATE FIGURES ‘Type of buildin Application “2 e Clause | Figure i Residential | Noa-residential lho! Fully framed door panels : ] = 58 Fz Fully framed door panels, es : 58 5B ry glazed panel capable of being mistaken : for a doorway or an unimpeded path of travel both internal and external is Fa Framed side panels Framed side panels Glazed panels not defined as doors or side : panels on the perimeter of a room Shower doors, shower scrsens, bath enclosures and other bathroom glazing Shopfronts - . Framed internal glass partitions : | | Fs Fs Fs Fs fie ee Top edge unframed—internal glass partitions Side edges unframed—internal glass part: ow-level glass in school and childcare =f buildings ‘ 515 Fa Low-level glazing residential applications Indicates applicability COPYRIGHT8— 1994f- Lye! Tr v Kote sesignee IP aaree. | 7 | Waa cee “es (3) 4 isa iowenart Fai] ] ¥ ving so | 7 ce Tbe ho car “ot AS ae No. Use )eam | amnesiec ze | FIGURE F {in party) FLOW CHART FOR SELECTION OF GLASS IN BUILDINGS (| AS 12881994 * TABLE F2 7 ¢ MAN IMPACT SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE TYPICAL EXAMPLES ~ "OF FULLY FRAMED DOORS AND SIDE PANELS IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS GIVEN IN FIGURE F2 ‘ J Panel ] aenigaaten Panel details Human impact safety requirements Di, D2,03 | Door panels of area > OS m= [Use Grade A satety gi accordance with Table 511 | [use Grade a’sater Table $.1 or yy glazing materials ia Ds.D5. Dé | Door paneis of area = 0.5 Ds Door panels uf area = 0.3 m* Use annealed glass or Grade B safety glazing a ew 21 not less than 4 mm sinneard nam.ns g | mickress & : | be Bove panes of are2 <1 m? | 2 [facts ¢ Q ] sr Side panels within S00 mm of doorway. |Use Grade a sale g 3 es than 200 mm from the highes with Table abutting finished Noor ievel and Jarea > 05 3 Side paneis-witnin 300 mm of do Use Grage A sa 200 mies from ine signes aozordance witn oor jevel and accordance with Tabse 3.2 oF Grade B safety G3 me cateas3 mn Bing material not less than $ mm standard ng m [nominal thickest A safety 5.2 Grade B safety 3 Side panels within 30 mm of doorsey, | Use Gra 0 mm trem Moor level and | accord | accordan ss Side panels wishin 300 mm af doorway. | Use Grade A sale 4 | eouming finished floor level and si panels of al} areas located within 140 men o¢ ore from the highest abulting finished veiin 300 mm of or $4 cepenaing upoe 8 side panel local doorway aad lowest s capable of being lowers 1200 mm from the highest abutt [2 $3 or S d i ] 36 JA side ne capable “ being opened to J ] cof Se depending upon red 10 in Clause 1 Door panets, e.g. Di to DS, ace re 1 2 Side panels, eg. St to S6, ace referred to in Clause 3.9.4(6) COPYRIGHTI : L a, J 1 4 a Bet Gem wt Bi PD asst 88 TABLE F3 + HUMAN IMPACT SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE TYPICAL EXAMPLES ~ OF FULLY FRAMED DOORS AND SIDE PANELS IN NON-RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS GIVEN IN FIGURE F3 Human impact safety requirements Use Grade A safety glazing materials in dance with Tabie §.) Use Grade safety glazing materiais in accorcance with Table S.1 or annealed glass in | accordance with Table 3.2 ae Grade B safety | slazing material not less tha ominal thickness, ‘mm standars Use Grace A sa sccordance wi sing maerais in able 5.1 | | Use Grade A sates accordance with Ta in aceonaance with Table 5.2 Use Grade A safety glazing ma dance wiih Tabi tn seeordance with fuse Grade A in accordance wi Use Grade A safety glazing mater accordance with Tabie 5 Panel ante Panet details D7. D5, D9 [Door panels of area > Door pansis of area « | 7 [Side panels grewer man S00 mn wie ss then S00 mm from te abating finisbed floor level, | f000 mim igh and not pe | 88 Sige panels ists than or equal co $00 mm in wate 3° Side panels $00 ram or grater fom the hughest sbucing fitished flor evel si0 [Side panels witmin 1000 mm ar iess clear opening heign™ st Side panes protected by» right horizontal rail or bar not lee than 80 mm Irsce height" i i ighligt panel above doorways There are ao human imp for these panels, Glaze 0 wind lose sequitements, + Panels with their nearest visible vertical sight line within 300 mm of the edge of 4 doarway 1g of doors ace the sam D9, an capvrics| mL ee AS 12881994 TABLE F4 HUMAN IMPACT SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF PANELS WHICH ARE CAPABLE OF BEING MISTAKEN FOR AN UNIMPEDED PATH OF TRAVEL, GIVEN IN FIGURE F4 FOR BOTH RESIDENTIAL AND NON RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS Human impact safety requirements ae Panel details lesignation [Framed panels Unframed panels v Panels which are capable of Use Grade A safery Glaze to the more stringent ing mistaken for an unimpeded path of travel For example Panels greater than S00 mm in widin, where the lowest visible flees than S00 mmm marke lazing materials in accordance with Table 5.1 Anneaies glaze can be used up 20 0.5 m= See Table 5.2 and Clause 5.10 (se use 5.10) birements of Table 5.1J a) AS 1288—1994 os TABLE FS HUMAN IMPACT SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF PANELS IN INTERNAL PARTITIONS, SIDE PANELS AND SHOPFRONTS GIVEN IN FIGURES FS AND F6 Human impact safety requirements* Panel | designation | Panel details 11 | Fulty framed internal partition whieh is not likely to be misisken as an unimpeded path Of travel (e.g. patterned glass) Use Grade A safety glazing mi secordance with Table 5.2 07 ordinary annealed glass in accordance with the column of Tabie 5.8 applicable to side panels and J imtemal partitions (see Clause $.13.2) ‘lin Use Grace A safery glazing materia in accordance with Table 5.1 or ordinary annesied glass in accordance w: of Table $.£ applicable to op ed panels (sce Clause $.13.3.1} he columa, astramed Use Grade A safety glazing materie! In accordance with Use act 10.38 mm fam Clause 5.25, examples.) (See Tabie $5 for ater 128 fran wie sane exc for he op [eS when's Sarge Pot (SB Snag se wo v8 famed ett ote op We Whee woven | less than 300 mm from | doorway aad less than of the glass edge of the wide Joi Tabic 54 appricanie to t greater chan S00 mm. Use lear opening width is lees than or ecuel to Clause 5 4.1¢5)), 9. 98.5| J HUMAN IMPACT SAFETY REt ” AS 12981994 TABLE F6 ss QUIREMENTS FOR THE TYPICAL EXAMPLES | QF FULLY FRAMED PANELS ON THE PERIMETER OF ROOMS AND LOW LEVEL GLAZING OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS GIVEN IN FIGURE F? Human impact safety requirements Panel designation fee P Panel on perimeter with area greater than 2.97 and fess chan $00 mm from the highest butting finished Noor level j Panel greater than 0.3 m? and less than 2 m? the iowest sight line of which is less than 500 mim from the highest abutting finished floor level and wien cannot be mistaken as an unimpeded path of travel Panels with arez greater than 0.2 m? snd less than or equsi 12 0.3 m= Use Grade A safety glazing material in accordance with Table §.1 (see Clause 5.11) Use Grade A ssfety glazing materia! in accordance with Table 5.1 oF ordinary annealed glass or Grade B safety glazing material not less shan § mim standard eminal thickness Use Grade A safery glazing material accordance with Table 5.1 or ordinary anneaded glass or Grade B satery glazing aerial not iess than 4 mm standard sominal thickness Use Grade A safety glazing mate ince with Tabie 5.1 oF ord: annealed glass or Grade B safety giazing material nei fess than 3 mm standard —ignest aputing ] } DIMENSIONS IN WiLLIMETRES ue FIGURE F7 TYPICAL EXAMP! AS DOORS OR SIDE PANELS ON LEVEL, me a COPYRIGHT OF FULLY FRAMED PANELS 1 E PERIMETER OF ROOMS LAZING IN RESIDENTIAL BU! INGS2 2 G i © 6 2 « o 3 < B g e ‘ * : CoS ST eee me ee 1 omJ aoedl eB ses sear a8 Ld al Al Led bees te 7 AS 12881994 TABLE F7 HUMAN IMPACT SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF PANELS IN SHOWER DOORS, SHOWER SCREENS AND BATH ENCLOSURES GIVEN IN FIGURE F8 TT Panel Bateau Panel details Human impact safety requirements BIA Panels of ail size and izations | Use Grade A in accordance with Table 51 BiB less chan 1500 mm from the or Grade B safety giszing materials in BIC highest abutting finished floor | accordanee with Tebie 5.3. The minimum Be level of the shower or bath base | thickness of unframed glass shall he 3 men | soughenes, Panels of all size and location Use Grade A in accordance with Table 1500 mm or greater above the | or Grade B safety lazing materils in highest abutting finished floor | accordance with Table $3, or ordinary level of the shower or bath base | annealed glass in accordance with the other relevant requirements of this Standard (e.g, wind leading) 84. BS. Bo | Panels which are aot considered to | Use Grade A in accordance with Table 5.1 enclose the shower or bath and are | or Grade B safety giazing materials ‘01 less than S00 mm from the | aecordance with Table | highest abutting finished ‘Toor Tevel and not less than $00 a7 | Where X is < $00 and where Tre misiumn | shickness of unframed glass shall be S mm [Where is « Sou | Use Grae a idence with Table 5 | o" Grade B safety giazing materials in accordance with Table $.3, or ordinary annealed glass in accordance with the ther relevant requirements of this Standard (e.g. wind loading) 87 ie deemed 10 be unprotected wiere BIA is an operative panel, BY is deemed wo be ted by BIA where BIA is a fixed panel, The window would be pret were replaced by other permanent male! ale to resist human ie:AS 12881995 o» TABLE FS HUMAN IMPACT SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF PANELS IN LOW-LEVEL GLAZING IN SCHOOL AND CHILD-CARE BUILDINGS GIVEN IN FIGURE F9 Panel T Panel details | Huma impact safety requirements" designation I : : Ci and C2 | Paneis located with their lowest sight line | Use Grade A sefety glazing material i» less than 1000. mm ftom the highest abutting dance with Table 5. finished floor love, G Panel which is capable of Being lo [ Use Grade A safery glazing material in ‘within 1000 mem from the highest abu sccoedance with Table 5 finished floor level i + See Clause 5.15 erpoo [St Eee gazing Ble Highest abutting firs END: Low level glazng in 32 DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES URE F9 TYPICAL EXAMPLI N LOW-LEVEL GLAZING IN SCHOOL AND CHILD-CA LDINGS wt me Lt! J AS 12881994 APPENDIX G NSIDERATION IN THE SELECTION OF GLASS FOR SLOPED OVERHEAD GLAZING (nformativey | ] Gl GENERAL Glass in sloped overhead glazing may be susceptible to the type of seen, Gamage which would cesult trom people waiking on the glass or from felling GOSGS I the ouilding has tuman access space directly bencati the sloped glazing, thes the safety of the occupants beneath the glazing should be considered as well ve are safety ] of the workers above the glazing who may make contact with the glazing. For this reason Gig Safety glazing material is permitted to be used in sloped overhead glazing. However Gillerent types of safety glazing materials have different breakage charactevistice Blass type for the particular conditions applicable to the building in question gS 2 FRACTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS GLASS TYPES G. cacantughened safety glass In the event of glass breakage, loughened safety glass facrures into small, relatively harmless fragments. However, once fractured, this glace SN BO! Brevent penetration of the impacting object (or person) and the object (or penon) W'to the floor level below. The giass fragments, being small and relativel, ess. would tend to minimize any damage or injury to property or persons below the Provided that the fragments do not fall from a great height G22" Laminated safety glass In the event of glass breakage, laminated safety glass alliage here (© the plastic interiayer and not to fly or fall apart. The Likelihood of glass sad Ob 58 large pieces is limited provided that the glass is fully framed and the inipact which causes the breakage is not great G23 Safety wired glass In the eve; lass breakage, the embedded wire mesh of safety wired giass tends te Avid the ther. The likelihood of glass falli Bieces is limited, provided that the giass is fully framed and the impact which causes Sreakage is not great G24 Heat-strengthened laminated safety glass In the event of glass breakage, heat Howe Renee glass tends to fracture into large fragments similar to annealed glass However, two panels of heat-strengthened glass can be laminated together to form he. strengthened laminated glass, In this case, the gtass fragments tend to adhere to the plastic Javer and the likelihood of glass falling out in large pieces is limited provided that the glass is fully framed and the impact which causes breakage is not great Toughened laminated safety glass Two panels of fully toughened safety glass Pe laminated together to form toughened laminated safety glass. In the evemy of simultaneous breakage of both component glasses, it is possible for the entire laminated panel to sag and fall out of the frame. ea tod Ce coPvRIGHTJ a « ~ BASIS FOR DETERMINATION OF FIN DESIGN TO PREVENT BUCKLING 14 APPENDIX H (Informative) Hi INTRODUCTION In glass facades which use glass stiffening fins located on the HELGE 10 Provide the necessary support for the facade panels, itis noceseuy ve ensure that Duckling of the fin wili not occur when it is subjected co the design loads. Since there are many possible configurations for glass {o Provide a simplified design approach. Consequently accordance with accepted engineering principies stiffening fins, it is not practicable each design must be analysed in TaeecTalysis requires a knowledge of the critical elastic buckiing moment (Meg). and HORE {oF Particular situations can be obtained from siandard texte om secu analysis, AQwever as an aid to design, some values of the eritical slastie momen wee presented in This Appendix The design moment for a particular structural situation sha sritical elastic buckling moment (Mog) divided by a fact Hl not exceed more than the safety The following recommendations are applicable to end ess-section for which the contribution of warpi be neglected. upporied beams of bisvmmet ‘ess fo the buckling strength may The ends at supports are assumed to be’ effectively inst twisting. sihere OF ane catistied if the supports possess a torsional stiffness in excess of SGU e where GJ is the torsional rigidity of the beam and L is its le gt, For infarmation on more general sections. includ useful reference is the following: NETHERCOT, D.A. AND ROCKNEY, K.C, Unifi Buckling of Beams, Th atum, see Vol he effects of warping st 4 Approach to the Elastic L tural Engineer, Vol, 38. No. 7. July 1971. pp. 3 + No. 4. April 1973, pp H2 BEAMS WITH INTERMEDIATE BUCKLING RESTRAINTS The clastic vaiue of the maximum moment between two buckliag en S may be taken as Mea = (G/L, MED, (GI]* where = critical elastic buckling moment = constant obtained from Tabie Hi fry = distance between effectively rigid buckling restraints (EDy = effective rigidity for bending about the minor axis stive torsional rigidity computing the effective torsional cigidity of beams of solic ‘Re value of the torsional moment of inertia (J) may be taken as lar czoss-seetion, {1 - 0632} and 8 ate the depth and breadth of the fin respectively The value of torsional ela stic modulus (G) may be taken as 28.3 GPs for 9! corvaicar3 - V3 Ly - 1 AS 12881904 ‘The Value Of the linear elastic modulus (E) may be taken as 69.0 GPa for glass fins. TABLE HI COEFFICIENTS FOR SLENDERNESS FACTOR OF BISYMMETRICAL BEAMS WITH INTERMEDIATE BUCKLING RESTRAINTS F £ 4d i Sleaderaess factor @,) Moment parameter (( HEE Hearne] 3 83 a oe 4.0 (eee Pence ete 43 BEAMS WITH No INTERM elastic vaiue of m: be taken as— EDIATE BUCKLING RESTRAINTS The ‘aXimum moment of beams w ritieal Nth no intermediate buckling restraints mav Mea = (r/La) LED, GA I* [1 = g5 4/2.) CEN, yy") H3(1) where Mog = ctitical elastic buckling moment 8p 83 = constants obtained fable H2 istance between ef ively rigid buckling restraints (span of beam) endin effective rigidity fo) about the minor axis = effective torsional rigidity height above centroid of the point of ble #2. and gs apply 10 deams with lateral their end paints. However, th hese covfficients may be used for any other beam ‘het has a similar shape of bending moment di toad application he values of the coefficients g. iagram between points o} Ha CONTINUOUSLY RESTRAINED BEAMS For 4 “section continuously restrained against lateral dis, eams of bisymme: neutral axis, th Placement at a distance y, below the he critical elastic moment Meg may be taken as— Teal clastic buckling moment coPyriaAS 1288994 oo = distance between points of effective rigid rotational restr effective rigidity for bending about the minor depth of beam axis (GI) = effective torsional rigidity % = location above the neutral axis of the loading point NOTE: The parameter y, may take on negative values -<— Intermeciate bucking restrain y i \ (©) Oiagram of bending moment 1 Between buckling restraints ior The design force (Pg) on the tateral resirsins is given om, ane ty & where M, the applied bend: Moment on the beam 4 = constant = lesser of (m + 1) and 5 = depth of beam n= number of equally spaced intermediate restraints members supported by ¢. number of b restraint system Saestion H5(2) is for members of rectangular seco, ang by the following equati AS 1288— 1995 HS BUCKLING RESTRAINTS For most esign situations, no check need be mite on the effectiveness of buckling restraints However, for an unusually light resrane system being used for a critical (ie pace dsharing) engineered sirueture, it may be advisable to assess the effect and the capacity of re restraints For @ design of slender beams having fauslly spaced buckling restraints, the restraint fxstem is considered a lateral one as shows in Figure H2 where the restraint stiffnese Ky) is defined as follows: Pea Ky dg 51) where Pg = restraint force Kg = restraint stiffness 44 = beam displacement The Festraint force (Pa) occurs when the point of a tachment of the restraint to the beam pntergoes a displacement (4). it is assumed. th the ends of beams are effective rained against torsional rotation ion: ox beams,WSs 1994 ie TABLE H2 COEFFICIENTS FOR SLENDERNESS FACTORS OF BISYMMETRICAL BEAMS WITH NO INTERMEDIATE BUCKLING RESTRAINTS i | Condition of | Stenderness factors at end resteaint oadiog | Bending moment (3 ——_ against rotation | FREE ; i about yey ase | % i | vilay Sg na aed se | ta | ved 4a 2 coPvaIGHT2 8 FIGURE Ho y ! et q T Ke a} | 4 tf. : 1 a | | it | I [es : BEAM INTERMEDIA copyRIGHT AS 1288 — 1994