Emergent s-wave interactions between identical fermions

in quasi-one-dimensional geometries
Kenneth G. Jackson,1 Colin J. Dale,1 Jeff Maki,2 Kevin G. S. Xie,1 Ben A.
Olsen,3 Denise J. M. Ahmed-Braun,4 Shizhong Zhang,2 and Joseph H. Thywissen1
1
Department of Physics and CQIQC, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
2
Department of Physics and HKU-UCAS Joint Institute for Theoretical and Computational Physics at Hong Kong,
Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter,
The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
3
Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore
arXiv:2206.10415v1 [cond-mat.quant-gas] 21 Jun 2022

4
Department of Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
(Dated: June 22, 2022)
One-dimensional models of spin-polarized Fermi gases with tunable zero-range interactions have
been the subject of numerous theoretical investigations, but are as yet unrealized in ultracold sys-
tems. Here we study the two-body correlation strength of spin-polarized fermionic potassium (40 K)
in the quasi-one-dimensional (q1D) regime, using radio-frequency spectroscopy. The strength and
spatial symmetry of interactions are tuned by a nearby p-wave Feshbach resonance and by con-
finement anisotropy. Surprisingly, we find a scattering channel that has even particle-exchange
parity along the q1D axis. These emergent s-wave collisions are enabled by orbital singlet wave
functions in the transverse directions, which also confer high-momentum components to low-energy
q1D collisions. We measure both the q1D odd- and even-wave “contact” parameters for the first
time, and compare them to theoretical predictions of one-dimensional many-body models. We find
an even-wave contact that is comparable to the theoretical unitary value, whereas the maximum
observed odd-wave contact is two orders of magnitude smaller than its unitary limit. The discovery
of emergent s-wave interactions reveals a new route to studying strongly correlated ensembles of
spin-polarized fermions with zero-range interactions.

I. INTRODUCTION
Broad interest in the many-body physics of ultracold
atoms arises from regimes of universality, in which phe-
nomena can be understood with models independent of
the particular element used in experiments. Examples
include Hubbard models, two-dimensional bosons near
their non-interacting fixed point, and three-dimensional
(3D) fermionic spin mixtures near an s-wave scattering
resonance. In these universal systems, one can often iden-
tify a solitary relevant parameter, for instance kF as for
3D Fermi gases, where kF is the Fermi momentum and
as the s-wave scattering length. The tunability of as in
certain systems, via Feshbach resonances [1], has allowed
a full exploration of universal s-wave phenomena [2, 3].
The leading partial wave for spin-polarized ultracold
Fermi gases is p-wave, which differs from the s-wave col-
lisional channel in several ways. First, the existence of a
centrifugal barrier limits the coupling strength between
short-range dimers and scattering states, resulting in an
energetically narrow resonance. Also, near a Feshbach
resonance, scattering is accompanied by strong three-
body loss [4–9], due to an enhanced amplitude for the
particles to be at short inter-nuclear distances behind
the centrifugal barrier. Finally, it has been realized both
experimentally [8, 10, 11] and theoretically [12–15] that
to characterize the low-energy scattering properties of a
p-wave gas correctly, it is crucial to include the effective
range parameter in the scattering amplitude:
− (kf3D )−1 = i + (V k 3 )−1 + (kR3D )−1 + O(k) , (1)
where V and R3D are the p-wave scattering volume and
effective range, respectively, and ~k is the relative mo-
mentum. Near a p-wave Feshbach resonance, V is widely
tunable, but the Wigner bound [15–17] constrains the
maximum value of R3D to be on the order of the van der
Waals length, which is small compared to typical k −1 in
the ultracold regime. Thus (kR3D )−1 remains relevant
for p-wave resonant scattering.
Strong one-dimensional (1D) confinement has been
proposed to both suppress the inelastic losses close to p-
wave resonances [18, 19] and also to achieve a zero-range
regime [20, 21]. The 1D odd-wave scattering amplitude
fo is given by
− fo−1 = 1 − i(k`o )−1 − iro k + O(k 3 ) , (2)
where `o and ro are the 1D odd-wave scattering length
and effective range, respectively. The 1D unitary limit
fo → −1 is achieved when `−1 o  k  ro−1 , in con-
trast to the 3D p-wave interactions. In practice, how-
ever, accessing k  ro−1 is difficult because of the na-
ture of the confinement-induced resonance, and no exper-
iment to date has been able to enter the universal odd-
wave regime. In addition, investigations with quasi-one-
dimensional (q1D) ensembles of 6 Li have found strong
p-wave losses near resonance [22, 23].
In this work, we explore the universal and q1D physics
of a spin-polarized Fermi gas of 40 K. As depicted in
Fig. 1(a), atoms in an array of q1D tubes are probed
with radio-frequency (rf) spectroscopy. The transfer rate
between two internal spin states is related to the short-
range correlations between atoms through universal con-
 2

(a) (b) Ground-band loading (c) Multi-band loading

s
ire λL /2 140
rf w
y –1
B0 (kF lo) = –10
y 1.0
120 B0x

Lattice depth (ER)

Transfer Γ (10 )
–4
3
z x

=
100

z
e,
a
B

k
F

~
80 0.5
g
60

40
0.0
20
198 199 200 201 202 203 198 199 200 201 202 203
Magnetic field (G) Magnetic field (G)

FIG. 1. Summary of results. (a) An array of q1D traps aligned in the vertical (y) direction is created by two orthogonal standing
waves of light at wavelength λL . A static magnetic field B is oriented along z. Radio-frequency fields are generated by a pair of
proximate microfabricated conductors. (b,c) The normalized rf transfer rate Γ, e which is a measure of correlation strength (see
Sec. III), is indicated by color across a range of magnetic fields and optical lattice depths. The depth of the confining optical
lattice, VL , is given in units of the recoil energy ER = h2 /2mλ2L . The first peak in Γ e lies between the odd-wave resonance
y
(indicated by a solid black line at B0 , where `o = 0 as discussed in Sec. II) and (kF `o )−1 = −10 (indicated by a black dashed
−1

line). Panel (c): Correlations beyond the odd-wave regime are found in ensembles with population in transverse excited bands.
We show that these additional correlations are due to effective s-wave interactions along the q1D direction. The structure of
Γ(B,
e VL ) and is further explored in Figs. 5, 6, and 8.

tact relations [24–40]. We observe the q1D odd-wave con-
tact parameter anticipated by Refs. [41–46] for the first
time, and compare it to theoretical predictions. These
correlations are found for a range of magnetic fields and
confinement strengths that span −10 . (kF `o )−1 . 0, as
shown in Fig. 1(b). We show that the maximum contact
parameter is displaced from `−1
o = 0, and remains two or-
ders of magnitude below its expected unitary value, due
to losses similar in strength and origin to those seen in
6
Li [22, 23].
Surprisingly, we discover conditions under which
fermions interact via wave functions with even particle-
exchange symmetry along the q1D degree of freedom.
These q1D even-wave collisions manifest as correlations
well beyond the q1D odd-wave parameter range, as
shown in Fig. 1(c), and can be made prominent by chang-
ing the loading procedure for the confined array. In the
low-energy limit, the 1D even-wave scattering amplitude
is
− fe−1 = 1 + iae k − ive k 3 + O(k 5 ) ,
where ae and ve are the 1D even-wave scattering length
and effective range, respectively. Unlike the odd-wave
case, both the resonant kae  1 and zero-range k 3 ve 
1 limits are achieved at low energy, with no necessary
hierarchy between ae and ve ; this enables q1D even-wave
scattering to enter the universal (zero-range) regime at
low energy. In fact, the form of Eq. (3) is identical to
the 1D limit of s-wave collisions in spin-half Fermi gases
[47–49]. We emphasize that true s-wave collisions are
forbidden for spin-polarized fermions; the q1D even-wave
interactions observed here are due to underlying 3D p-
wave interactions.
In Sec. II, we explain how low-energy collisions that
are exchange-even along the q1D direction are enabled
by atom pairs sharing one quantum of transverse orbital
excitation with singlet character. We derive the scat-
tering T -matrix for both odd- and even-wave channels
on equal footing. In Sec. III, we explain our experimen-
tal protocol, find the rf spectral signatures of each q1D
parity, and delineate conditions under which the rf spin-
flip rate is a measure of the contact parameter. These
relations generalize prior treatments of low-dimensional
scattering to the case in which multiple transverse bands
are relevant. In Sec. IV, we measure the q1D odd-wave
correlation strength, and show that the contact parame-
ter and atom loss rate are governed by the dimensionless
coupling strength 1/kF `o . In Sec. V, we present three
investigations of the nature of the emergent s-wave inter-
actions. We find that the dimensionless even-wave con-
tact parameter per atom is comparable to the expected
unitary value when kF ae approaches zero, and discuss
why the inferred interaction strength is at least an or-
(3) der of magnitude stronger than those produced by the
odd-wave interactions. We conclude in Sec. VI with a
summary and discussion of future prospects.
II. P-WAVE SCATTERING IN A
QUASI-ONE-DIMENSIONAL OPTICAL TRAP
We consider a Fermi gas of identical (single-
component) atoms confined in a highly anisotropic poten-
tial, or a “tube”, in the deep lattice limit where tunnel-
ing between tubes can be neglected. The single-particle

Hamiltonian is
1 2 m 2 2
H0 = p + (ωx x + ωy2 y 2 + ωz2 z 2 ) , (4)
2m 2 for the remainder of this derivation.
where p = (px , py , pz ) is the 3D momentum of the atom,
and we have assumed that anharmonic corrections are
small. Quasi-one-dimensional confinement is achieved
when the transverse harmonic frequencies in the x and
z direction are much larger than that in the y direction:
{ωx , ωz }  ωy . This allows a separation of energy scales,
in which the collision energy (determined by the Fermi
energy EF when at low temperature, T . EF /kB ) is
much smaller than the energy quantum of the transverse
motion, namely EF  {~ωx , ~ωz }. For N  1 spin-
less fermions in a single tube, the 1D Fermi energy is
EF = N ~ωy , so that the condition for q1D collisions is
Nλ  1 , (5)
where λ ≡ ωy /ω⊥ is the trap aspect ratio, written in the
case of isotropic lateral confinement, ωx = ωz ≡ ω⊥ . As
discussed in Sec. III, N λ ∼ 0.1 for our typical experi-
mental parameters.
Low-dimensional confinement has previously been used
in experiments to suppress p-wave collisions along the
strongly confined directions [22, 23, 50, 51] for atoms
in the lowest-energy states. For such atoms, higher
transverse states are inaccessible, and are only relevant
as closed channels [52]; whereas atoms in the ground
band scatter with the expected odd-wave symmetry.
The emergent even-wave scattering found in our exper-
iment requires a generalization that includes population
of asymptotic states with orbital excitation. When hy-
bridized with 3D p-wave dimer states, new modalities of
q1D scattering emerge.
A. Scattering T-matrices in q1D regime: the
emergence of even-wave channels
Scattering in the q1D low-energy limit has been con-
sidered previously for even-wave scattering [47, 53–55] of
both identical bosons and spin mixtures of fermions, and
also for odd-wave scattering [56, 57] of identical fermions.
Here, we re-examine the two-body problem and present
a unified treatment for arbitrary energies when multiple
transverse bands are relevant. This allows us to describe
emergent even-wave scattering on equal footing with odd-
wave scattering and to understand the results shown in
Fig. 1(c).
For two non-interacting atoms, the two-body
Schrödinger equation can be separated into center-
of-mass (COM) and relative (rel) motion, each described
by a Hamiltonian with the same form as Eq. (4) except
for the replacement of the mass m with the total mass
2m or the reduced mass µ = m/2. In the limit when
N  1, we can treat collisions along the q1D axis (y)
semiclassically, defined by the relative momentum k, but
retain the quantization of transverse motion. Since the
3
COM degree of freedom is either in its ground state or
decoupled, we will focus our discussion on the relative
motion. Note that ~ has been set equal to one here and
In the center-of-mass frame, setting ωx,z = ω⊥ and
ωy = 0, we write the two-body Hamiltonian as
1 2 µ
H2b = p + ω 2 ρ2 + U , (6)
2µ rel 2 ⊥
where prel = (pρ , pφ , k) is the relative momentum and U
is the interatomic interaction described below, with ρ and
φ as cylindrical coordinates. We assume (for now) that
U has cylindrical symmetry, so that we can delineate the
relative wave functions for this trapping geometry by the
principal quantum number in the radial direction N and
the azimuthal quantum number m. Up to a normaliza-
tion factor, the non-interacting relative wave functions
are
ρ2
−
2a2
eiky e eimφ ρ|m| ρ2
 
⊥
|m|
ψN ,m,k (ρ, φ, y) = LN , (7)
a⊥
|m|+1 a2⊥
|m|
where pLN (x) is a generalized Laguerre polynomial, and
a⊥ = 1/µω⊥ is the radial oscillator length. The ener-
gies of the ψN ,m,k states are EN ,m,k = k 2 /2µ + (2N +
|m| + 1)ω⊥ .
To incorporate the correct momentum dependence of
p-wave scattering, a model interatomic potential U can
be written in the following way. Given two arbitrary
two-body states φ and χ, the matrix element of U is
hφ|U |χi = g∇φ∗ (0) · ∇χ(0) , (8)
evaluated at zero separation between the two fermions,
where g is a coupling constant [52, 58–60]. In the
q1D regime, the relevant two-particle states are those in
Eq. (7), denoted as |N , m, ki, and the matrix elements
of U in this basis are
g
hN 0 , m0 , k 0 |U |N , m, ki =
kk 0 δm,0 δm,m0
πa2⊥
2g √ √
+ 4 N + 1 N 0 + 1δ|m|,1 δm,m0 . (9)
πa⊥
Since the relative wave function vanishes as ψN ,m,k ∝
ρ|m| , this pseudopoential only has non-zero matrix ele-
ments for |m| ≤ 1. The structure of Eq. (9) is as follows.
The first term on the r.h.s. corresponds to m = 0, where
the gradient operator acts along the y direction (parallel
to k and k 0 ). This produces the correct form factor for
odd-wave scattering in the q1D direction, kk 0 . As a re-
sult, it inherits the low-momentum behavior of the 3D p-
wave scattering and vanishes at low energy. On the other
hand, the second term corresponds to the gradient oper-
ator acting along the transverse directions, and as such,
requires antisymmetric radial wave functions (m = ±1)
to give rise to a non-vanishing matrix element. This term
 4

is proportional to a constant at low k and k 0 , which is a with respective solutions given by

hallmark of s-wave scattering.  −1
Due to the cylindrical symmetry of U , the interact- 1 (0)
To−1 (Erel ) ≡ T (E rel ) =
ing two-particle problem separates into three indepen- πa2⊥ q1D
dent sectors, each characterized by a definite value of m. 2µ a2⊥ 1
 
2µErel

2

1

For the m = 0 sector, the two-body wave function is + − ζ − , −E0 − iδ (12)
2 6 V R3D a⊥ 2
exchange-symmetric along the transverse direction: see
Eq. (7) under parity transformation φ → φ+π. The over- and
all exchange antisymmetry of the two-body wave function
−1
then requires the axial wave function to be antisymmetric

2 (±1)
under exchange, and thus two particles undergo odd-wave Te−1 (Erel ) ≡ T (E rel ) =
πa4⊥ q1D
scattering along the q1D direction (also called 1D p-wave
2µ a4⊥ 1
    
scattering). For scattering just above the lowest non- 2µErel a⊥ 1
+ + ζ − , −E1 − iδ
interacting band energy Erel = ω⊥ , the interacting wave 2 12 V R3D 2 2
function consists of all |N , m = 0, ki states, starting with
 
a⊥ Erel 1
N = 0, for which both atoms are in the single-particle + ζ , −E1 − iδ . (13)
2 2ω⊥ 2
ground state of the transverse confinement potential. As
we show below [see Eq. (14)], scattering asymptotically Here ζ(s, x) is the Hurwitz zeta function, δ is an
resembles that of a spinless Fermi gas in 1D. The odd- infinitesimally small positive quantity and Em =
wave amplitude for q1D scattering has been shown pre- [Erel − (|m| + 1)ω⊥ ] /2ω⊥ = (ka⊥ /2)2 . We have also
viously [20, 52, 59, 61, 62] to have the true 1D form, i.e., defined the appropriate renormalized q1D scattering T -
Eq. (2). matrices To (odd wave) and Te (even wave) that have
On the other hand, for the m = 1 and m = −1 sectors, a direct correspondence with scattering T -matrices in
the wave function is odd in the transverse directions [see strictly 1D systems.
again Eq.(7) for φ → φ + π] such that the scattering These two-body T -matrices give their respective scat-
wave function is exchange-even along y. For collision tering amplitudes. For an incident state |N , m, ki, the
energies just above the lowest-energy m = 1 band, Erel & resulting scattered wave with quantum numbers N 0 and
2ω⊥ , the interacting wave function is a superposition of m0 in the transverse direction is given by
|N , m = 1, ki states. In the asymptotic region, the N = 
0 wave function resembles a two-component Fermi gas, ψN 0 m0 (y) = δm0 ,m δN 0 ,N eiky
but in which the role of spin is played by the transverse
oscillator states, as further discussed after Eq. (15).  |m|+1 #
√ 0
(m) y − a2 N −Em −iδ |y|
The separation between the even- and odd-wave chan- +fN 0 e ⊥ , (14)
|y|
nels in Eq. (9) suggests a similar structure for the low-
energy T -matrix in the q1D geometry: (m)
where fN 0 is the scattering amplitude into the N 0 radial
1 (0) state,
hN 0 , m0 , k 0 |Tq1D |N , m, ki = kk 0 Tq1D (Erel )δm,0 δm,m0
πa2⊥ (0)
2 √ √ fN 0 = −iµk To (Erel ) (15)
(1)
+ 4 N + 1 N 0 + 1 Tq1D (Erel )δ|m|,1 δm,m0 , (10) √ √
πa⊥ (±1) a⊥ N 0 + 1 N + 1
and fN 0 = −iµ √ 0 Te (Erel ) .
2 N − E1 − iδ
(m)
where Tq1D is the T -matrix in the q1D geometry with
Consider the m = 0 sector and let the initial asymp-
(m)
relative angular momentum m. To evaluate Tq1D , we use totic state be given by |0, 0, ki with E0  1, then from
the relation between the free-space 3D T -matrix, T3D , Eq. (14) we see that for high-energy transverse oscillator
(m)
and that of the q1D geometry, Tq1D , states with N 0 6= 0, the associated evanescent scattering
wave vanishes for |y|  a⊥ . Only the component with
(m) (m) N = 0 and m = 0 survives asymptotically; this state
Tq1D (Erel ) = T3D (Erel ) (11)
h i describes two particles in the single-particle ground state
(m) (m) (m) (m) of the transverse oscillator.
+ T3D (Erel ) Gq1D (Erel ) − G3D (Erel ) Tq1D (Erel ) ,
Now consider the m = 1 and m = −1 sectors. For an
incoming state |N = 0, m = 1, ki, all the N 0 6= 0 com-
(m) (m)
where Gq1D and G3D are the propagators in the q1D ponents of the scattering wave function similarly van-
geometry and 3D free space, respectively, with definite ish when |y|  a⊥ and E1  1, according to Eq. (14).
angular momentum m [63]. The free-space 3D scattering Therefore the asymptotic q1D wave function features a
matrix, T3D , is (2π/µ)f3D . transverse component that is characterized by N = 0,
Equation (11) can be evaluated analytically for both m = 1. In terms of single-particle wave functions, the
the odd-wave (m = 0) and even-wave (m = ±1) sectors state N = 0, m = 1 represents two atoms sharing a
 5

(a) yx z Energy (d) q1D odd

Collision energy (kHz)

0x,1z, k 80
rel
z
Ψrel |fo |2 1.0

Ezp + hωz 60

1x,0z, k rel x 40 0.5

Ezp + hωx y nz 20
0.0
0
x 198.0 198.5 199.0 199.5 200.0 200.5 201.0
0x,0z, k rel z, B nx B (G)
Ezp
(e) q1D even Ψrel

Collision energy (kHz)

80
z |fe|2
y
B0
x
B0
z
B0 Magnetic field 60
(b) 1.0 x
0x,1z, k rel 40
0.8
1x,0z, k rel
0.6 y nz 20
0x,0z, k
| f |2

rel
0.4
0
0.2 x 198.0 198.5 199.0 199.5 200.0 200.5 201.0
z, B nx B (G)
0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Collision energy (kHz) (f) q1D even Ψrel 80

Collision energy (kHz)

(c) 1.0
z |fe|2
0x,1z, k rel 60
0.8
1x,0z, k rel x
0.6 40
| f |2

0x,0z, k rel
0.4 y nz 20
0.2
0
0.0 x
198.0 198.5 199.0 199.5 200.0 200.5 201.0
198 199 200 201 202 203 z, B nx B (G)
Magnetic field B (G)

FIG. 2. Scattering resonances in q1D. (a) The asymptotic states |nx , nz , kirel have confinement energies of (nx + 1/2)~ωx +
(nz + 1/2)~ωz plus a continuum of ~2 k2 /2µ from motion along y. The three lowest continua, shown here, become strongly
interacting when magnetically tuned to resonance with an appropriate 3D p-wave dimer state (labelled x, y, and z). The
ground-band resonance location (green disc at B0y ), is lower than the resonance location for |1x , 0z , kirel states (blue square at
B0x ), because the x dimer must reach a continuum that is ~ωx higher in energy than the zero-point energy Ezp of the transverse
confinement. The resonance for |0x , 1z , kirel states (red square at B0z ), is further displaced by the dipole-dipole splitting of
the xy and z dimer states, and any anisotropy in confinement for the case ωz 6= ωx . Corrections to this approximate picture
are given by Eqs. (20) and (21). (b) The effective 1D scattering cross section |f |2 at resonance versus q1D collision energy.
The broader resonance for asymptotic states with nx = 1 or nz = 1 states can be attributed to their even-wave character, as
discussed in the text. (c) |f |2 versus magnetic field, for a typical in-tube scattering energy of 10 kHz. The stronger coupling
of even-wave scattering is reflected in the magnetic widths of |f |2 . (d) The q1D odd-wave continuum is characterized by a
transverse wave function Ψrel (x, z) with even spatial parity. A contour plot shows the |fo |2 versus magnetic field and collision
energy. (e, f) The q1D even-wave continua are each characterized by an asymptotic transverse wave function Ψrel (x, z) with
odd spatial parity. The contour plot of |fe |2 versus magnetic field and collision energy combines the trends of panels (b) and
(c), and emphasize the growing magnetic width in the k → 0 limit that is characteristic of 1D s-wave collisions. Scattering
amplitudes in panels (b) to (f) are based on Eq. (2) with parameters in Eq. (16), or Eq. (3) with parameters in Eq. (17), with
equal VLx = VLz = 40 ER .

single quantum of excitation energy along the transverse in the strongly confined direction allows p-wave enhance-
direction. If we identify the single-particle transverse os- ment of even-wave scattering of identical fermions along
cillator ground state and first excited state as pseudo-spin the q1D direction.
down and pseudo-spin up, then this asymptotic state is We can explicitly confirm the low-energy odd-wave
a spin singlet. Just as s-wave collisions in fermionic spin scattering behaves like a true 1D system from Eq. (12)
mixtures satisfy exchange symmetry with spin-singlet by taking the low-energy limit i.e. 0 < E0 ≡ (Erel −
wave functions, here atomic wave functions entangled in ω⊥ )/2ω⊥  1:
the orbital degree of freedom allow even-wave interac-
tions along the q1D direction. A related phenomenon
 
2µ 1
occurs in s-wave scattering of non-identical particles in To−1 (Erel ) = 2
+ k ro + ik , with
2 `o
mixed dimensions [64]. In that case, the odd parity of
a2⊥ 1
 
the center-of-mass motion can induce p-wave scattering 1 2 2
= + − ζ(−1/2) ,
in the relative coordinate because the two atoms see dif- `o 6 V R3D a2⊥ a⊥
ferent trapping potentials. In our case, the CM motion a2⊥ a⊥
decouples; instead, the odd parity of the relative motion ro = + ζ(1/2) . (16)
6R3D 4
 6

where ζ(s) ≡ ζ(s, 1) is the Riemann zeta function. metric trapping potentials. In our experimental system,
Equations (12) and (16) are also consistent with pre- however, the interactions are anisotropic: the 3D xy
vious calculations of p-wave scattering in q1D systems dimer branch is split by ∼ 100 kHz from the 3D z dimer
[52, 56, 58, 61, 65–67]. These equations define the effec- branch due to dipole-dipole interactions [68], leading to
tive 1D parameters for Eq. (2). direction-dependent scattering volumes V i and effective
i
Pivotal to the discussion of universality is whether ranges R3D , where i = x, y, or z [see Fig. 1(a) for axis ori-
the effective range term, kro , can be neglected. Since entation]. Furthermore the xz anisotropy of confinement
−1
ro scales as a2⊥ /R3D , it is proportional to ω⊥ , and is can be tuned by adjusting each standing-wave intensity
thus decreased with stronger confinement. In our ex- independently [as depicted in Fig. 2(a)].
periments, however, a typical kF ro ∼ 1, and thus the For broken cylindrical symmetry, N and m are no
effective-range contribution must be kept. The relatively longer good quantum numbers; we instead use cartesian
large magnitude is due to the ratio between the opti- nx and nz to index quanta of relative motion in the con-
cal confinement length scale and van der Waals length: fined directions [69], and write the states as |nx , nz , kirel .
λL /R3D is ∼ 300. (See further discussion in Sec. VI). We Even parity in y occurs for odd nx + nz , and vice versa.
also note that since the q1D approach would break down The low-dimensional scattering in each continuum is
for a⊥ . R3D , our treatment is only valid for ro  a⊥ . facilitated by the corresponding 3D p-wave dimer [see
For atoms in the lowest even-wave scattering contin- Tab. I and Fig. 2(a)]. For example, the low-dimensional
uum, i.e. N = 0 and m = ±1 or equivalently 0 < E1 ≡ interactions in the x direction are due to the coupling
(Erel − 2ω⊥ )/2ω⊥  1, the even-wave T -matrix in the to the x dimer, which has short-range symmetry corre-
low-energy limit reduces to sponding to the spherical harmonic Y1x ∼ x/r. As a
  result, the x dimer can only be hybridized with contin-
2µ i
Te−1 (Erel ) = −ae + k 2 ve + , with uum states in the |1x , 0z , kirel band above the threshold
2 k energy Ezp +~ωx . The magnetic field at which this cross-
a⊥ a3⊥
 
2a⊥ ing occurs is labeled B0x in Fig. 2(a).
ae = − + + ζ(−1/2) + ζ(1/2) ,
2 6V 3R3D Similar analyses apply for the y and z scattering and
a 3

4a⊥
 are summarized in Tab. I. The three continua have vec-
ve = ⊥ + ζ(1/2) + ζ(3/2) . (17) torially distinct coupling, with magnetically distinct res-
16 3R3D onances shown in Fig. 2(c): in order, B0y (“zeroth”), B0x
This result is identical to a true 1D calculation with s- (“first”), and B0z (“second”), and illustrated in Figs. 2(d),
wave interactions, with the effective range ve included. 2(e), and 2(f). All other combinations are forbidden by
Compared to the odd-wave effective range term, we see symmetry: i.e., the x dimer will have no effect on scat-
that to leading order k 3 ve is smaller than kro by a factor tering states |0x , 0z , kirel or |0x , 1z , kirel .
of k 2 a2⊥ , which must be small in the q1D limit. At the The q1D scattering parameters in an anisotropic trap
largest lattice depths in our experiments, kF3 ve ∼ 0.1, are still given quantitatively by Eqs. (2), (3), (16), and
which opens the possibility of exploring universal physics, (17) using the experimentally determined values of V i
i
i.e., where the effective range is negligible. and R3D [11]. This is supported by the observed data
The resonance condition for q1D scattering is `−1 o =0 collapse in Sec. IV and Sec. V. The low-energy scattering
for odd-wave or ae = 0 for even-wave. In the low-energy parameters in Eq. (16) and Eq. (17) can then be tuned
regime Em  1, the bound-state energies for the odd- by changing the 3D scattering parameters in order to en-
wave and even-wave sectors are given by gineer arbitrarily strong odd- or even-wave interactions.
In terms of the 3D quasi-bound-state energy [11, 68],
κ2o 1
EB,o = ω⊥ − with κo = − κ2o ro and (18) approximately −~2 R3D i
/(2µV i ), the resonance condition
2µ `o `−1 = 0 for odd-wave scattering in isotropic traps is
o
κ2 1
EB,e = 2ω⊥ − e with = ae + κ2e ve , (19) y
~2 R3D y
 
2µ κe R3D
− = Ezp 1 − 6 ζ(−1/2) , (20)
2µV y a⊥
where κo > 0 and κe > 0 are the odd-wave and even-
wave bound-state wave numbers, respectively. The bind- while for even-wave scattering, the resonant conditions
ing energies are consistent with true-1D calculations in
the shallow-dimer limit: for repulsive odd waves `o > 0,
ω⊥ − EB,o ≈ 1/(2µ`2o ), and for attractive even waves continuum asymptotic transverse q1D resonant
ae > 0, 2ω⊥ − EB,e ≈ 1/(2µa2e ), both in the limit state parity parity dimer
κa⊥  1. zeroth |0x , 0z , kirel even odd y dimer
first |1x , 0z , kirel odd even x dimer
second |0x , 1z , kirel odd even z dimer
B. Anisotropic interactions
TABLE I. Exchange parity and spatial orientation of the two-
The results of the previous subsection were derived atom states in the lowest three scattering continua. See also
in the limit of isotropic interactions and radially sym- Fig. 2.
 7

(axe = 0 or aze = 0) are prior experimental studies in 3D for both s-wave and p-
wave systems [38, 71–75] and in quasi-two-dimensional
x,z
~2 R3D s-wave systems [76, 77]; here, we outline how both even-
− =(Ezp + ~ωx,z ) wave and odd-wave contacts can be observed in our q1D
2µV x,z
 x,z
3 R3D
 system.
× 1+ [ζ(1/2) + ζ(−1/2)] . (21)
2 a⊥
A. Loading and measurement protocol
Since R3D /a⊥ is typically small in our experiments, these
relations show that resonant odd- and even-wave scat-
tering approximately occurs when the 3D quasi-bound- An ensemble of q1D Fermi gases is prepared in sev-
state reaches the relevant scattering continuum. This eral steps. A bulk sample of 40 K in its absolute ground
behavior of the resonance condition depends only the state |ai is confined in an optical trap, and cooled sym-
energetic narrowness of the 3D p-wave Feshbach reso- pathetically with bosonic 87 Rb. At the end of the cooling
nance, and not on the geometry of the trap. This is cycle, 7(1) × 104 spin-polarized 40 K atoms at T ∼ 300 nK
self-consistent with applying Eqs. (16) and (17) to the are loaded into a lattice of tube-like anisotropic traps
case of anisotropic traps and interactions. [see Fig. 1(a)]. The confinement along the x and z di-
rections is created by two orthogonal standing waves,
Figures 2(b)–(f) show the scattering probabilities |fo |2
produced with retro-reflected beams of light with wave-
and |fe |2 , as a function of both energy and magnetic field.
length λL = 760.6 nm. Each trap is harmonic near its
A key feature is the enhanced width, in either param-
minimum, with longitudinal oscillation frequency ωy ≈
eter, of |fe |2 . Near resonance, the energetic width of
the scattering is determined by the effective range term
of Eqs. (2)–(3). For odd-wave interactions, the width
is characterized by ∆o ≡ (~2 /2µ)ro−2 , while for even- 3 State preparation Spectroscopy
Lattice potential 2
−2/3 AM
wave interactions the width is ∆e ≡ (~2 /2µ)ve

rf amplitude
. From 1 c
Eqs. (16)–(17), we find that ∆o /∆e = 18 (R3D /a⊥ )4/3 ,
2/3 Ne b b
which is small in experiments. This behavior is illus- Ng a
0
trated in Fig. 2(b) on resonance, which is a vertical cut Position t hold
at the resonant magnetic field in the contour plots of
|fo,e |2 panels (d) through (f). (e)
(a) (c)
The magnetic width of low-energy resonant scattering t AM
is instead a consequence of the scattering amplitude in (b) (d) (f)
Lattice depth

the zero-range limit. From Eq. (2), at constant `o , as

k → 0, we see that |fo |2 → 0 and scattering is thus pro- 40
0.6 40 0.6

gressively narrower in B at lower energy for odd waves 60 0.5 60 0.5

Nc
tramp 80
0.4
80
0.4

[Fig. 2(d)]. A similar analysis for Eq. (3), however, 100

0.3
100
0.3

shows fe → −1 at low energy meaning scattering be-

120

140
y
0.2
120

140
0.2
Nb
0.1

X
0.1

comes broader in B for even waves [Figs. 2(e) and 2(f)] at 160
160

Time
0
0 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260

lower energy. At a constant scattering energy, both odd-

and even-wave resonances become broader in field with
increasing confinement. However, the odd-wave width
scales with the square root of the lattice depth while the
even-wave field width scales linearly with lattice depth.
This can be seen from Eqs. (16)–(17) since the 3D scat-
tering volume V ∼ 1/B near its Feshbach resonance, so
1/`o ∼ a2⊥ B and ae ∼ a4⊥ B [70]. In the even-wave case,
therefore, confinement can lead to a broad resonance fea-
ture that extends the parameter regime of universality,
although the energetic width of the underlying 3D reso-
nance is still narrow.
III. SPECTROSCOPY
Interactions between atoms in a dilute gas lead to
short-range correlations, which we probe via rf spec-
troscopy. These correlations are characterized by the
contact parameters [24–40] and have been the object of
FIG. 3. Experimental sequence. (a) Energetic depth of the
confining two-dimensional optical lattice versus time. Fol-
lowing the creation of a degenerate Fermi gas, the optical
standing waves are ramped on to generate the array of q1D
traps. The two-part ramp includes a slow increase (in tramp )
to minimize heating followed by a fast jump to 40 ER to iso-
late q1D ensembles. (b) At this stage, time-of-flight band
mapping typically indicates that the majority of atoms are
in the ground band (central dashed box) but some atoms are
also loaded into the first excited band (lateral boxes). (c)
The lattice depth is optionally modulated for tAM before be-
ing ramped to its full depth. The frequency is chosen to drive
excited-band atoms resonantly into the third excited band,
from which they leave the trap. (d) Time-of-flight images
confirm that AM reduces population in the excited band. (e)
The weakly interacting gas is quenched into an interacting
state through a spin flip from |ai to |bi, held for thold , and
probed with a spectroscopic pulse at detuning ωe . (f) The frac-
tion of atoms transferred from |bi to |ci by the spectroscopic
rf pulse is measured with state-selective imaging.

2π × 400 Hz, and transverse confinement set by the lat-
tice depth VL , measured in units of the recoil energy,
ER = h2 /(2mλ2L ) ≈ h × 8.6 kHz. For equal VL = 40 ER ,
for instance, ω⊥ ≈ 2π×100 kHz. This gives an anisotropy
of λ ≡ ωy /ω⊥ ≈ 4 × 10−3 . The transformation of the 3D
cloud into an array of q1D clouds is performed in two
steps. First, the lattice depth is slowly ramped to a few
ER in tramp , typically 300 ms. Then, the lattice depth is
quickly increased to 40(2) ER to form isolated tubes, see
Fig. 3(a). We use an adiabatic loading model described
in App. A to estimate the final number and tempera-
ture distribution in the tubes. For typical experimental
parameters, the peak number per tube is N ≈ 30 (thus
N λ ≈ 0.1) and T /TF ≈ 0.8, where TF is the Fermi tem-
perature.
Figure 3(b) shows a typical band-mapped time-of-
flight image after this loading procedure. We adjust
the chemical potential of the gas by tuning the optical
trap depth to optimize for either ground-band loading or
multi-band loading. For the latter, when the chemical
potential of the bulk gas is comparable to ER , a num-
ber of atoms Ne are loaded into the first excited state of
both transverse directions since loading at the band edge
cannot be adiabatic. The fraction of atoms loaded into
the first excited state is typically 15% in each direction.
To prepare for dedicated experiments measuring odd-
wave correlations in the ground band (Sec. IV), we de-
plete the excited-band population using amplitude mod-
ulation (AM). The power of both optical standing waves
is modulated for a time tAM at a frequency resonant with
the transition from the single-atom first-to-third excited
states. Due to the anharmonicity of the sinusoidal con-
finement, this modulation is off-resonant from the zero-
to-two excitation, leaving the number of atoms in the
lowest single-particle state Ng relatively unaffected [see
Fig. 3(c)]. When optimizing for ground-band loading,
band mapping after AM [Fig. 3(d)] indicates that the
excited-band population is reduced to . 5% in each lat-
tice direction. Lattice depth calibration is performed via
AM of the single-particle zero-to-two excitation, and we
estimate the uncertainty of the peak lattice depth to be
±3%.
Ensembles for even-wave correlation measurements
(Sec. V) are prepared either with the lattice ramped on
without AM, or with phase modulation of the lattice
to enhance population in the first excited bands. The
phase modulation is implemented experimentally by a
small frequency modulation (FM) of the optical stand-
ing waves, which creates a time-dependent displacement
of local potential minima where atoms are trapped, due
to the optical propagation to the retro-reflecting mirror
and back. This effective phase modulation provides the
necessary parity-changing gradient to drive transitions
from the ground to the excited single-particle band.
With either preparation, the q1D ensembles of atoms
in the lowest hyperfine-Zeeman state |ai are long-lived,
but weakly interacting. A p-wave Feshbach resonance ex-
ists in the bb channel [4, 5], where |bi is the second-lowest
8
hyperfine-Zeeman state, adiabatically connected to the
|F = 9/2, mF = −7/2i state at low magnetic field. After
choosing the magnetic field B and lattice depth VL for a
particular measurement, interactions are snapped on by
transferring the atoms to the state |bi using a 40-µs-long
rf pulse [see Fig. 3(e)]. After a hold time thold , typically
160 µs, a spectroscopic pulse of duration τ = 120 µs is
applied. This probe has a Blackman envelope to mini-
mize Fourier broadening, and a frequency that is offset ω
above the single-particle |bi-to-|ci resonance, where |ci is
the third-lowest hyperfine-Zeeman state (and assumed to
be weakly interacting: see App. D). The number of atoms
transferred, Nc , is assessed by state-sensitive imaging in
time-of-flight, shown in Fig. 3(f). The measured transfer
rate Γ is given by Nc /τ times a corrective factor related
to the pulse shape.
B. rf spectral form in the q1D regime
At high frequency, the rf spectra is related to the short-
ranged correlations in the many-body system. To quan-
tify this relation for both q1D odd-wave and q1D even-
wave interactions, we derive the analytic expressions for
the rf transition rate Γ(ω) at high frequency, taking into
account the multiple transverse excited bands. Our start-
ing point is the relation between Γ and the 3D correlation
strength [27, 78]:
Ω2
Z Z Z
i(ω+iδ)t
Γ(ω) = Im i dt e d R d3 r
3
4
    
1 1
Tt ψb† ψc R + r, t ψc† ψb R − r, 0 ,
2 2
(22)
where Ω is the Rabi frequency, r and R are the rela-
tive and COM positions, Tt is the time-ordering opera-
tor, and ψ(b,c) are the fermionic annihilation operator for
a fermion in hyperfine-Zeeman state |bi or |ci. (Note that
~ and m are suppressed here.) From standard arguments,
at high frequencies, the dominant contribution to the rf
transfer rate is determined by the short-range part of the
many-body wave function, which is essentially the same
as the two-body case at zero energy apart from a nor-
malization constant (which we will introduce as γ0 or γ1
momentarily) that depends on the many-body physics.
Since we have evaluated the two-body T -matrix ex-
actly for cylindrically symmetric q1D scattering in
Sec. II A, we can evaluate Eq. (22) exactly at the two-
body level [27, 78]. This gives us the exact functional
dependencies of Γ(ω) in the high-frequency limit, apart
from overall constants that characterize the many-body
states. We find that the rf transfer rate can be written
 9

2.0
P+1
as Γ(ω) = m=−1 Γ(m) (ω) with
0.12
199.2G
Ω2 (2ω⊥ )3/2

Transfer Γ (10 )
–3
Γ(0) (ω) = γ0 (23) 1.5 203.0G 0.08
8π ω2 ~ –3/2
∞   1/2   ω
X ω ω 0.04

~
× −N θ −N 1.0
2ω⊥ 2ω⊥
N =0
0.00
and 4 6 8 10 12
0.5
2 3/2
Ω (2ω⊥ )
Γ(±1) (ω) = γ1 (24)
8π ω2 0.0
∞   −1/2  
X ω ω 0 5 10
× (N + 1) −N θ −N .
2ω⊥ 2ω⊥ ~
Detuning ω
N =0

Equations (23) and (24) are valid for large detuning FIG. 4. rf spectrum of odd-wave interactions. The normal-
ω  EF and their physical contents are as follows. For ized rf transfer rate Γe versus dimensionless detuning ω e from
both Γ(0) (ω) and Γ(±1) (ω), the sum over N represents the single-particle resonance [see Fig. 3(e)]. Two spectra are
the contributions from all radially excited states. The shown, both for VL = 40ER : at B = 203.0 G (squares),
step function θ(ω/2ω⊥ − N ) indicates the opening of the gas is weakly interacting; at B = 199.2 G (circles), odd-
a new transverse band when the rf photon energy ex- wave interactions are Feshbach-enhanced [−1/kF `o ∼ 5; see
ceeds the energy difference to the N -th scattering contin- Fig. 1(b)]. The interacting gas shows an increased Γ e for posi-
uum, thus making the final scattering states within that tive ωe . The inset shows Γ(e
e e −3/2
ω ) on the same axes, with a ω
band available. This gives rise to a characteristic cusp fit to the high-frequency tail of the interacting spectrum, al-
(ω/2ω⊥ − N )1/2 for the odd-wave rf transfer rate Γ(0) , lowing the determination of C` from Eq. (29).
and the singular dependence (ω/2ω⊥ − N )−1/2 for the
even wave contribution to the rf transfer rate Γ(±1) (ω).
This feature is robust and is a consequence of the scat- Similarly, for even-wave scattering, the leading asymp-
tering amplitudes in Eq. (15) and the 1D-like density of totic spin-flip rate with characteristic 1/ω 5/2 -dependence
states of the new scattering continuum. The discontin- is a measure of the even-wave 1D contact Ca :
uous feature is observed experimentally in the m = ±1
sector (Sec. V B). Ω2 1 Ca
lim Γ(±1) (ω) = √ . (30)
Our calculation also clarifies the condition for the ex- EF /~ω<2ω⊥ 2 ~m ω 5/2
ploration of 1D physics as far as rf spectra is concerned.
In this case, the 1D regime for odd- and even-wave in- In the limit ω → ∞, increasingly shorter length scales are
teractions is achieved when ω < 2ω⊥ for which only the probed as the continuum final states of higher transverse
continuum states with N = 0 are relevant. In this case bands are made available, eventually approaching the 3D
limit; this behavior is also present in Eqs. (23),(24). Re-
2ω⊥ 1
Γ(0) (ω) = γ0 Ω2 , (25) placing the sum over transverse radial states with an in-
8π ω 3/2 tegral, one reproduces the correct leading order ω −1/2 rf
(2ω⊥ )2 1 spectral law for a p-wave Fermi gas in 3D. A related dis-
Γ(±1) (ω) = γ1 Ω2 . (26)
8π ω 5/2 cussion of the q1D momentum distribution is given by
These two relations should be identified with the expres- Ref. 80.
sions for Γ(ω) from the exact 1D odd-wave [42] and even- The anisotropy discussed in Sec. II B is observed in
wave scattering calculations: the measured contacts. The odd-wave contact is only
governed by the interactions along the y-direction, so
Ω2 Ω2 Eq. (29) is not affected. On the other hand, the even-
Γ(0) (ω) = C` and Γ(±1) (ω) = Ca , (27)
2ω 3/2 2ω 5/2 wave interactions now appear as x and z correlation
where C` and Ca are the 1D odd-wave and even-wave peaks at distinct magnetic field values, instead of the
contacts, respectively. We thus identify γ0 and γ1 as degenerate m = ±1 correlation peaks in Eq. (27). The rf
transfer rates are now proportional to Cax and Caz .
4π 4π
γ0 = C` and γ1 = Ca . (28)
2ω⊥ (2ω⊥ )2
IV. OBSERVATION OF ODD-WAVE
Restoring units, the leading asymptotic spin-flip rate CORRELATIONS
with characteristic ω −3/2 dependence is a measure of the
odd-wave 1D contact [41–46, 79] C` :
We probe odd-wave interactions by performing rf spec-
Ω2 m1/2 C` troscopy at magnetic fields near B0y . Figure 4 shows
lim (0)
Γ (ω) = + O(ω −5/2 ) . (29) e ≡ EF Γ/(~πΩ2 N )
EF /~ω<2ω⊥ 2 ~3/2 ω 3/2 the dimensionless transfer fraction Γ
 10

2.5 Γ(±1)  Γ(0) , this allows a single-shot determination,

(a)
2.0 (b)
Contact C l /N (10 –2 )
2.0 40 ER C
e` √
e 3/2 Γ
= 4 2π ω e, (31)
60 ER 1.0 N
1.5 80 ER
100 ER 0.0 where
~

1.0 120 ER 198 200 202

Magnetic Field (G) e` ≡ 4m C`
C (32)
160 ER ~2 k F
0.5
is the dimensionless odd-wave contact [81]. In
0.0 Figs. 5(a,c), both loss and correlations shift to higher
magnetic field with increasing lattice depth, primarily
1.1
(c) due to the increasing zero-point energy associated with
1.0 the transverse harmonic confinement. When comparing
Atom Number (arb.)

Fig. 5(a) to Fig. 5(b), or comparing Fig. 5(c) to Fig. 5(d),

0.9
0.8
40 ER
0.7 60 ER 1.0
80 ER 0.8
0.6
100 ER 0.6
120 ER
0.5 0.4
160 ER
198
0.4
–20 –10 0 10
Scattering length –1/kF lo
FIG. 5. Odd-wave contact and loss. (a) Contact per atom
versus odd-wave scattering length, −1/kF `o . Per Eq. (31),
the dimensionless odd-wave contact per atom is related to
the scaled transfer from spectroscopy. The zero-temperature
Bethe ansatz prediction for kF ro = 1 is shown in dashed-
black, and the high-temperature prediction for T /TF = 0.8
is shown as a band covering the range of experimental lattice
depths. (b) The inset displays the same C e` /N data versus
magnetic field, emphasizing the data collapse when instead
plotting versus −1/kF `o . (c) The total atom number after
the spectroscopy sequence, as a fraction of initial atom num-
ber, is shown as a function of −1/kF `o . In the grey-shaded
parameter range, 30% or more atoms are lost. Peak loss oc-
curs at the calculated `−1
o = 0. (d) The inset displays this
atom-number data as a function of magnetic field.
versus dimensionless rf detuning ω e ≡ ~ω/EF , both
rescaled by the calculated Fermi energy of the central
tube (App. A). Correlations are revealed by the asym-
metric spectrum at large |e ω | and by the characteristic
e −3/2 power-law decrease in the range 4 . ω
ω e . 15, for
which ω < 2ω⊥ . We fit the data in this regime to ex-
tract C` , thereby measuring the odd-wave correlations in
a q1D ultracold gas for the first time to our knowledge.
Figure 5 shows the contact strength and atom number
measured across a range of magnetic fields and lattice
depths. The contact was measured using transfer fraction
at a single frequency, typically ω
e = 5, which fulfills the
condition EF /~  ω < 2ω⊥ of Eq. (29). Assuming that
we see that field-dependent data collapses to a single
trend when plotted as a function of −1/kF `o , indicat-
ing that we are probing the physics in the q1D regime.
First consider the weakly repulsive regime. No signifi-
cant correlations are seen in the range −20 < −1/kF `o <
−2, which can be understood from Fig. 2(a): the 3D
(d) quasi-bound p-wave dimer has yet to emerge above the
200 202 scattering threshold. Similar to the 3D p-wave case
Magnetic Field (G)
[38], we conclude that the dimer state is not signifi-
20 30 40
cantly populated. With stronger apparent repulsion [82],
−5 . −1/kF `o < 0, losses are observed, perhaps due to
the instability of the repulsive odd-wave gas [83].
Let us next consider the regime with relatively weak
attractive interactions, 4 . −1/kF `o . 15. In the ab-
sence of strong loss, we can compare the measured values
of C` to calculations. Figure 5(a) shows data compared
to zero-temperature Bethe ansatz theory [45] and to a
high-temperature expansion theory [46] (App. B). The
theory band for the high-temperature expansion reflects
the weak 1D effective-range dependence on lattice depth
and includes a correction for the inhomogeneous density
and tube number discussed in App. A. In this weakly
interacting regime, the measurements overlap both the
zero-temperature and the high-temperature predictions,
with no adjustable parameters, and follow the anticipated
monotonic decrease with `−1 o . Note that the order of
magnitude of C e` /N is 10−2 .
At even higher magnetic fields, where −1/kF `o & 15,
the apparent contact deviates from these predictions. We
attribute this departure to overlapping even-wave corre-
lations (see Sec. V), due to a remaining population in the
excited bands, such that Γ can no longer be associated
purely with Γ(0) .
Finally, consider magnetic fields close to resonance
(B ∼ B0y ), where we observe a smaller contact than is an-
ticipated by theory. The unitary high-temperature value
of the contact is C e` /N = 8/π in a uniform system [46]
while at zero temperature C e` /N = 4/π [42, 44, 79]. This
far exceeds the highest C e` /N observed. Instead, within
the range −2 . −1/kF `o . 4, indicated in Fig. 5(c)
with a gray band, the contact per atom is decreased.
This is attributed to the onset of strong loss: we find
that more than 30% of the initial population is lost by
 11

the end of thold , from which we infer a loss coefficient 1.0 (a) B 1st B 2nd Multi-band
L3 ≥ 10−5 cm2 /s. As in prior studies of atom loss in q1D

Transfer Γ (10 )
loading

–4
Fermi gases [22, 23], we find that L3 is independent of 0.8 y
B0 Ground-band
loading
lattice depth [see data collapse in Fig. 5(c)]. 0.6

~
Limited by losses, the system does not develop a con-
tact parameter larger than C e` /N ∼ 2 × 10−2 . We can 0.4
interpret this magnitude by estimating the odd-wave in- 0.2 B 0th
teraction energy that would be found in an equilibrium
cloud with the same correlation strength. The adiabatic 0.0
relation for 1D odd waves is [42] 198 199 200 201 202
∂F 2
~ kF e Magnetic field B (G)
= C` , (33)
∂(−`−1 ) 4m x
2.0 (b)
o

Correlation peak shift ∆B (G)

VL
where F is the free energy of the gas. Integrating
under the observed contact outside of the loss domi-
y
nated regime, we find that between (−kF `o )−1 = 10 1.5 B 0th – B 0
y
and (−kF `o )−1 = 4, the interaction energy is ∆F ∼ B 1st – B 0
−0.03 N EF . Such a q1D gas is weakly interacting. In y
B 2nd – B 0
contrast, the dimensionless contact in a 3D p-wave gas 1.0
was found to be of order unity, and a similar analysis via
the adiabatic theorem finds ∆F ∼ −0.5 N EF [38].
0.5

V. OBSERVATION OF EVEN-WAVE
CORRELATIONS
Having understood the odd-wave correlations that are
shared between Fig. 1(b) and Fig. 1(c), we now turn
our attention to the anomalous features that appear
only in Fig. 1(c). We undertake a sequence of exper-
iments to test the hypothesis that these spectral fea-
tures are due to q1D even-wave correlations, and eluci-
date their nature: spectroscopy with variable asymmet-
ric confinement (Sec. V A); spectroscopy at variable fre-
quency (Sec. V B); and spectroscopy with variable cou-
pling strength (Sec. V C). The sample preparation com-
mon to all these tests does not use AM cleaning (see
Sec. III and App. C), such that ∼ 15% of the atoms are
in each of the transverse excited bands.
A. Vector character of the even-wave resonances
The resonance condition for even-wave interactions is
given by Eq. (21), which can be approximated for the
i = x or i = z continuua as
~2 R3D
0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100
z
VL (ER)
FIG. 6. Vector assignment of the second even-wave corre-
lation peak. (a) Normalized rf transfer rate Γ e at constant
e ≈ 5 versus magnetic field B applied in the z direction.
ω
Three peaks in Γ(B)e are resolved for multi-band loading
(circles), while a single clear peak is observed for ground-
band loading (squares). Here, confinement is isotropic, with
VLx = VLz = 40 ER . The magnetic-field displacements from
resonance position B0y are indicated for maximum Γ e are in-
dicated by colored arrows, and reported as ∆B in the sub-
sequent panel. (b) The magnetic-field displacements for the
three peaks in Γ(B)
e are shown for variable VLz , with fixed
x
VL = 40 ER . While B0th and B1st shift with the zero-point
energy included in B0y , B2nd has a stronger dependence on VLz .
This supports the hypothesis that the third resolved peak in
Γ
e versus B corresponds to scattering the even-wave z contin-
uum, whose energy is ~ωz above the odd-wave continuum.
from Eq. (20). In the following, we demonstrate this
i 

−  ≈ Ezp + ~ωi . (34) anisotropic dependence of B0i on ωi .
2µV i  i
B=B0
where the l.h.s. is the 3D p-wave dimer energy, linear in
B, as shown in Fig. 2(a). The incorporation of an ex-
tra vibrational excitation quantum (shared between the
atoms in a |1x irel or |1z irel motional state) shifts the even-
wave resonances from the odd-wave resonance condition,
which is
Figure 6(a) shows Γ(B)
e at VL = 40ER , a depth at
which three distinct peaks can be resolved in multi-band
loading. We label the locations ofPthe peak Γ e as B0th ,
i
B1st , and B2nd , however since Γ = Γ , additional tests
are necessary to identify the origin of these peaks. The
first peak also appears with a ground-band loading proce-
dure [as shown in Fig. 6(a) and Fig. 1] so it can be unam-
y  biguously associated with odd-wave interactions. Note
~2 R3D that B0th is ∼ 0.2 G above B0y (vertical dashed line) due
−  ≈ Ezp , (35)
2µV y 
B=B0 y to loss, as explored in Fig. 5 for a wide range of VL .

Cylindrical symmetry is broken in our experiments by
the applied magnetic field direction (z) orthogonal to the
q1D direction (y). The field aligns the magnetic dipole
moments of 40 K, and thus splits the Feshbach resonances
for the two even-wave features (see Sec. II B). This 0.5 G
splitting is already evident between B1st and B2nd in
Fig. 6(a).
A vector assignment of these two higher peaks can be
made using anisotropic confinement, VLx 6= VLz , whose an-
ticipated effect on B0x and B0z is illustrated in Fig. 2(a)
for ωz > ωx . Figure 6(b) shows the best-fit peak loca-
tions B0th , B1st , and B2nd from repeated Γ(B)
e scans at
z x
variable VL , with fixed VL = 40 ER . To subtract off
the shift in the zero-point contribution common to all
three threshold energies, the displacements from B0y are
shown [84]. We see how ∆B1st is insensitive to VLz (simi-
larly to ∆B0th ), while ∆B2nd has a stronger dependence
on VLz . Based on this trend, we can conclude that the
second anomalous peak must be associated with confine-
ment along the z direction, and thus with the even-wave
threshold B0z .
A similar experimental study with variable VLx and
fixed VLz indicates that the peak at B1st is associated
with confinement along x. In sum, the vector character
and dependence on the anisotropic lateral confinement
confirms the assignment of the correlation peak at B1st
in Fig. 6 to the x even-wave continuum, and at B2nd to
the z even-wave continuum.
B. Spectroscopic signatures
The strongest evidence for the observation of even-
wave correlations in our system comes from the func-
tional form of the rf spectra. As discussed in Sec. III B,
within the range of frequencies ω < 2ω⊥ , in which a
q1D system resembles a true 1D system, the rf transfer
rate should scale as ω −5/2 (as opposed to ω −3/2 found
for odd-wave correlations in Sec. IV). Furthermore, for
larger rf frequencies, Γ(ω)
e should exhibit a singularity.
Specifically, for 0 < ω < 4ω⊥ , Eq. (24) reduces to
Ω2 Cai θ(ω)
 
i 2θ(ω − 2ω⊥ )
Γ (ω) = √ + , (36)
2 ~m ω 5/2 (ω − 2ω⊥ )1/2 ω 2
where Cai is the 1D even-wave contact for i = x or i = z.
The experimentally measured Γ(ω) is a sum of all Γi , but
can be dominated by only one i near its resonance.
Figure 7 shows the observed Γ(ω)
e spectrum at B ≈
B1st . For frequencies between 0.7 ω⊥ and 1.7 ω⊥ , we ob-
serve a clear −5/2 power law consistent with 1D s-wave
correlations (see Fig. 7 inset). In this region, it is pos-
sible to extract the 1D even wave contact parameters
Cax,z . We note that once Cax and Caz are fixed, the gen-
eral form of Γ(ω)
e [Eq. (24) and in particular Eq. (36)] is
then determined for higher frequencies, no matter what
the relative strengths of Cax and Caz . We do not under-
stand why the −5/2 power law does not extend to lower
12
10.0
5.0
Transfer Γ (10 )
–5
6.0
1.0 –5/2
4.0 ω
0.5
2.0
0.0
0.8 1.0 1.2
0.1
0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0
Detuning ω/ω┴
FIG. 7. Even-wave rf spectrum. Dimensionless rf transfer
rate Γ
e versus detuning ω, for a multi-band-loaded ensemble
at 200.5 G, with VL = 80 ER . Between 0.7 ω⊥ and 1.7 ω⊥ ,
the signature even-wave scaling Γ e ∝ ω −5/2 is observed [see
Eq. (27)]. A peak near ω ≈ 2ω⊥ is a signature of 1D even
waves, as described in the main text. The solid lines show
Eq. (36), with a free vertical scale factor. The inset shows
Γ(ω)
e on a linear vertical scale in the ω −5/2 regime; a single-
parameter fit determines the sum of the even-wave contacts.
For these conditions, kF aze ≈ 0.4, compared to kF axe ≈ 1.6.
frequencies, below 0.7 ω⊥ /2π ∼ 90 kHz. This may be
due to incomplete thermalization of the long-wavelength
degrees of freedom.
A sharp peak in Γ(ω)
e appears at the anticipated lo-
cation of the singularity in Eq. (36), where ω ≈ 2ω⊥ ,
twice the band gap [85]. Here, atom pairs are promoted
from incident states with principal radial quantum num-
ber N = 0 to final states with N = 1 with hyperfine-
Zeeman state |ci, while conserving parity (i.e., conserving
m as discussed in Sec. II A). Since rf transitions cannot
modify the spatial wave functions, the presence of the fea-
ture demonstrates that the scattering states are dressed
by higher-N orbital states at short range, r . a⊥ [see
Eq. (14)]. The cusp feature in theory results from a com-
bination of two factors: the divergence of the 1D density
of final states and the constant even-wave matrix element
[see Eq. (8)]. As observed, the 2ω⊥ cusp is softened by
the distributions of a finite range of collision energies, the
average over variable lattice depths of 1D tubes, and the
Fourier broadening of the rf pulse.
The observation of these two even-wave signatures in
Γ(ω) gives strong evidence for the emergence of effective
s-wave correlations in the q1D gas.
C. Even-wave contact parameter
The correlations appearing in Fig. 1(c) across a broad
range in magnetic field can now be quantified through
the even-wave contact. At each magnetic field, the even-
wave contacts Cax,z can be probed with a single-shot
 13

x
measurement of Γ at a fixed detuning with the range Scattering length kF ae
0.7 ω⊥ . ω . 1.7 ω⊥ , as discussed in Sec. V B. In the 2 3 4 5 6 7
regime where Γ(0)  Γ(±1) , 0.8
3 5 7
√

Atom no. (arb.)

eax + C
C eaz = 2 2πN ωe 5/2 Γ
e, (37) 1.0

0.6
where 0.8

Contact Ca /Ne
eax,z ≡ (4m/~2 )Cax,z /kF3
C (38) 0.4 0.6
0 2 4 6

is the dimensionless even-wave contact. Since only ∼ 15%

of atoms populate each transverse excited band, we base
kF on the total atom number. We show in App. C that rf
transfer is proportional to the excited-band population,
motivating us to report the (extensive) contact divided
by the number of atoms in one single-particle excited
motional excited band Ne , which we assume to be equal
for both the x and z directions. In Fig. 8 we report Cea /Ne
for various interaction strengths, tuning the scattering
length aze across a range of 200 G to 205 G, away from
the odd-wave feature. We observe data collapse between
different lattice depths and single-shot detunings ω ∼ ω⊥
chosen to be within the −5/2 power law regime described
in Sec. V B.
For kF aze & 2.5, the observed trend matches that of a
high-temperature model (App. B) that maps the imbal-
anced band mixture in our system to a spin mixture with
true 1D s-wave interactions. For the large lattice depths
in Fig. 8, the distinct resonances overlap [see Fig. 1(c)]:
the slightly weaker axe is shown on the upper axis of Fig. 8.
Both data and theory include both x and z even-wave in-
teractions. However in the region of interest, correlations
are dominated by even-wave z pairing: a solid line shows
Ceaz /Ne alone.
For 0 ≤ kF aze . 2, the observed C ea /Ne plateaus to
0.5(1). The expected near-unitary contact can be esti-
mated using a zero-temperature theory [41] developed
for 1D s-wave spin mixtures, again using a mapping of
imbalanced band populations to imbalanced spin popu-
lation in the model. In the homogeneous case, one finds
Ceaz /Ne ≈ 1.0, on the same order of magnitude as the
observed value. A full description of the unitary regime
would need to include loss [see inset of Fig. 8], inhomo-
geneity, and the contribution of Cax . The contrast with
the q1D odd-wave case, where the observed contact was
. 10−2 of the unitary value, is already striking.
We can interpret the strength of the observed contact
using the adiabatic relation from 1D s-waves [74]:
∂F ~2 kF3 e z
= C . (39)
∂aze 4m a
Assuming thermal equilibrium, the interaction energy is
then found by integrating under the observed contact,
which contains contributions from both x and z reso-
nances but is dominated by C eaz . As a lower estimate
for the total interaction energy, we find that between
kF aze = 5 and kF aze = 2, ∆F ∼ −0.2 Ne EF , whereas
integrating between kF aze = 5 and kF aze = 0 we find
0.2
80 ER
0.0
120 ER
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
z
Scattering length kF ae
FIG. 8. Even-wave correlations. Even-wave contact C ea =
Ceax + C
eaz normalized by Ne , plotted versus even-wave scat-
tering lengths aze (bottom) and axe (top). The scattering
lengths ae are tuned by the magnetic field across a range
200 G to 205 G, and scaled by the calculated kF of the cen-
tral tube. Single-shot measurements of Ca use Eq. (37), re-
peated here for two different single-shot detunings: ω/2π =
100 kHz (squares) and ω/2π = 125 kHz (diamonds). Two
lattice depths are shown: red and purple points are 80 ER
and 120 ER , respectively. The shaded band gives a high-
temperature expansion prediction for C eax /Ne + C
eaz /Ne , from
Eq. (B5), with no fit parameters. The width of the band
reflects one standard deviation of systematic uncertainties
(atom number and band-population fractions) and the vari-
ation of effective-range contributions. Both data and theory
include both x and z even-wave interactions. However in the
region of interest, correlations are dominated by even-wave z
pairing: a solid line shows C eaz /Ne alone. The inset shows the
relative atom number after spectroscopy, for the same ranges
of kF aze (bottom) and kF axe (top).
∆F ∼ −0.7 Ne EF . The q1D even-wave gas is thus
strongly interacting, with an attractive energy that is
at least order of magnitude larger than is observed near
the odd-wave resonance.
One can understand the enhanced strength of q1D
even-wave interactions through the proportionality of p-
wave coupling to momentum, as indicated by Eq. (8).
For odd waves, the relevant momentum that leads to a
finite interaction is in the y direction, along the tube.
For even waves, p-wave coupling is achieved through the
transverse gradient in the spatial wave function, which is
proportional to a−1 ⊥ [see Eq. (9)]. The square of these mo-
mentum scales appears in the matrix element Eq. (9); for
a typical momentum kF , the ratio of odd- to even-wave
coupling is a2⊥ kF2 /2, which is of order N λ and necessarily
small in the q1D regime.

VI. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The observation of emergent s-wave interactions has
important implications for the prospects of universality
in spin-polarized Fermi gases. The scaling of elastic scat-
tering near the Feshbach resonance helps illustrate this
point. As discussed in Sec. I, if ae is tuned to zero [for in-
stance at B = B0z defined by Eq. (21)], then the unitary
limit fe → −1 is achieved in the limit ve k 3  1. The
range of scattering energies in which this occurs is given
by ~2 k 2 /2µ . ∆e , where ∆e ≡ ~2 ve
−2/3
/2µ. In terms of
lateral confinement strength, the leading-order width is
[86]
√ tisymmetric orbital wave functions in a strong confine-
∆e ≈ ~ω⊥ (3 2R3D /a⊥ )2/3 . (40)
Within an degenerate Fermi gas, the range of two-body
collision energies is 2EF ; these fall within the unitary
energetic width when ∆e & 2 EF , or
N λ . (3R3D /2a⊥ )2/3 . (41)
The r.h.s. of Eq. (41) is ∼ 0.2 for the confinement
strength typically used in low-dimensional quantum gas
experiments, and thus poses a comparable constraint to
the q1D criterion N λ  1. For the N λ ∼ 0.1 condi-
tions in our experiments, resonant even-wave scattering
is already energetically broad [see Fig. 2(b)].
Elastic odd-wave collisions also have a zero-range limit.
A parallel argument finds that when `−1 o → 0, the en-
ergetic width of the unitary regime (∆o = ~2 /2µro2 ) is
2
∆o ≈ ~ω⊥ (18R3D /a2⊥ ) to leading order [87]. Compar-
ing this width to 2 EF , one finds that the confinement
condition for ∆o & 2 EF is
N λ . (3R3D /a⊥ )2 . (42)
The r.h.s. of Eq. (42) is ∼ 0.02 for our typical conditions,
so is more restrictive than the q1D criterion, and not
satisfied for our experiments [see Fig. 2(b)].
A separate constraint is posed by three-body loss.
These energetic widths ∆o,e assume that `−1  kF and
ae  1/kF for a collision at the Fermi energy. As the den-
sity and energy of system is reduced, this becomes a pro-
gressively more demanding constraint for odd waves, but
less demanding for even waves. This is depicted numeri-
cally by the widths of the unitary (red) range of magnetic
fields at low collision energy in Fig. 2(d) and Fig. 2(f).
In practice, entering the `o  ro regime in which ∆o
is defined was associated by strong three-body loss, as
shown in Fig. 5(b). This mechanism was has been stud-
ied for odd-wave scattering both experimentally [22, 23]
and theoretically [44]. A similar study of losses and band
relaxation in the even-wave case is called for. A possibil-
ity is that the Pauli suppression of three-body recombi-
nation in spin-singlet mixtures might also help stabilize
orbital singlet mixtures.
Future work could also include a more detailed under-
standing of rf spectra such as shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 7,
14
especially the low-frequency deviations from the high-
frequency power law. The sub-leading contacts, conju-
gate to ro and ve for the odd- and even-wave cases [46],
should appear as additional power-law contributions to
Γ.
A shallow q1D dimer state lies below threshold both
in the repulsive `o < 0 gas and in the attractive ae > 0
gas probed in our experiment. Searching for these dimer
states and characterizing their stability would be inter-
esting. In the even-wave case, the binding energy is large
enough near resonance to invalidate the q1D treatment.
Another prospect is to search for emergent s-waves
in quasi-two-dimensional (q2D) ensembles of identical
fermions. A similar mechanism would apply: that an-
ment direction would enable exchange-even collisional
wave functions in the low-energy q2D degrees of freedom.
In either q1D or q2D, a study of the universal dynamics
and thermodynamics of the system would be interesting.
New universal contact relations should be found to
clarify, for instance, the correspondence to the closed-
channel fraction. Qualitatively, a q1D (or q2D) polar-
ized gas with emergent s-wave interactions is expected to
be similar to a spin mixture with direct s-wave interac-
tions. However for systems such as metastable helium or
those with strong spin-orbit relaxation, spin polarization
is necessary for collisional stability. For fermionic iso-
topes in these systems, emergent s-wave interactions in
the quasi-low-dimensional regime could provide a path-
way to low-energy universality.
In summary, our observations and analysis reveal the
first complete picture of quasi-one-dimensional fermions
interacting with short-range p-wave interactions. The
interplay of exchange symmetry and orbital degrees of
freedom gives rise to a surprising feature: effective s-
wave interactions along the q1D direction, whose low-
energy behavior is qualitatively different from all p-wave
systems studied to date. In particular, unlike 3D p-waves
or q1D odd-wave scattering in the ground band, even-
wave scattering is energetically broad.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank S. Smale for his early
contributions to the experiment, Xiwen Guan and Xiang-
guo Yin for discussion of Bethe ansatz calculations, and
D. Clément for discussions. This research is supported
by NSERC, AFOSR FA9550-19-1-7044 and FA9550-19-
1-0365, ARO W911NF-15-1-0603, HK GRF 17304820,
17304719 and CRF C6009-20G and C7012-21G.

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17
Appendix A: Inhomogeneous averaging
The theoretical description of atom-atom correlations
in Secs. II and III assume a single tube with a homoge-
neous atomic density. Our experimental measurements
average across two types of inhomogeneity: the density
profile within a single tube, and tube-to-tube variation
in N . In the high-temperature limit, Chom /N n1D for
a uniform-density gas is solely a function of tempera-
ture, scattering parameters, and confinement strength
(see Sec. B), i.e., variables that are uniform across our
ensemble. We can thus account for inhomogeneities by
separating out the dependence of contact on atom num-
ber and density, as
Chom
hCiobs = hN n1D i (A1)
N n1D
where hN ni is an average across the ensemble.
The inhomogeneity within each tube is treated with
a local density approximation: that each differential
length dy contributes n21D (y)dy to N n1D . In the high-
temperature limit, the density distribution is given by a
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, so
Z
hN n1D itube = n21D (y)dy = (4π)−1/2 N 2 /RT (A2)
where RT = (kB T /mωy2 )1/2 is the thermal length of
the cloud. By comparison, the peak 1D density √ is
(2π)−1/2 N/RT , such that hN n1D itube = N npk / 2.
We model the distribution of q1D ensembles by assum-
ing the transfer between a 3D Fermi gas and an array of
tubes is isentropic. This approach neglects the small frac-
tion of atoms that appear in higher bands, since edges
of the Brillouin zone cannot be adiabatic. This trans-
fer occurs during the first tramp phase of Fig. 3(a), up
to a modest depth (VL < 10ER ). The density of states
of the low-depth array is a convolution
√ of a√harmonic-
lattice density of states ρ() = 2 ER /π~ω⊥  [88, 89]
in the x and z directions with a 1D harmonic oscillator
ρ() = 1/~ωy along the tube. We find the chemical po-
tential and temperature of the transformed tube array by
imposing entropy and number conservation between the
pre-loaded gas to the array of tubes. After this loading
phase, energy and particle transport between the tubes
are suppressed as the lattice depths increase to their final
values. Including a −20% corrective factor for atom loss
observed in round-trip loading calibrations, we find the
number and temperature the central tube values to be
N ∗ ≈ 30 and Te ≈ 0.8 for typical conditions; here and
below, we will use N ∗ to define a reference value of EF .
The atom-number distribution of this adiabatic loading
model is compared to a diabatic model in which the ini-
tial 3D density distribution is partitioned into an square
array of parallelepipeds. In both models, the distribution
of N is found to be roughly uniform: i.e., as many tubes
have near-peak atom number as have only one atom.
We define aPdistribution function wN of atom number
that satisfies N wN = M , where M is the total number
 18

where ΛT = (2π~2 β/m)1/2 is the single-particle thermal

P
of tubes, and N wN N = Ntot . Without a dispersion in
atom number, each of the M tubes would have N ∗ atoms, de Broglie wavelength. As assumed in App. A, the con-
so that Ntot = N ∗ M , and the distribution function would tact is N n times a function of T , `o , and ro . A convenient
be wN = Ntot δN,N ∗ /N ∗ . Instead, in the distribution form uses kF and EF of the central tube as reference val-
exp
found in loading models, wN is approximately constant ues:
between N = 1 and N = N ∗ , and zero otherwise. This
~2 kF3 Te`2o
 
gives C` 3 2
= 1 + kF ro `o T ,
e (B2)
N 2πm 2
∗
N
exp
X 1 ∗ exp where we have used Λ−2 e 2
Ntot = wN N= (N + 1)N ∗ wN . (A3) T = T kF /4π and kF = πn.
2
N =1

exp 2. Even wave

We can rearrange this expression to find wN =
∗ ∗ ∗
2Ntot /[(N + 1)N ] for 1 ≤ N ≤ N . Since the con-
tact is proportional to N 2 in the high-temperature limit The calculation technique for the even-wave contact
[see Eq. (A2)], the ratio of the contacts in these two cases follows the high-temperature treatment for odd waves
is given by [46], i.e., using a two-channel model of spin-half fermions
∗
coupled to closed-channel molecules to evaluate the con-
N
hN 2 iexp 1 X exp 2 1 + 2N ∗ tacts for arbitrary interaction strengths. To model the
= w N N = . (A4) anisotropic nature of the interactions and the trapping
(N ∗ )2 Ntot N ∗ 3N ∗
N =1 potential, we assume that the x and z resonances are
independent 1D systems. The expression for the con-
which approaches 2/3 for large N ∗ .
tact Cax,z has a contribution from the scattering contin-
Combining the intra-tube and inter-tube inhomogene-
uum (Ca |at ) and a contribution from the two-body bound
ity effects yields a correction in the estimated value of
state (Ca |mol ). Omitting the direction label (x, z), these
the contact
two terms are
hCtube iexp
r
2 π e−1/2 Z ∞
2π −1/2 u1/2 e−u
= T . (A5)

Chom 3 8 Ca at = Ne npg
 du 2 ,
0 (mu/~2 ) (ae − muve /β~2 ) + β
(B3)
where Te = kB T /EF uses EF for the central tube, where the integration variable is dimensionless, pg is the
~ωy N ∗ . The theoretical curves shown in all figures use population fraction of ground-band atoms, and
the uniform-gas prediction multiplied by this correction, √
which is ∼ 0.4 for typical loading parameters.  ~2 2ΛT θ(ae ) β~2 /(ma2e )
Ca mol ≈ Ne npg
 e , (B4)
m ve + |ae |3 /2

Appendix B: High-temperature expansion for the where θ(x) is the Heaviside step function. Note that in
odd- and even-wave contacts Eq. (B4), we have used the shallow-dimer limit instead
of the full Eq. (19), which is a good approximation in the
In the high-temperature regime of small fugacity, z  regime kF ae & 2 shown in Fig. 8. Just like the odd-wave
1, analytic forms of the many-body contact can be found case, the even-wave contact is a function of N n, but now
from a virial expansion [46, 90–93]. Since our loading multiplied by the fraction in each band.
model predicts weakly degenerate 1D ensembles with Scaling by kF and EF of the central tube, the sum of
Te . 1, this is an appropriate limit in which to compare these contributions is
theory and experiment. In each case, we consider a sin-  √ 2 2e
Ca 2pg ~2 kF3 2πe2/(kF ae T ) e−1/2
gle 1D system with uniform density n and total number = 3/2 T
Ne π m kF3 ve + |kF ae |3 /2
N = Ln. Inhomogeneity is accounted for as described in
Z ∞
u1/2 e−u

App. A.
+ du , (B5)
0 u(kF ae − ukF3 ve Te/2)2 + 2Te−1
1. Odd wave which is plotted in Fig. 8. In the weakly interacting limit
the even-wave contacts are given by
The high-temperature calculation of the odd-wave con- Ca 2pg ~2 kF −2
tact comes from a two-channel model of interacting ≈ ae (B6)
Ne πm
atoms and closed-channel molecules [46]. In the weakly
interacting limit `o /ΛT  1, In the resonantly interacting limit, the high tempera-
ture theory breaks down, as the binding energy ∝ 1/a2e
2π~2 N n`2o
 
`o ro quickly exceeds the temperature, invalidating the high-
C` = 1 − 6π , (B1)
mΛ2T Λ2T temperature assumption.
 19

(a) (c) (d) (e)

3
2.2

Lattice potential
2
AM 1.2
1 2.0
Ne

Relative transfer (arb.)

Ng 1.8
1.0
0 1.5
Position
1.4
(b) 0.8
3
Lattice potential

FM 2 1.0
1 1.0
0.6
0.0 0.5 1.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
0 AM strength (arb.) FM strength (arb.) Population product
Position 3
Odd-wave peak Even-wave (x) peak Ne Ng /N (10 )

FIG. 9. Correlation of transfer with modulation type and strength. (a) Amplitude modulation of the lattice potential causes
a single-particle first-to-third transition that removes atoms from the first excited band. (b) Frequency modulation causes
a single-particle zero-to-first transition to populate the excited band while also depleting the ground band. (c) Number of
transferred atoms to probe state from ω e /2π = 50 kHz for 40 ER confinement with varying AM strength. No significant change
in transfer at the odd-wave peak (199.25 G). Less transfer is noticed at the even-wave (x) peak (199.75 G). Transfer is plotted
relative to the transfer with no modulation. (d) Transferred atoms for various frequency modulation. A slight decrease in
transfer for the odd-wave peak is seen as atoms are transferred out of the ground band. Transfer is increased for the even-wave
peak. (e) Transfer at even-wave peak compared to the band population product Ne Ng /N with a linear fit.

Appendix C: RF spectroscopy with variable band
populations
The odd- and even-wave contacts are extensive quan-
tities that are proportional to population in the relevant
bands at high temperature. We are able to manipulate
band populations with two types of lattice modulations,
amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation
(FM). In this Appendix, we show their effects on the
measured contacts.
Figure 9(a) illustrates AM and its primary effect on
band populations. Anharmonicity of the lattice allows
for the tuning of the frequency of modulation to be such
that only one transition is resonant: AM frequency res-
onant first-to-third excited states transfer is off-resonant
for excitation from the ground band to the second excited
band. Since atoms in the third band leave the trap, this
process distills the ground band. Figure 9(b) illustrates
how FM of the lattice produces a local position displace-
ment of the lattice potential. Unlike AM, this can drive
parity-changing transitions, and transfer atoms from the
ground band to the first excited band.
The effect of AM on the odd- and even-wave contacts
are shown in Fig. 9(c). Here circles and squares report
Γ at magnetic fields near the odd-wave and even-wave
peaks, respectively, which is proportional to the (exten-
sive) contact. We see that increasing AM strength has
no noticeable trend in Γ at the odd-wave peak, which is
consistent with odd-wave correlations being due to scat-
tering between ground-band atoms. At the even-wave
peak, decrease of Γ with AM is also consistent with even-
wave correlations being proportional to the exited-band
population.
Similarly, the effect of FM is shown in Fig. 9(d). Since
FM modulates atoms from the ground band to the ex-
cited band, one might expect an equal change in the
strength of correlations for odd and even-waves. In-
stead, we observe that increasing modulation strength
only slightly decreases transfer at the odd-wave peak and
causes comparatively large increases in transfer for the
even-wave peak. From this we remark that the relatively
equal weights for the peaks seen in Fig. 1(c) is coinciden-
tal for the ∼ 15% of excited-band atoms populated by
our multi-band loading procedure.
Figure 9(e) demonstrates how transfer at the even-
wave peak is correlated with the product of ground and
excited state atom populations, counted in band mapped
time-of-flight imaging. A linear fit of the measurements
has a zero crossing within uncertainty of zero and a re-
duced χ2 of 1.07. This measurement provides us with the
confidence to attribute the transfer seen at the even-wave
peaks as a measure of correlations between ground and
excited band atoms.
Appendix D: Final-state effects in even-wave
spectroscopy
The ideal scenario of rf spin-flip spectroscopy is that an
atom is transferred from an interacting state to a non-
interacting state. This is a good approximation when
interactions in the initial spin state are near-resonant,
and the final states at the same magnetic field are far
from resonance. In the situation probed in our exper-
iments, atoms are spin-flipped from |bi to |ci, so that
bb p-wave interactions should be large compared to bc
p-wave interactions. Coupled-channels calculations indi-
cate that the z-dimer bc p-wave Feshbach resonance is
 20

at B0 = 217.12 G, with a scattering volume that can of frequency and scattering parameters relevant to the
be parameterized as Vbc (B)/Vbg = 1 − ∆/(B − B0 ), with experiment, it does not explain the deviation of the even-
Vbg = (−107.95a0 )3 and ∆ = −8.98 G. This yields a zero- wave rf spectrum from the −5/2 scaling shown in Fig. 7.
crossing near 208 G, such that Vbc is below its background In our regime of interest, Eq. (D1) can be approxi-
value in the range of fields across which we measure q1D mated as
contacts, typically 200 G – 205 G.
For even-wave spectroscopy, in place of Eq. (30), the 2
relation between Γ and Ca is Ω2 Ca (ae − a0e )
lim Γ(ω) = √ . (D2)
ω→∞ 2 ~m ω 5/2 a02
e
2
Ω2 Ca (ae − a0e − mω(ve − ve0 )/~)
lim Γ(ω) = √ ,
ω→∞ 2 ~m ω 5/2 (mωve0 /~ − a0e )2 + (mω/~)−1 This allows us to bound the final-state effects to correc-
(D1) tions between 0.90 and 1.05 using Vbc and a typical value
where a0e and ve0 are the 1D scattering parameters for of R3D in the field and depth range used in Fig. 8. Since
the bc channel. Equation (D1) predicts a deviation of this is less than the scatter of the data, we can safely
Γ(ω) from its asymptotic form, however within the range neglect final-state effects.