ARTICLE 1

NONMANDATORY APPENDIX

APPENDIX A — IMPERFECTION VS
TYPE OF NDE METHOD
A-110 SCOPE
Table A-110 lists common imperfections and the NDE
methods that are generally capable of detecting them.
Caution — Table A-110 should be regarded for gen-
eral guidance only and not as a basis for requiring or
prohibiting a particular type of NDE method for a specific
application. For example, material and product form are
factors that could result in differences from the degree
of effectiveness implied in the table. For service-induced
imperfections, accessibility and other conditions at the
examination location are also significant factors that must
be considered in selecting a particular NDE method. In
addition, Table A-110 must not be considered to be all
inclusive; there are several NDE methods/techniques and
imperfections not listed in the table. The user must con-
sider all applicable conditions when selecting NDE meth-
ods for a specific application.

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 2004 SECTION V

TABLE A-110
IMPERFECTION VS TYPE OF NDE METHOD
Surface Sub-surf.
[Note (1)] [Note (2)] Volumetric [Note (3)]

VT PT MT ET RT UTA UTS AE UTT

Service-Induced Imperfections

Abrasive Wear (Localized) 䊉 䊎 䊎 䊉 䊎 䊎 䊎

Baffle Wear (Heat Exchangers) 䊉 䊎
Corrosion-Assisted Fatigue Cracks 䊊 䊎 䊉 䊊 䊉 䊉
Corrosion -Crevice 䊉 䊊
-General / Uniform 䊊 䊎 䊎 䊉
-Pitting 䊉 䊉 䊊 䊉 䊊 䊊 䊎 䊊
-Selective 䊉 䊉 䊊 䊊
Creep (Primary) [Note (4)]
Erosion 䊉 䊉 䊊 䊎 䊎
Fatigue Cracks 䊊 䊉 䊉 䊎 䊎 䊉 䊉
Fretting (Heat Exchanger Tubing) 䊎 䊎 䊎
Hot Cracking 䊎 䊎 䊎 䊊 䊎
Hydrogen-Induced Cracking 䊎 䊎 䊊 䊎 䊎
Intergranular Stress-Corrosion Cracks 䊊
Stress-Corrosion Cracks (Transgranular) 䊊 䊎 䊉 䊊 䊎 䊎 䊎

Welding Imperfections

Burn Through 䊉 䊉 䊎 䊊
Cracks 䊊 䊉 䊉 䊎 䊎 䊉 䊊 䊉
䊉 䊉 䊎 䊊 䊊
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Excessive/Inadequate Reinforcement
Inclusions (Slag/Tungsten) 䊎 䊎 䊉 䊎 䊊 䊊
Incomplete Fusion 䊎 䊎 䊎 䊎 䊉 䊎 䊎
Incomplete Penetration 䊎 䊉 䊉 䊎 䊉 䊉 䊎 䊎
Misalignment 䊉 䊉 䊎
Overlap 䊎 䊉 䊉 䊊 䊊
Porosity 䊉 䊉 䊊 䊉 䊎 䊊 䊊
Root Concavity 䊉 䊉 䊎 䊊 䊊 䊊
Undercut 䊉 䊎 䊎 䊊 䊉 䊎 䊊 䊊

Product Form Imperfections

Bursts (Forgings) 䊊 䊉 䊉 䊎 䊎 䊎 䊎 䊉
Cold Shuts (Castings) 䊊 䊉 䊉 䊊 䊉 䊎 䊎 䊊
Cracks (All Product Forms) 䊊 䊉 䊉 䊎 䊎 䊎 䊊 䊉
Hot Tear (Castings) 䊊 䊉 䊉 䊎 䊎 䊎 䊊 䊊
Inclusions (All Product Forms) 䊎 䊎 䊉 䊎 䊊 䊊
Lamination (Plate, Pipe) 䊊 䊎 䊎 䊊 䊉 䊊 䊉
Laps (Forgings) 䊊 䊉 䊉 䊊 䊎 䊊 䊊
Porosity (Castings) 䊉 䊉 䊊 䊉 䊊 䊊 䊊
Seams (Bar, Pipe) 䊊 䊉 䊉 䊎 䊊 䊎 䊎 䊊

Legend: AE – Acoustic Emission UTA – Ultrasonic Angle Beam

ET – Electromagnetic (Eddy Current) UTS – Ultrasonic Straight Beam
MT – Magnetic Particle UTT – Ultrasonic Thickness Measurement
PT – Liquid Penetrant VT – Visual
RT – Radiography
䊉 – All or most standard techniques will detect this imperfection under all or most conditions.
䊎 – One or more standard technique(s) will detect this imperfection under certain conditions.
䊊 – Special techniques, conditions, and/or personnel qualifications are required to detect this imperfection.
GENERAL NOTE: Table A-110 lists imperfections and NDE methods that are capable of detecting them. It must be kept in mind that this
table is very general in nature. Many factors influence the detectability of imperfections. This table assumes that only qualified personnel are
performing nondestructive examinations and good conditions exist to permit examination (good access, surface conditions, cleanliness, etc.).
NOTES:
(1) Methods capable of detecting imperfections that are open to the surface only.
(2) Methods capable of detecting imperfections that are either open to the surface or slightly subsurface.
(3) Methods capable of detecting imperfections that may be located anywhere within the examined volume.
(4) Various NDE methods are capable of detecting tertiary (3rd stage) creep and some, particularly using special techniques, are capable of
detecting secondary (2nd stage) creep. There are various descriptions/definitions for the stages of creep and a particular description/definition
will not be applicable to all materials and product forms.

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Provided by IHS under license with ASME
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