Abc RC

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
SECTION I GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY ............................................................................................ 9
CHAPTER 1: SENTENCE STRUCTURES ..................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER 2: COMPARISONS ......................................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER 3: TO - INFINITIVES ........................................................................................................ 24
CHAPTER 4: GERUNDS .................................................................................................................... 30
CHAPTER 5: PARTICIPLES .............................................................................................................. 35
CHAPTER 6: CONJUNCTIONS ........................................................................................................ 41
CHAPTER 7: PREPOSITIONS .......................................................................................................... 48
CHAPTER 8: SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT ............................................................................... 56
SECTION II READING ............................................................................................................................ 63
CHAPTER 1: QUESTIONS TYPES .................................................................................................. 64
UNIT 1: OVERVIEW/ GIST QUESTIONS .................................................................................... 64
UNIT 2: INFORMATION QUESTIONS ......................................................................................... 66
UNIT 3: NOT QUESTIONS............................................................................................................. 68
UNIT 4: INFERENCE QUESTIONS .............................................................................................. 70
UNIT 5: SYNONYMS QUESTIONS .............................................................................................. 72
CHAPTER 2: TEXT TYPES ............................................................................................................... 74
UNIT 1: LETTERS – EMAILS............................................................................................................. 74
UNIT 2: NOTICES – MEMOS ........................................................................................................ 77
UNIT 3: ADVERTISEMENTS ......................................................................................................... 80
UNIT 4: INVOICES – SCHEDULES .............................................................................................. 83
UNIT 5: DOUBLE PASSAGES ...................................................................................................... 87
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS ......................................................................................................... 89
CHAPTER A: QUESTION TYPES .................................................................................................... 90
CHAPTER B: PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ....................................................................................... 99
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SECTION I
GRAMMAR &
VOCABULARY
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CHAPTER 1: SENTENCE STRUCTURES
I. Main elements of a sentence in English
There are five main elements of a sentence in English: subject, verb, object, complement,
and modifier.
 Subject is who or what does the action in a sentence.
 Verb refers to the action or state of the subject.
 Object is the receiver of the action in a sentence. There are indirect object and direct
object.
 Complement completes the meaning of a verb and adds more information to the
subject or object in a sentence. There are subject complement and object complement.
 Modifier is a word or a group of words that modify nouns, verbs, adjectives, or a whole
sentence. It is not a must, but it adds more information to a sentence.
Among these elements, the subject and verb are the two basic ones forming a meaningful
sentence. Depending on the combination of these elements, there are different sentence
structures in English.
Example:
I / like / him / very much.
Subject Verb Object Modifier
The teacher / is / so / kind.
Subject Verb Modifier Subject complement
The man / called / me / Jack.
Subject Verb Object Object complement
II. Sentence structures in English
Depending on the combination of key elements, such as subject, verb, object, and
complement in a sentence, sentences will change their meaning.
1. Sentence structure 1: Subject + Verb
This is the most basic structure formed by only a subject and a verb. You are likely to
see common verbs such as go, work, live, come, arrive, etc. in Structure 1.
Subject + verb
Structure 1 Mr. White/ came.
The seminar / ended.
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The plane / arrived.
Sometimes, in Structure 1, a modifier may be added to make the sentence longer and
more informative.
Structure 1 + modifier
Example:
 Some employees / work / at home. (Subject + verb + modifier)
 The train / left / three hours ago. (Subject + verb + modifier)
 The museum / opens / every day. (Subject + verb + modifier)
2. Sentence structure 2: Subject + Verb + subject complement
Structure 2 is formed by Subject + verb + subject complement. The subject
complement can be an adjective or a noun/noun phrase.
Subject + verb + subject complement
She / is / the new manager.
Structure 2
His speech / was / helpful.
The project / seemed/ impossible.
Common verbs in Structure 2: You can see such linking verbs as be, become, look,
seem, etc. in Structure 2.
Verbs Examples
Be / become The job became easy.
Look / sound / feel The report looks difficult.
seem The new product seems expensive
3. Sentence structure 3: Subject + Verb + object

Structure 3 is formed by Subject + verb + object. The object can be a pronoun or a noun/
noun phrase.
Subject + verb + object
We / met / him.
Structure 3
The team / finished / the project.
The conference room / has / three / tables.
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Confusing verbs in Structure 3:
Learners are usually confused about the verbs attend, mention, and discuss. Be careful!
An object, not a preposition, must follow right after these verbs.
verbs examples
Attend He attended the meeting (right)
He attended to the meeting (wrong)
Mention I mentioned it (right)
I mentioned about it (wrong)
discuss They will discuss the problem (right)
They will discuss about the problem (wrong)
4. Sentence structure 4: Subject + Verb + indirect object + direct object

Structure 4 is formed by Subject + verb + indirect object + direct object
Subject + verb + indirect object + direct object
The headquarters / sent / us / the form.
Structure 4
He / gave / her / a copy of the sales report.
The secretary / offered / me / some help.
Common verbs in Structure 4 are give, send, buy, offer, show, tell, lend, etc.
 Dr. Steven gave them some advice.
 The man showed us the office.
 Kevin will tell me the truth.
You can change Structure 4 into Structure 3 by reordering the indirect object and direct
object, then adding a preposition before the indirect object.
- Verbs followed by the preposition to: give, send, offer, show, teach, tell, etc.
- Verbs followed by the preposition for: get, make, buy, find, etc.
5. Sentence structure 5: Subject + Verb + object + object complement
Structure 5 is formed by Subject + verb + object + object complement. The object can be a
pronoun or a noun/noun phrase. The object complement can be an adjective, a noun/noun
phrase, a to-infinitive or a bare-infinitive.
Subject + verb + indirect object + direct object
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Structure 5 The resort / makes / guests / very comfortable.
They / called / it / a big success.
He / helped / me / to finish the project.
The boss / made / us / work overtime.
Common verbs in Structure 5 include make, let, have, keep, find, etc.
verbs examples
Make / let / have The new policy will make the job hard.
Keep We keep the desks clean.
Find They found the machine useless.
Exercise 1: Name each of the elements in the sentences below.

1. I/ work / on Friday.
2. My brother / is / the manager.
3. I / found / the report / very / useful.
4. The chair / is / very / comfortable.
5. The secretary / writes / reports / every day.
6. I / cannot find / the file.
Exercise 2: Identify the elements in each of the following sentence: subject, verb or
modifier
1. The store closed 30 minutes ago.
2. I work near downtown.
3. Mr. Wilson returned from his business trip.
4. The door opens automatically.
5. Ms. Johnson works eight hours a day.
6. The bus leaves around noon.
Exercise 3: Identify the elements in each of the following sentence: subject, verb or
subject complement
1. The workshop sounds boring.
2. They were customers.
3. His idea seems useless.
4. Some items in the store looked expensive.
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5. Her presentation was very useful.
6. Mr. Lee became the president of the company.
Exercise 4: Put the words and phrases in brackets in the correct order to make
complete sentences.
1. (they, the issue, discussed)
2. (the contract, our team, finished)
3. (my suggestion, the HR manager, liked)
4. (some packages, Mr. Green, sent)
5. (the conference, will attend, Sam and Sara)
6. (an invitation, received, yesterday, we)
Exercise 5: Choose the correct option given in brackets to complete each sentence.
1. They (gave us / us gave) some documents.
2. Genie Electronics will (she offer / offer her) the position.
3. The company sent (us some chairs / some chairs us).
4. The store offers (a free coupon new customers / new customers a free coupon).
5. My coworker teaches computer language (for me / to me).
Exercise 6: Identify the structure in each of the following sentences.
1. The chairs in the meeting room looked new.
2. The engineer made his colleagues an effective device.
3. I found the discussion useful.
4. The printer over there is not working.
5. The company announced a new policy.
6. The new cleaning company keeps the office clean every day.
Exercise 7: Choose one correct option to complete the sentence.
1. The man _____ the marketing manager.
A is B he C very D it
2. Your sales report is very _____
A them B meeting . C interest D interesting
3. The new employee ______ near the office
A. he B. lives C. him D. living
4. The strategy meeting ______ in an hour.
A. they B. in the room C. it D. starts
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5. Mr. Kim’s suggestion about the problem _____ practical.
A. they B. seemed C. very D. useful
6. The relocation of the office wasn’t _____ at first.
A. easy B. easily C. seemed D. became
7. TeleCom __________ cellular phones at low prices.
A. its B. us C. sells D. selling
8. Some of the executives will discuss ____ later this week.
A. they B. them C. doing D. effective
9. The sales clerk sold ______ the copy machine.
A. hers B. our C. me D. he
10. The boss _____ his staff some helpful tips.
A. was B. gave C. provided D. talked
11. He ____ the company profitable.
A looked B was C made D seemed
12. The employee in the Accounting Department ____ the job impossible.
A seemed B worked C became D found
Homework: Common vocabulary in the TOEIC test
A Match the verbs in the left with their corresponding phrases in the right.
1. quit a. from a business trip
2. solve b. a job (two times)
3. participate c. an appointment
4. make d. a problem
5. return e. a taxi,
6. fill out/in f. in an event
7. pay for g. a form
8. apply for
B Fill the gaps with the verbs in the box to form correct collocations
transfer contact announce promote
1. ________ some money
2. ________ the office
3. ________ sales
4. ________ something
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repair recommend do complete
5. ________ a car
6. ________ a project
7. ________ business
8. Highly ________
C. Identify the sentence elements
1. Mr. Smiths/ gave/ the employees/ a raise.
2. They/ consider/ Jacob/ a loyal friend.
3. At a very early age/, she/ became/ a Buddhist.
4. The cake/ on the table/ looks/ delicious.
5. Her voice/ is/ quite/ lovely.
6. Tom/ is/ a good student.
7. Mary/ thoroughly/ cleaned/ the floor.
8. She/ always/ drinks/ coffee/ at breakfast.
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CHAPTER 2: COMPARISONS
I. Comparisons of Equality of Adjectives and Adverbs
The structure as + adjective/adverb + as is used to say that two people or things are equal
in some quality or some way.
Ex: This train is as slow as that one. (as + adjective + as)
Fill out this form as quickly as possible, (as + adverb + as)
Structures Functions
As + adjective + as Functioning as a complement
As + adverb + as Modifying a verb or a whole sentence
Example:
The new machine is as expensive as the old one. (Functioning as the subject complement
of the new machine)
Please respond to this e-mail as promptly as you can, (Modifying the verb respond)
A Choose the correct option in brackets for each sentence.
1. The new printer is as (effective / effectively) as the old one.
2. His suggestion was as (creatively / creative) as mine.
3. They are as (qualified / qualify) as Mr. Armstrong for this work.
4. The plan is going as (smooth / smoothly) as we thought.
5. Mr. Thomson entered the meeting room as (quiet / quietly) as he could.
6. Please deal with these customer complaints as (fastly / fast) as you can.
B Choose the correct option to complete each sentence.
1. You should hand in the sales report to the boss as _____ as possible.
A quick B quickly C quicker D quickest
2. This year’s salary increase is as ______ as that of last year.
A largely B larger C largest D large
II. Comparative Forms of Adjectives and Adverbs
1. Usage and formation of the comparative forms
The comparative form is used to compare only two people or things.
The comparative form of one-syllable adjectives/adverbs is adjective/adverb + -er.
The comparative form of more-than-one-syllable adjectives/adverbs is more +
adjective/adverb.
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The preposition/conjunction than is added to compare one person or thing with the other.
Example:
His speech was longer than mine,
The damage was more serious than we had thought.
You should speak more clearly.
Below are the irregular comparative forms of some adjectives/ adverbs. .
good/well - better bad/badly - worse much/many-more little 一 less
2. Adverbs emphasizing comparative forms

Adverbs like even, much, still, far, a lot are put in front of the comparative forms of adjectives/
adverbs to emphasize them.
The marketing strategy is much better than we expected.
A Complete each sentence with the correct comparative form.
1. (high) The cost was _____ they had said.
2. (soon) The meeting finished _____ than we had thought it would.
3. (carefully) You should review the report _____. .
4. (greatly) The exports increased _____ than we had expected.
5. (fast) The oil prices are going to increase _____ now.
6. (much, serious) The traffic jam is _____ before.
1. The productivity of the factory became _____ than before.
A low B much low C lower D as lower.
2. The usage of the device was _____ more difficult than I had thought,
A a lot B very C many D so
III. Superlative Forms of Adjectives and Adverbs
1. Usage and formation of the superlative forms
The superlative form is used to compare more than two people or things.
The superlative form of one-syllable adjectives / adverbs is adjective/adverb + -est.
The superlative form of more-than-one-syllable adjectives/adverbs is most +
adjective/adverb. The article the is a must in superlative forms.
Example:
This store has the widest selection of CDs in the town.
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Dream Co. is the most important client.
The company produces the best cellular phone in the world.
Below are the irregular superiative forms of some adjectives/ adverbs.
good/well - best bad/badly-worst much / many - most little - least
Common expressions of superlative forms
at least at the latest at most at best
A Complete each sentence with the correct superlative form of the adjective or adverb
given in brackets.
1. (small) The company developed _____ laptop computer in the world.
2. (impressive) That was _____ presentation.
3. (much) At least she worked _____ at the company.
4. (bad) We had _____ sales record this year.
5. (efficiently) I think he works _____.
6. (good) They offer _____ quality seafood in the country.
1. Ms. Pitt is the _____ employee in the Sales Department.
A reliable B most reliable C more reliable D reliables
2. You should submit it by Friday at the _____ .
A late B latest C later D most
IV. Common expressions of comparisons
Structures Meanings
Not as/ so + adjective/ adverb + as To say that two people or things are not
equal in some quality or some way
The + comparative form, the + comparative To show that two things change to the same
form degree
One of the + superlative + plural noun To say that someone or something is part of
a group with the greatest degree of a
particular quality
The + superlative form + noun + subject + To express someone or something of the
have/ has + ever + past participle highest possible quality so far
Example:
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His suggestion was not so effective as that of the manager.
The more we know about the problem, the more difficult it becomes.
That is one of the most expensive products.
This is the biggest automobile factory I have ever seen.
A Choose the correct option given in brackets to complete each sentence.
1. The Hilton Hotel is one of the (largest / large) hotels in the world.
2. The more employees earn, (the harder / the hardest) they work.
3. Coit Tower is one of the (tallest / tall) buildings in the city.
4. The new computer was not so expensive (as / than) the old one.
5. Steven is (the most / the more) hard-working employee I have ever met.
6. The more difficult the work gets, the (much / more) interesting it seems.
1. One of the _____ international conferences will be held in this country.
A bigger B as big C most biggest D biggest
2. The cost of living was not so _____ as we had expected.
A high B higher C highest D as high
HOMEWORK
1/ Choose the best answer
1. Last night I went to bed (early / earlier) than usual.
2. It is (much / more) hotter on the sun than on the moon.
3. This computer is inferior (to / than) that one.
4. Taking the train is not (as / more) expensive as flying.
5. This section is (very / much) easier than the rest.
6. The cheetah is the (faster / fastest) animal in Africa.
7. That was (most / the most) delicious meal I’ve ever had.
8. He is five years senior (to / than) me.
9. Of the two subjects, English is the (more / most) interesting.
10. Gas is twice as expensive (as / than) it was a few years ago.
1. This is the ----- hotel available in this district.
(A) good (B) better
(C) best (D) more good
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2. Which is the ----- month of the year in your country?
(A) hottest (B) most hot
(C) many more hotter (D) much hot
3. They are very happy with a ------- than normal pay increase.
(A) longer (B) larger
(C) smaller (D) more expensive
4. He was doing the -------- he could.
(A) good (B) very good
(C) very better (D) very best
5. Yesterday’s game was ----- in this series.
(A) more exciting (B) the most excited
(C) the most exciting (D) more excited
6. The weather couldn’t be ----, it’s perfect.
(A) colder (B) hotter
(C) better (D) summer
7. The longer you practice, ------ accurately you will be able to type.
(A) more (B) the
(C) the more (D) the most
8. Between them, Dr. Gates has ------- insight.
(A) the greater (B) greater
(C) greatest (D) more greater
9. She tried to express her feelings ------- she could.
(A) more honest than (B) as honest as
(C) more honestly (D) as honestly as
10. Of the three runners, she is by far ------- .
(A) a runner (B) very slow
(C) very fast (D) the fastest
11 . Sally has been to Europe ------- Peter has.
(A) the most times than (B) as many times
(C) more times (D) as many times as
12. Jerry had ------- difficulty of all the students in figuring out the problem.
(A) a lot of (B) fewest
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(C) the least (D) some
13. We enjoy skiing ----- they do.
(A) as much as (B) as many as
(C) as more as (D) as more than
14. He is not a novice reporter ------.
(A) any longer (B) some longer
(C) any longest (D) some longest
15. This box is ------ as that one.
(A) boxier (B) filled with toys
(C) a square (D) twice as large
16. This is much --------- than expected.
(A) well (B) good (C) better (D) best
17. This jacket is ----------- superior to that one.
(A) far (B) few (C) a few (D) any
18. Of all the students, John is the ---------
(A) tall (B) taller (C) tallest (D) most tall
19. This is the ----------- class I have ever taken.
(A) difficult (B) most difficult
(C) more difficult (D) as difficult as
1. I am taller ——— you.
(A) as (B) than
(C) more than (D) less than
2. A plane is —— than a bus.
(A) faster (B) more fast
(C) more faster (D) fastest
3. This one is more ——— than that one.
(A) cheap (B) cheaper
(C) expensive (D) expensively
4. This lake is much ——— than the one near my house.
(A) deep (B) deeper
(C) deeply (D) deepness
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5. This black wallet is much ——— attractive than the brown one.
(A) too (B) more (C) so (D) as
6. The mummy is the ------ object in the museum.
(A) interesting (B) boring
(C) more interesting (D) most interesting
7. Her granddaughter is as tall ----- a high school student.
(A) as (B) than (C) for (D) of
8. Misung swims ——— than Mia, but Mia can swim farther.
(A) fast (B) faster
(C) fastest (D) too fast
9. Brian is a lot ——— than George.
(A) taller (B) the taller
(C) tall (D) more taller
10. Sally is ——— more quickly than Steve.
(A) much (B) runs
(C) the (D) running
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CHAPTER 3: TO - INFINITIVES
An infinitive is the base form of a verb.

An infinitive without to is known as a bare infinitive.
A to-infinitive is formed by to + bare infinitive and can function as a noun, an adjective,
or an adverb in a sentence.
I. To-infinitive as a noun
Grammatically, when functioning as a noun, a to-infinitive can come in the position of a
subject, an object, a subject complement, or an object complement. When it is a subject,
the verb that follows is in the singular form.
Subject To recruit good employees is difficult.
Object She wants to quit her job.
Subject complement The goal is to increase sales.
Object complement He advises me to apply for the job.
Exercise A:
1. The SM Company needs _____ more people.
A. to hire B. hire C. to hiring D. hired
2. The purpose of the meeting is _____ the issue.
A. discussion B. discuss C. to discuss D. discussed
Exercise B:
1. The teacher decided (accepting/to accept) the paper.
2. We found it very difficult (reaching/to reach) a decision.
3. We are eager (to return/returning) to school in the fall.
4. She refused (to accept/accepting) the gift.
5. Carlos hopes (to finish/finishing) his thesis this year.
II. To-infinitive as an adjective/ adverb

1. As an adjective
A to-infinitive can follow a noun and functions as an adjective modifying that noun.
Example: He has a lot of work to do.
Ms. Smith has a business call to make.
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2. As an adverb
A to-infinitive can function as an adverb and expresses a purpose/reason, a judgement, or
a result.
Express a purpose/ To pass the exam, Steve studied hard.
reason We were very pleased to hear the news.
Express a judgement The owner must be stupid to say such a thing.
Express a result The boss advised her only to offend her.
Exercise A: Choose the correct option to complete each sentence.

1. Mr. Kim worked hard _______ a promotion.
A to get B getting C got D get
2. All the staff members were surprised _____ the bad news.
A heard B hear C hearing D to hear
Exercise B:
1. They agreed (to leave/leaving) early.
2. Helen was anxious (to tell/telling) her family about her promotion.
3. We are not ready (to stop/stopping) this research at this time.
4. Richard is expecting (us/our) to go to class tomorrow.
5. George asked (me/my) to call him last night.
III. Common structures with to-infinitive
1. Semantic subject
When the subject of a sentence and the subject of a to-infinitive are not the same, we will
use “it” as the subject:
It + be + adjective + for somebody + to-infinitive
Example: It is impossible for us to read her handwriting.

* Note: In case there are adjectives showing emotions or feelings (kind, nice, smart, silly,
foolish, — etc.), we use the structure “of + personal pronoun”
Example: It is so nice of you to visit us.
Exercise A Choose the correct answer
1. It is very kind (you / of you) to help the poor.
2. It is difficult (for Koreans / of Koreans) to learn English.
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3. My boss told me (to be not / not to be) late for work.
4. It is wise (by Jeff / of Jeff) to reconsider the offer.
5. It is not easy (for Mr. Johnson / of Mr. Johnson) to answer the question.
6. It is good (for you / in you) to sign up for the course to improve your job skills.
B: Choose the correct option to complete each sentence.
1. It is dangerous for workers ____ safety gear.
A not wear B to not wear C not to wear D to wear not
2. It was difficult ____ to explain the reasons for the decision.
A him B of him C as him D for him
2. Too … to/ Enough to
Too... to V
We use too + adjective/adverb + to-infinitive to express something more than sufficient or
more than necessary.
Example: This training program is too difficult for me to follow.
These issues are too hard to resolve.
Enough to V
We use adjective/adverb + enough + to-infinitive in a positive sentence to express some-
thing sufficient, and in a negative sentence to express something less than sufficient or
less than necessary.
Example: The digital camera is easy enough for customers to use.
He is smart enough to make the right choice for the company.
Exercise C: Correct the mistakes in the following sentences
1. The product is too expensive for me buying.
2. Stella is enough clever to pass the promotion test.
3. I think she is strong enough handling the problem.
4. The candidate was too arrogant be elected president.
5. We were tired too to attend the conference. :
6. Jake is smart enough getting a job at one of the top companies in the U.S.
Exercise D: Choose the correct option to complete each sentence.
1. This place is quiet enough for the staff _______ on the project.
A work B works C worked D to work
2. This year's sales target was too high for us _______
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A achieve B achieving C to achieve D to be achieved
IV. Common verbs, nouns, adjectives followed by a to-infinitive
Verb + to V
Advise Desire Intend Plan
Afford Enable Instruct Prepare
Agree Encourage Invite Refuse
Ask Expect Learn Request
Allow Fail Need Seem
Attempt Force Order Tend
Want Help Offer Tell
Decide Hope Permit Teach
Noun + to V
Ability Effort Chance
Right Time Opportunity
Plan Way Decision
Adjective + to V
Able Delighted Happy Safe
Afraid Difficult Lucky Scared
Anxious Eager (Im)possible Slow
Astonished Easy Proud Sure
Boring Hard Quick Useless
Curious Free Ready Willing
Dangerous Glad Right Wise
Exercise A: Fill the gaps with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets.
1. (sign) The CEO agreed _____ the contract.
2. (review) You can take your time _____ the checklists.
3. (increase) The interest rates are likely _____ in the first quarter.
Exercise B: choose the correct option to complete each sentence.
1. We are eager ____ you and to talk about the issue.
A to meet B meeting C meet D met
2. I don’t think many people will have a chance ____ for the job.
A for applying B applying C to applying D to apply
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Homework:
Common vocabulary in the TOEIC test
A Match the words in the left column with their corresponding words in the right.
1. account a. on/about
2. concentrate b. A of B (x 2)
3. remind . c. A with B
4. fill d. for
5. take advantage e. on
6. inform f. of
7. get g. on/over
8. comment
B Fill the gaps with the verbs in the box to form correct collocations.
look prevent bid work
1. _______ forward to
2. _______ from home
3. _______A from doing
4. _______ for
take apologize deal take
5. ______ steps
6. ______ with
7. ______ turns
8. ______ for
C. Practice with TOEIC actual questions
1. We called the mall ___ out whether the products were sold out.
(A) to finding (B) for finding (C) to find (D) find
2. Mr. Taylor has the ability ____ people.
(A) persuading (B) persuade (C) to persuade (D) persuasion
3. All the employees were asked ___ the meeting on Saturday.
(A) attend (B) attended (C) attending (D) to attend
4. Ms. Watson tried hard to help the customer only ___ her.
(A) upset (B) have upset (C) upsetting (D) to upset
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5. ____ sales, we decided to advertise our products in the local newspapers.
(A) Increase (B) Increasing (C) Increased (D) To increase
6. They finished the research but failed ___ the results.
(A) reporting (B) to report (C) report (D) for reporting
7. The company made every effort _____ customer satisfaction.
(A) boost (B) boosting (C) to boost (D) for boosting
8. I am very pleased _____ you of our decision.
(A) inform (B) to inform (C) to be informed (D) information
9. The purpose of this meeting is _____ an agreement on our marketing strategy.
(A) to reach (B) reach (C) reached (D) to reaching
10. We believe that Jason is ready ____ with others.
(A) cooperate (B) cooperating (C) to cooperate (D) of cooperating
11. You have the right ____ for a refund.
(A) asking (B) to ask (C) of asking (D) ask
Questions 12-13 refer to the following letter.
Mr. David Hornsby
190 Broadway
Vancouver, BC
Dear Mr. Hornsby,
I am writing this letter ____ that you will start working for Big Office Supplies
12. (A) confirm (B) to confirm
(C) confirming (D) for confirming
on April 12. Your job duties will be explained during the training session.
As we discussed before, you will be able ____ twenty days of vacation and
13. (A) have (B) having
(C) to having (D) to have
three sick days. If you have any questions, please let us know.
29
CHAPTER 4: GERUNDS
A gerund is formed by adding the suffix -ing to a bare infinitive. A gerund can be used
as a noun.
A gerund also has the characteristics of a verb. A gerund may be followed by an object or
modified by an adverb.
He enjoys answering my questions.
Object
My vacation plans involve traveling abroad.
Adverb
I. Functions of a gerund
Grammatically, it can function as a subject, an object, or a complement in a sentence.
Example:
Making a plan is important.
Subject
He enjoys pointing out mistakes in my reports.
Object
My hobby is traveling abroad.
Complement
* Tips: unlike nouns, gerunds may be followed by an objects.
Explaining the concept was hard. (True)
Explanation the concept was hard (False)
Exercise A Choose the correct option to complete each sentence
1. They suggested (get / getting) a new office.
2. (Test / Testing) a new device is always fun.
3. (Solving / Solve) the problem took lots of time and money.
4. You can make a reservation by (to call / calling) the hotel.
5. (Reduction / Reducing) the costs was more difficult than we had expected.
Exercise B Choose the correct option to complete each sentence.
1. Her job is ___ phone calls from customers.
A answered B answering C to answering D answer
2. Many employees in the office are interested in ____ medical checkups.
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A get B to get C getting D gotten
II. Verbs followed by a gerund
These gerunds function as the objects of the verbs.
Admit Delay Miss Resume
Appreciate Deny Postpone Risk
Avoid Enjoy Practice Recommend
Can’t help Finish Quit Suggest
Can’t stand Insist Spend
Consider Mind Resist
Exercise A Correct the mistakes in the following sentences.
1. They postpone to have a meeting.
2. Have you ever considered quit your job?
3. I don't mind worked overtime.
4. You should avoid to use cell phones while working.
5. The mayor kept to insist on increasing tax revenues.
6. The technician suggested to get rid of a few computers in the office.
1. They postponed ___ a new branch in San Diego.
A open B to open C opened D opening
2. The accounting team hasn’t finished ___ up the proposal.
A write B wrote C writing D to write
III. Common expressions followed by a gerund
Have difficulty V-ing Be worth V-ing
Be busy V-ing Feel like V-ing
There is no use V-ing Be/ get used to V-ing
Phrasal verbs + Gerund
Approve of Insist on Think about/of Confess to
Be better off Keep on Go on
Count on Put off Worry about
Depend on Rely on Object to
Give up Succeed in Look forward to
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Adjective + preposition Good at Tired of
+ Gerund Fond of Devoted to
Accustomed to Intent on Keen on
Afraid of Interested in Familiar with
Capable of Successful in
Noun + preposition + Gerund
Choice of Possibility of Reason for
Excuse for Intention of Method of
Exercise
1. This proposal is worth (to read / reading).
2. Do you feel like (to go / going) out to eat?
3. The director is devoted to (promote / promoting) sales.
4. The employees are not accustomed (to using / to use) the Intranet.
5. We are looking forward to (hearing / hear) from you.
6. The new secretary spends her time (to shop / shopping) online at lunchtime.
B choose the correct option to complete each sentence.
1. The team is busy ___ a new software program.
A develop B to develop C developing D development
2. Mr. Smith had difficulty ____ used to the new working environment.
A getting B to get C get D gotten
HOMEWORK
A Match the words in the left column with their corresponding words in the right column.
1. notify a. a conference
2. seek b. the construction
3. resume c. a problem
4. discontinue d. of the changes
5. hold e. a survey
6. meet f. a solution
7. cause g. a deadline
8. conduct h. meeting
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B Fill the gaps with the verbs in the box to form correct collocations.
approve schedule purchase refer
1. _____ a meeting
2. _____ a proposal
3. _____ to a book
4. _____ a ticket
install adjust provide prohibit
5. _____ you with benefits
6. _____ to a new environment
7. _____ a new program
8. _____ from using a phone
C. Practice with TOEIC actual questions
1. _____ the restaurant will attract more customers.
(A) Renovation (B) Renovating
(C) Renovated (D) To renovating
2. The newly hired secretary is good at ____
(A) organizing (B) to organize
(C) organize (D) organization
3. The president suggested ___ a new staff lounge to better serve the employees.
(A) to build (B) build
(C) built (D) building
4, We would like to thank you for ____ in our annual conference.
(A) participate (B) participating
(C) to participate (D) participated
5. Mr. Carter has had difficulty ___ experienced research specialists since last month.
(A) find (B) finding
(C) to find (D) found
6. Because of the bad economic situation, we could not help ____ our New York branch.
(A) close (B) closed
(C) closing (D) to close
7. You can simply book your ticket by ____ our website or dropping by one of our stores.
33
(A) visits (B) visiting
(C) visit (D) to visit
8. We regret ___ you that your application has been rejected.
(A) to tell (B) told
(C) telling (D) tells
9. They stopped ____ the old model in order to promote a newly released one.
(A) to sell (B) selling
(C) sold (D) sell
10. ___ the number of security guards will hopefully reduce the chance of thefts.
(A) Increase (B) Increasing
(C) Increased (D) To increasing
11. Atlantis Co. strictly prohibits its employees from ___ an office phone for personal reasons.
(A) use (B) to use
(C) used (D) using
12. The company has considered ___ its branch to Boston for the past few weeks.
(A) relocation (B) to relocate
(C) relocating (D) relocated
Question 13-14 refer to the following letter
Dear Mr. Myer,
According to our records, your membership with California Fitness will expire in a few
weeks. We would like ____ you with a special offer. With your renewal of your membership,
13. (A) to provide (B) provide
(C) providing (D) provided
you can continue _____ our facilities and services at a discounted price.
14. (A) use (B) used
(C) using (D) uses
Sincerely,
Jane Miller
34
CHAPTER 5: PARTICIPLES
A participle is a verbal adjective, sharing in part the characteristics of both a verb and an
adjective. There are present participles (formed by bare infinitive + -ing) and past
participles (formed by bare infinitive + -ed or irregular past participles).
Example:
a disappointing result (present participle modifies the noun result)
a newly released products (Past participle modifies the noun products.)
Similar to to-infinitives and gerunds, participles also share the characteristics of a verb.
Therefore, there may be an object after a participle, and a participle may be modified by an
adverb.
* Differences between gerunds and present participles
Both gerunds and present participles have the same structure bare infini-tive + -ing. If
the structure bare infinitive + -ing states the purpose or function of a noun, such as a
sleeping car (-> a car for sleeping), then it is a gerund. If the structure bare infinitive + -
ing functions as an adjective, such as a sleeping man (-> a man who is sleeping), then
it is a present participle.
I. Present Participles & Past Participles
What is a present participle?
A present participle has the form bare infinitive + -ing. In a sentence, it can come before or
after a noun to modify it, or it can be used as a complement to modify a subject or an
object.
Example:
Look at the dropping sales figures. (Modifying the noun phrase sales figures)
My job is totally boring. (Subject complement)
I saw Mr. Simpson getting into the president's office. (Object complement)
What is a past participle?
A past participle has the form bare infinitive + -ed or irregular past participles. In a
sentence, it can come before or after a noun to modify it, or it can be used as a
complement to modify a subject or an object.
Here is a detailed schedule. (Modifying the noun schedule)
35
The sculptures exhibited here are not for sale. (Modifying the noun phrase the sculptures)
The salesperson stood surrounded by customers. (Subject complement)
The man had the fax machine fixed. (Object complement)
* The present participle is often used when we want to express an active action. The past
participle is often used when we want to express a passive action.
Exercise
1. Please refer to the (attached / attaching) price list.
2. They should put (warning / warned) labels on the products.
3. After the seminar was over, we were all (impressed / impressing).
4. Please refer to the prices (listing / listed) in the catalogue.
5. Customers found our products (fascinated / fascinating).
6. An (increasing / increased) number of people use online shopping.
1. We are looking for ____ workers.
A experience B experiences C experiencing D experienced
2. The president ordered the meeting _______ .
A cancel B canceled C canceling D being canceled
II. Common Participial Adjectives
Participial adjectives are a major subclass of adjectives.
Present participial adjectives (V + -ing) are used to describe the people or things that
cause a certain feeling to somebody. Past participial adjectives (V + -ed) are used to say
how people feel.
Below is a list of common participial adjectives.
Boring – bored Encouraging – encouraged
Exciting – excited Confusing – confused
Interesting – interested Disappointing – disappointed
Depressing – depressed Pleasing - pleased
Surprising – surprised
Exercise
A Fill the gaps with the correct forms of participial adjectives.
36
1. (disappoint) Steven’s proposal was ______
2. (excite) The audience was _____ about the performance.
3. (please) They were______ with our products.
4. (disappoint) The chief executive was _____ with the survey results.
5. (confuse) The new road system was ______ to the citizens.
6. (interest) The representatives were ____ in importing our electronic goods.
1. The customers are so _____ by the new ordering system.
A confusing B confuse C confused D confusion
2. The market share was so _____ that we decided to take stronger action.
A depress B depressing C depressed D depression
III. Participial Phrases
A participial phrase is formed from an adverb clause whose structure is conjunction + subject
+ verb. A participial phrase describes an action that is secondary to the main action of the
sentence.
How to form a participial phrase:
Step 1 Omit the conjunction in the adverb Because he is unemployed, he
clause cannot support his family.
Step 2 In case the subjects of the two He is unemployed, he cannot support
clauses are alike, omit the subject in his family.
the adverb clause.
Step 3 Add –ing to the bare infinitive. The (Being) unemployed, he cannot
participle being maybe omitted support his family.
- Sometimes, the conjunction is not omitted to keep the meaning of the participial phrase
clear.
E.g.: When applying for the job, you should include at least three references.
- Participle clauses with past participles have a passive meaning:
Shouting loudly, Peter walked home. [Peter was shouting]
Shouted at loudly, Peter walked home. [Someone was shouting at Peter]
- If we wish to emphasize that one action was before another then we can use a perfect
participle (having + past participle):
37
Having won the match, Susan jumped for joy.
Exercise: Choose the correct option to complete each sentence.
1. ____ from the USA, some books were seriously damaged.
(A) Delivery (B) Deliver (C) Delivered (D) Being delivering
2. Before ____ on vacation, you should report it to the manager.
(A) going (B) go (C) gone (D) went
3. There’s ------- news.
(A) excite (B) excitement (C) exciting (D) excited
4. She was -----.
(A) surprise (B) to surprise (C) surprisingly (D) surprised
5. ------ tired, he decided to leave early.
(A) Feels (B) To feel (C) Feeling (D) Felt
6. ------- from a distance, the painting appeared quite realistic.
(A) Seen (B) Saw (C) Seeing (D) See it
7. When ___ the payment, you should present your order number.
(A) sent (B) send (C) sending (D) sends
8. ___ in Spanish, the report is hard to understand.
(A) Write (B) Writing (C) Written (D) To write
HOMEWORK
A Choose the option that best explains the meaning of each participial adjective
1. declining sales a. increasing b. decreasing
2. existing staff a. current b. new
3. missing documents a. lost b. written
4. experienced workers a. skilled b. unskilled
5. qualified applicants a. suitable b. recruited
6. written permission a. oral b. in documents
7. complicated procedures a. simple b. complex
8. extended time a. prolonged b. limited
B Fill the gaps with the participial adjectives in the box to form correct collocations.
operating limited growing promising
1. _____ candidate
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2. _____ time
3. _____ hours
4. _____ company
valued leading detailed attached
5. _____ information
6. _____ list
7. _____ corporation
8. _____ customers
C Practice with TOEIC Actual Questions
1. Customers ___ our online store complained about the slow shipping.
(A) using (B) used
(C) use (D) to use
2. The building is in ____ condition.
(A) damaging (B) damaged
(C) damages (D) damage
3. When ____ out the application form, please make sure it does not have any typos.
(A) fills (B) filled
(C) to fill (D) filling
4. Anyone ____ in working abroad should talk to a supervisor.
(A) interest (B) interests
(C) interesting (D) interested
5. Sales this year have been ____ to both the management and the staff.
(A) disappoints (B) disappoint
(C) disappointing (D) disappointed
6. They saw a group of people ____ the mayor’s office.
(A) entered (B) entering
(C) to enter (D) entrance
7. ___ big bonuses last week, all the employees seemed pleased.
(A) Given (B) Giving
(C) Give (D) To give
8. Mr. Kim’s suggestion was ____ , and some concepts were difficult to understand.
(A) confuses (B) confused
39
(C) confuse (D) confusing
9. Info Tech, is one of the ___ multinational companies in the nation.
(A) leading (B) led
(C) to lead (D) lead
10. Please post the ____ information on the bulletin board.
(A) request (B) requesting
(C) to request (D) requested
11. The participants at the book fair seemed quite ____
(A) satisfaction (B) satisfying
(C) satisfied (D) satisfy
12. You can visit our website to find more ___ information on our products.
(A) detail (B) detailed
(C) details (D) detailing
13. They decided to renovate the ____ facilities in the factory.
(A) existing (B) leading
(C) built (D) extended
14. H&P Co. is one of the ____ companies in the field of fashion.
(A) warning (B) operating
(C) promising (D) missing
40
CHAPTER 6: CONJUNCTIONS
A conjunction is a word or a group of word that join two sentences or two parts of a sentence,
i.e. it connects words with words, phrases with phrases, or clauses with clauses. Conjunctions
are divided into two kinds: coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions.
Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two sentences or two parts of a sentence that are
grammatically equal. The two parts may be words, phrases, or clauses.
Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a subordinate clause to a main clause. Specifically,
subordinating conjunctions can join a main clause to a noun clause, an adjective clause, or an
adverb clause.
Coordinating and, or, so, but, for, nor
conjunctions
Conjunctions in that, if, whether
noun clauses
Time when, while, before, after, as
soon as, until, since
Subordinating Reason because, since, as, now that
conjunctions Conjunctions in Condition and if, unless, as long as, once, in
adverb clauses concession case, although, though, while,
even though, even if
Purpose and result so that, so/such ~ that, in
order that
I. Coordinating conjunctions and correlative conjunctions

1. Coordinating conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two sentences or two parts of a sentence, i.e. words
with words, phrases with phrases, or clauses with clauses, which are grammatically equal.
And He called me and asked me many questions.
But He was not a great candidate,but he was hired.
Or Is the factory in Seattle or in Chicago?
So I felt sick so I didn’t go to work.
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2. Correlative conjunctions
Some conjunctions combine with other words to form what are called correlative
conjunctions. They always go in pairs, joining sentence elements that are grammatically
equal.
Both A and B I enjoy working with both Chris and Cindy.
Either A or B Either the president or vice president will attend the meeting.
Neither A nor B Neither Mr. Kim nor Mr. Park is qualified for the position.
Not only A but Not only my boss but also my coworkers didn’t understand my proposal.
(also) B

1. You can (both / either / neither) fax the document or mail it.
2. Mr. Smith was sick, (so / but / or) he didn't go to work.
3. This machine is not only slow (but / or / nor) also complicated.
4. You have to bring both your passport (and / or / nor) flight ticket.
5. Booking a plane ticket online is cheap, (either / but / or) you have to do it early.
1. Either Sam ____ Tom will be sent to the new branch in L.A.
A and B or C but D nor
2. He didn’t like his job, ____ he quit three months ago.
A yet B or C but D so
II. Conjunctions in noun clauses (that/ if/ whether)
Conjunctions “that” in noun clauses
The conjunction that stands at the beginning of a noun clause and helps connect the noun
clause to the main verb of a sentence. In a sentence, a noun clause can function as a subject,
an object, or a complement.
Subject That he went on a business trip last week is not true.
Object I think that he is a reliable person.
Complement Our plan is that we launch the new product by January.
Conjunctions if and whether in noun clauses
42
Both the conjunctions if and whether can be used when the noun clause is formed from a Yes/
No question. In a sentence, a noun clause starting with whether can function as a subject, an
object, or a complement, whereas one starting with if can only function as an object or a
complement, not as a subject.
Subject Whether we can cut production costs (or not) is not certain.
Object I wonder if she can make it to the meeting tonight.
Complement The problem is whether it is a right thing to do or not.

1. Everybody thinks (that / if) he is competent.
2. The manager has not decided (that / if) he will hire more workers.
3. I strongly believe (that / whether) the team will meet the deadline,
4. The issue is (whether / what) he is qualified or not.
5. (That / If) she made such a critical mistake during the presentation was shocking.
1. I don't know _____ he has enough money to invest in the stock market.
A but B and C if D because
2. My dream is _____ I start to run my own-business.
A whether B that C so D but
III. Conjunctions in Adverb Clauses (of Time and Condition)
Conjunctions in adverb clauses of time
when while before after
until since as as soon as
Example:
While he is away, Ms. Sanderson will make important decisions.
As soons as I finish the meeting, I will call you.
Conjunctions in adverb clauses of condition
If Unless (= if ~ not)
As long as Providing / provided (that)
Once In case
43
Example:
If you arrive tomorrow, I can pick you up at the airport.
You can get a refund as long as you have the receipt.
* Note: In adverb clauses of time and condition, the present simple tense is used instead of the
future simple tense.
A Correct the underlined conjunctions in the following sentences.
1. I will let you know after I can join the club.
2. Once he was working in a factory, he hurt his back.
3. Since I get the package, I will send it to you.
4. Unless it does not rain, the company will hold the reception.
5. He has worked as a computer programmer when he was 20 years old.
1. ____ you sign the contract, you should read it carefully.
A Once B After C Unless D Before
2. You will not get paid _____ you are on time.
A as long as B when C if D unless
IV. Conjunctions in Adverb Clauses (of Reason, Concession, Purpose, and Result)
Conjunctions in Adverb Clauses of Reason and Concession
Reason Concession
because, since, as although, though, even though, even if
now that while, whereas
Example:
He didn't participate in the seminar because he was sick.
Although the company tried hard, it failed to achieve its goal.
Conjunctions in adverb clauses of purpose and result
Purpose Result
so that ( can/could), so ~ that
in order that such ~ that
Example:
44
He worked hard so that he could get a promotion.
She is so creative that all the people like her ideas.
1. (Although / So) I was not ready, I started the presentation.
2. (Even if / Because) the director likes my idea, he will support me.
3. (As / Even though) the boss told him to be on time, he is always late.
4. (Although / Since) we are open today, we are giving out free gifts.
5. Some sales representatives deal with clients well (while / in order that) some don’t.
6. Everybody doesn’t want to work with her (because / while) she is lazy.
1. ______ they bought a new machine, the sales decreased.
A Because B Even C Although D So
2. I will make a copy of the proposal ______ that you can take it.
A such B so C even D because
HOMEWORK
1. Choose the best option
1. I bought an umbrella -------- it was raining.
(A) so (B) because (C) also (D) why
2. ------- you were a member, you could come too.
(A) That (B) If (C) Than (D) So
3. ------- I was clean, I took a bath.
(A) What (B) As long as (C) Such (D) Even though
4. While ----- my new book, I learned something interesting.
(A) to read (B) read (C) to reading (D) reading
5. ------- he was boarding the bus, he dropped his ticket in the gutter.
(A) Whether (B) How (C) While (D) What
6. You can either rent ------- buy these skateboards.
(A) or (B) and (C) nor (D) either
7. I neither registered for ------ attended the class.
(A) or (B) nor (C) either (D) neither
8. -------- you hear the bell, you need to leave the classroom.
(A) By the time (B) As (C) Whether (D) As soon as
45
9 . She wore sunscreen -------- her skin would not burn.
(A) because (B) so (C) neither (D) what
10. Not only does Steve sing at a bar, ------- he also serves the patrons.
(A) and (B) or
(C) but (D) still
11. -------I was waiting in line for a visa interview, I ate my lunch.
(A) Although (B) While (C) Since (D) Because
12. He wouldn’t say anything ------- directly asked a question; he was a man of few words.
(A) since (B) otherwise
(C) or else (D) unless
13. ------- I’m retired, I can take a long journey throughout Europe.
(A) However (B) Now that
(C) Thanks to (D) Due to
14. I drive to school. ------- my brother always cycles.
(A) when (B) even (C) whereas (D) if
15. I have to go to the meeting ------- I want to or not.
(A) because (B) whether
(C) as soon as (D) while
16. You’d better take an umbrella ------- it begins to rain.
(A) as soon as (B) despite
(C) in case (D) although
17. We’re planning to go camping ------- the summer vacation.
(A) during (B) while
(C) when (D) since
18. She was standing by the window ------- her eyes closed, listening to music.
(A) while (B) with
(C) about (D) except
19. Just ------- you and me, I prefer the restaurant where we ate last Friday.
(A) among (B) around
(C) between (D) from
2. Practice with TOEIC Actual Questions
Which of the choices best completes the sentence?
46
1. The executive manager neither sent me an e-mail ____ called me.
(A) and (B) or (C) nor (D) also
2. He did his best, ____ his presentation failed to satisfy the buyers.
(A) so (B) and (C) because (D) but
3. ____ the vice president asked us a question, we became really nervous.
(A) Although (B) Unless (C) When (D) So
4. ____ business improves, the company will go bankrupt.
(A) Since (B) Although (C) Unless (D) If
5. The company is sure ____ the new product will boost its profits.
(A) because (B) whether (C) that (D) If
6. Ms. Taylor is_____ intelligent that everybody respects her.
(A) such (B) so (C) very (D) too
7. ____ the manager was absent, we decided to put off the meeting.
(A) Although (B) Providing (C) Whereas (D) Because
8. He was hired ____ he didn't have the necessary qualifications.
(A) because (B) although (C) now that (D) as
9. ____ the president will arrive on Friday is not certain.
(A) Whether (B) Since (C) Because (D) What
10. The items you requested last week will be delivered either on Monday ____ Tuesday.
(A) nor (B) or (C) and (D) so
11. This project began almost five months ago ____ is expected to be finished in December.
(A) or (B) also (C) therefore (D) and
Questions 12-13 refer to the following notice.
Accounting Employees:
We will have performance reviews over the next week, _______ I would like to tell
12. (A) so (B) but (C) since (D) because
you the review process.
First of all, we will interview each of you in person. Second, you will have to fill out the evaluation
form for yourself ____ return it to the Personnel Department.
13. (A) so that (B) but (C) and (D) now that
Lastly, we will write a report that summarizes your performance.
We all hope that this is a great chance to improve your job performance.
47
CHAPTER 7: PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions indicate relationships between nouns, pronouns, and other words in a

sentence. Most often, they come before a noun or a noun phrase. Based on their meanings,
prepositions are divided into prepositions of time, place, purpose, reason, manner, etc.
I. Prepositions of Time
Prepositions in, on, at
In Used with years, seasons, months, In 2002, in summer, in September,
parts of the day (morning, afternoon, in the morning,/ afternoon/ evening
evening)
On Used with dates, days, specific days On April 13, on Friday, on New Year Eve
At Used with specific times, times of day At 11 o’clock, at night, at midnight
(night, midnight, midday)
Confusing Prepositions of Time

For + number + used to describe a period of For 8 years, for 5 days,
noun/ noun phrase time of an action/ event for the last two months, during
During + noun/ noun vacation, during the meeting
phrase
By: in the sense of Meaning up to a particular point We have to complete the
at the latest of time project by the end of this year.
Until: in the sense of The restaurant is open until 10
how long something p.m.
is going to last
In Meaning some time later I will leave for Chicago to
starting from the moment of attend the forum in five days.
speaking
Within Meaning in a period of time You will receive the invoice
mentioned within five days.
A Fill each gap with an appropriate preposition.

1. The construction will be finished ______ February.
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2. The meeting lasted ______ 5 hours.
3. He founded the organization ______ 1999.
4. The National Art Gallery will be open ______ May.
5. Every employee has to come back to the office ______ 2:00 p.m.
6. The factory will be closed ______ the Christmas season.
1. You have to pay a deposit ______ 30 days.
A by B until C at D within
2. The annual sales meeting will be held ______ noon.
A in B at C on D for
II. Prepositions of Place/Position
Prepositions in, on, at
In (indicating a point within/ inside a The fax machine is in the office.
container, a place, or an area)
On (showing a position in relation to or Please bring me the document on the table.
supported by a surface) The company is on Pine Street.
At (indicating a specific position or place) We saw Mr. Green at the station.
Other prepositions of place/position

Between (used when there are two things/ Over
places
Among (used when there are over two Under
things/places)
Into Along
Behind Across
For Through
Example:
The bus drove through the tunnel.
If you walk along the street, you wiil find the building.
I lost my passport somewhere between the department store and the airport.
When the president walked into the room, everybody became quiet.
49
1. The car stopped (at / into / on) the intersection.
2. The new office is (at / on / over) the third floor.
3. There is a paper shredder (under / between / over) the desk.
4. There are many museums (into / in / at) the city.
5. I saw the notice (on / for / at) the board yesterday.
6. The law firm (across / through / behind) the street will lay off 15 lawyers.
1. The executive officers walked ______ the corridor.
A along B among C within D over
2. The train ______ Philadelphia will leave in five minutes.
A over B for C between .D along
III. Other Prepositions
Prepositions of means and purpose
By (means of transportation) I go to work by bus every day.
With (means/ tool) He opened the office door with his key.
For (purpose) He bought the New York Times for his supervisor.
Prepositions of reason
For We are sorry for the late delivery.
At He was shocked at the news.
From Many people in Africa are suffering from poverty.
Prepositions of topic, subject area, and capacity

About (topic) Please tell me about your plan.
On (subject area) The study on stress will begin in March.
Of (topic) After the news of the snowstorm, oil prices went up.
As (capacity) As the manager, he will make the decision.
A Correct the underlined prepositions in the following sentences.

1. The article was as the current economic situation.
2. I’m going to get to the airport at subway today.
50
3. Of the CEO, she has to make important decisions.
4. The sales representatives apologized to us with being rude.
5. The company reduced the cost of making its products for a new process.
1. The meeting _____ the interest rate will be held this Tuesday.
A as B on C for D with
2. We were surprised _____ the news report.
A in B for C at D as
IV. More-than-one-word Prepositions & Prepositions Ending in -ing
More-than-one-word prepositions
A more-than-one-word preposition is a preposition that is formed by a group of two or more
words.
More-than-one-word prepositions can be divided into two groups:
1. Two-word prepositions (a word + a preposition), such as except for
2. More-than-two-word prepositions (a preposition + a noun + a preposition), such as on
behalf of
In front of According to
Across from In spite of
In addition to Regardless of
E.g.: In addition to Spanish, the secretary also speaks German.

Prepositions ending in -ing
Besides, there is a minority of prepositions that end in -ing. You should learn them by heart.
regarding including
concerning excluding
A Correct the underlined prepositions in the following sentences.
1. There is a conference room across on the copy room.
2. As addition to games, this device can play music and videos.
3. They discussed some issues regarded the process. .
4. According the article, there will be many job openings this year.
5. Many things were said concerns the recent changes at the company.
51
1. ______ age and sex, anyone can apply for the job.
A Regarding B Excluding C In spite of D Regardless of
2. Ten countries, ______ England, joined the organization.
A included B including C include D includes
V. Prepositions vs. Conjunctions
Distinguishing between prepositions and conjunctions
Prepositions and conjunctions are similar in the sense that they both join some elements in a
sentence together. However, there is a big difference. A conjunction is followed by a clause
(subject + verb), while a preposition is followed by a noun/noun phrase or a gerund.
Prepositions and conjunctions having the same meanings
Meanings Prepositions Conjunctions
Indicating reason Because of, due to, owing Because, since, as
to
Indicating concession In spite of, despite Although, even though,
though
Indicating duration For, during while
Up to a certain point of time by By the time
Example:
The manager wants to get things done by the time the CEO arrives.
By the end of this month, the construction will be finished.
Although he is unemployed, he is always busy.
In spite of (= Despite) his great efforts, he didn't win the contract.
1. The painting is a copy (despite / although) it looks real.
2. You have to turn in your report (by / by the time) Monday.
3. The team was disappointed (since / due to) Mr. Clark's resignation.
4. (Though / In spite of) her illness, she attended the sales meeting.
5. (While / During) the secretary was away, someone broke into the president’s office.
6. (Because of / Because) a lack of funds, the new project might be canceled.
1. _____ the bad situation, he successfully finished the job.
A Because B in spite of C Although D Despite of
52
2. _____ the performance, all mobile phones have to be switched off.
A Because B Though C While D During
HOMEWORK
EXERCISE 1: Choose the correct synonym of each phrase given
1. as a result of a. because of b. resulting to
2. instead of a. in addition to b. in place of
3. Until further notice a. Until another b. before another
announcement is made announcement is made
4. Above my expectations a. as good as I expected b. better than I expected
5. In bulk a. in large amounts b. in small amounts
6. In excess of a. more than b. less than
7. With the exception of a. besides b. not including
8. In comparison with a. accompanied by b. compared with
EXERCISE 2: Fill the gap with the prepositions given to form correct collocations
in in out of at
1. _________ print
2. _________ charge of
3. _________ the latest
4. _________ detail
in on in upon
5. _________ writing
6. _________ request
7. _________ schedule
8. _________ duplicate
EXERCISE 3: Practice with TOEIC Actual Questions: Decide which of the choices best
completes the sentence.
1. _____ this construction is over, the building will look different.
(A) For (B) By
(C) By the time (D) During
2, If you have any problems _____ the service, just let me know.
(A) regardless (B) regard
53
(C) regarding (D) regarded
3. The president was standing _____ the two bodyguards.
(A) among (B) between
(C) on (D) as
4. I have been working at the bank _____ three years.
(A) for (B) during
(C) while (D) with
5. The post office and the police station are _____ Main Street.
(A) on (B) in
(C) at (D) of
6. Thank you ____ your inquiry about our products.
(A) To (B) as
(C) Of (D) for
7. _____ he has a lot of experience, he was able to get a job easily.

(A) Even though (B) Because
(C) Due to (D) In spite of
8. The team members had a discussion _____ the advertisement.
(A) to (B) with
(C) about (D) from
9, You can get a full refund _____ 30 days of purchase.
(A) to (B) within
(C) for (D) as
10. The applicants have to wait _____ next week for the results.
(A) until (B) by
(C) despite (D) at
11. _____ the machine is extremely expensive, our company can’t afford it.
(A) Because of (B) Since
(C) Owing to (D) Also
12. The editing must be completed by next Monday _____ the latest
(A) on (B) of
(C) in (D) at
13. Please explain the current situation _____ detail.
54
(A) in (B) for
(C) on (D) of
14, You should prepare the contract _____ duplicate.
(A) with (B) on
(C) in (D) for
Questions 15-16 refer to the following memorandum.
This memo is to inform you that our branch office will be renovated. The renovations will begin
_____ October 21 and are expected to be finished by December.
15. (A) as (B) on
(C) in (D) at
Therefore, all employees should use the small building on Broadway from Monday. If
you have any questions _____ the location of the building, contact Ms. Endley in the Personnel
Department.
16. (A) concerning (B) concerns
(C) concern (D) concerned
55
CHAPTER 8: SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT
Agreement means that a subject and its verb must agree with each other in number (singular
or plural), or the tenses in the main clause and subordinate clause must agree with each other.
Basic rules of subject-verb agreement in number:
 A singular subject takes a singular verb, while a plural subject takes a plural verb.
 When the subject is an indefinite pronoun or a noun with a quantifier, carefully decide
whether you should use a singular or a plural verb.
 When the subjects in a sentence are joined by conjunctions, a singular or plural verb may
be used depending on each particular conjunction.
Example:
The computer is Each report is Either you or he is
Printers are Many companies are Neither you nor I am
Agreement in tense of main clause and subordinate clause:
 When the main clause is in the present tenses, the subordinate clause may be in various
tenses.
 When the main clause is in the past tense, the subordinate clause may be in the past
tenses.
I. Subject-Verb Agreement in Number (1): Singular/Plural Nouns
1. Singular subject - singular verb, plural subject - plural verb
The basic rule is that a singular subject goes with a singular verb, while a plural subject goes
with a plural verb. Besides, you must use singular verbs in the following cases:
 When the subject is an uncountable noun
 When the subject is a gerund or a to-infinitive
 When the subject is a noun clause introduced by that
Types of subject Examples
Singular/ plural nouns The president is not in now.
Companies want to increase their profits.
Uncountable nouns The information about the last quarter is in the document.
Gerunds or to-infinitives Going on a business trip is sometimes hard.
To conduct customer survey is necessary.
56
Noun clauses introduced by That the company went bankrupt was unexpected.
that
2. Confusing singular nouns

There are some nouns ending in -s, but they are actually singular nouns.
Nouns Examples
Nouns indicating subjects economics politics statistics mathemetics
Proper nouns Times Charles Wales
Example:
Economics is not easy to understand.
The news was so surprising.
A Correct the mistakes in the following sentences, if there are no errors, write CORRECT
1. Developing new product designs are essential. __________

2. The CEO plans to open another branch. __________
3. That she will get a promotion are shocking. __________
4. My coworkers think that I will quit soon. __________
5. The accountant says that statistics are very difficult for him. __________
1. Going on a business trip three times a month ____ too frequent.
A were B be C are D is
2. The displayed furniture ____ not for sale.
A have B has C is D are
II. Subject-Verb Agreement in Number (2): Indefinite Pronouns and Nouns with a
Quantifier
1. Indefinite pronouns
one each either neither no one/ nobody nothing + singular Verb
something someone/ somebody anyone/ anybody
anything everyone/ everybody everything
both many several (a) few + plural Verb
Example:
57
One of the employees has called in sick.
Many firms are now hiring lawyers.
2. Nouns with a quantifier
all/ most/ some/ lots/ half of the + singular/ + singular Verb
uncountable noun
of the + plural noun + plural Verb
The number of + plural noun + singular Verb
A number + plural Verb
Example:
All of the profit goes to the charities.
All of the members have to attend the seminar.
A Fill the gaps with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets.
1. (look) A few proposals ________ excellent
2. (be) Some of the facilities ________ open at this time. .
3. (be) Several sales managers ______ happy with the decision at yesterday’s seminar.
4. (have) Each of the managers ________ different characteristics.
5. (have) I am sure that someone ________ a copy of the report.
6. (be) Many of the important documents in the cabinet ________ missing now.
B Look at the hints given and choose the correct option to complete each sentence.
1. A number of people ________ been laid off in the last two years.
A have B has C had D will have
2. Most of the information ________ not reliable.
A were B was C are D being
III. Subject Verb Agreement in Number (3): Conjunctions
1. Coordinating conjunctions and, or
When the subjects in a sentence are joined by the conjunction and, a plural verb is commonly
used. When the subjects are joined by the conjunction or, their verb must agree with the subject
nearest to it.
The CEO and the manager are having a meeting now.
Three workers or one supervisor has to work on Saturdays.
2. Correlative conjunctions
58
When the two subjects in a sentence are joined by correlative conjunctions, their verb mostly
takes the number of the subject nearest to it. In the following structures, the verb will agree
with the subject B.
Either A or B Either you or he needs to fill out this form.
Neither A nor B Neither he nor she is not coming to the seminar.
Not A but B Not only you but also Mr. Brown is responsible for the
Not only A but (also) B matter.
B as well as A
A Correct the mistakes in the following sentences.

1. Jacky and Sam has agreed to extend the contract. __________
2. Neither she nor I commutes to work by subway. __________
3. He or you is expected to do the presentation. __________
4. His education and his work experience is suitable for this job. __________
5. Either you or your boss have to take responsibility. __________
6. Not only English but also French are necessary to do the job. __________
1. The auditorium as well as the libraries __________ being renovated.
A is B are C have D has
2. The directors and the sales representatives __________on a business trip every month.
A going B goes C go D is going
IV. Agreement in Tense (of Main Clause and Subordinate Clause)
Basic rules of agreement in tense
Main clause Subordinate clause
Present simple, present perfect tense Present, future, past tenses
Past tense Past tenses
I believe that the company has great potential.

He said he had had an interview with ICD Co.
Exceptions
Exceptions Tense of Subordinate clause
When the event is a truth/ general fact Present tenses
59
When the event is a historical data Past tenses
Example: She says that there was an oil shock in the 1970s.
A Choose the correct option for each sentence.
1. The president said that he (found / founded) the company in 2000.
2. I believe that the cost of living (is / was) too high last year.
3. He told us that he (participated / participates) in the training.
4. Mr. Taylor told me that he (works / worked) until 10 p.m. almost every day.
5. I found that some of my colleagues (are fired / had been fired).
1. He said that competent managers ____ their employees.
A helping B help C to help D helps
2. The CEO announced that sales ____ for three years.
A falls B fall C had fallen D have fallen
HOMEWORK
A Fill each gap with the correct form of the word given in brackets.
1. Be ________ (will) to do
2. Be ________ (involvement) in
3. Be ________ (capacity) of
4. Be ________ (vulnerablity)
5. Be ________ (likelihood) to do
6. Be ________ (pay) to
7. Be ________ (attend) to
8. Be ________ (benefit) to
B Fill the gaps with the adjectives in the box to form correct collocations.
concerned comparable valid subject
1. Be ________ to
2. Be ________ about
3. Be ________ for
4. Be ________ to / with
conscious equipped engaged superior
60
5. Be ________ to
6. Be ________ with
7. Be ________ of
8. Be ________ in
C Practice with TOEIC Actual Questions
Decide which of the choices best completes the sentence.
1. The article _______ that the population of the world is increasing.
(A) saying (B) says (C) say (D) is said
2. Both of the applicants _______ scheduled for an interview today.
(A) are (B) being (C) is (D) was
3. The president and the vice president _______ in the conference room.
(A) are (B) being (C) is (D) was
4. Every country ______ interested in the global trade issue.
(A) have (B) are (C) is (D) has
5. The number of online shopping malls _______ increasing.
(A) is (B) are (C) to be (D) being
6. Some of the luggage _______ stolen at the airport.
(A) has (B) are (C) was (D) were
7. The good news ___________ that I will get a pay raise.
(A) have (B) were (C) are (D) is
8. Most of the interviewees _______ very punctual.
(A) is (B) are (C) to be (D) being
9. The sales meeting _______ place in the auditorium every two months.
(A) is taking (B) is taken (C) take (D) takes
10. Tim Scott, the founder and CEO of the company, __________ in 2000.
(A) died (B) die (C) is dying (D) is died
11. Fortunately, neither the driver nor the passengers _______ injured.
(A) had (B) has (C) was (D) were
12. The prime minister was __________ in a bribe scandal.
(A) improved (B) involved (C) equipped (D) concerned
13. This cellular phone is superior __________ the competitors in quality.
(A) for (B) to (C) on (D) than
61
14. Prices may be __________ to change without notice.
(A) subject (B) engaged (C) payable (D) conscious
Questions 15-16 refer to the following letter
Dear Mr. Rosenberg,
A number of the workers in the factory _______ off lately. That will have a bad
15. (A) has been laid (B) have been laid
(C) are laying (D) is laid
effect on the rest of the workers in our company. Some of them _______ already
16. (A) have (B) had
(C) has (D) having
quit their jobs.
Therefore, we suggest that you hold a meeting to explain the financial situation of the
company. This will help the employees want to keep working here.
62
SECTION II
READING
63
CHAPTER 1: QUESTIONS TYPES
UNIT 1: OVERVIEW/ GIST QUESTIONS
64
Practice
65
UNIT 2: INFORMATION QUESTIONS
66
Practice
67
UNIT 3: NOT QUESTIONS
68
Practice
69
UNIT 4: INFERENCE QUESTIONS
70
Practice
71
UNIT 5: SYNONYMS QUESTIONS
72
Practice
73
CHAPTER 2: TEXT TYPES
UNIT 1: LETTERS – EMAILS
Practice
74
Questions 160-162 refer to the following letter.
Mazahreh Graphics
Offices in London, New York, and Atlanta
P.O. Box 32569 ・ Atlanta, GA 30301
September 12
Nicole Bourg
Benchmark Publishing
Atlanta, GA 31306-8542
Dear Ms. Bourg:
Thank you for the opportunity to meet with you at Benchmark Publishing. It was a pleasure to
talk to you about your upcoming publications. I hope that following our conversation, you will
consider Mazahreh Graphics when choosing an artist to create book-cover art for the Inspector
Andrews mystery series by Sven Jorgensen.
I’d like to reiterate that Mazahreh Graphics has created cover art for over 300 books, many of
which were published in series. We consistently deliver quality work ahead of schedule, at a
price I’m sure you will find competitive. I have enclosed additional examples of our recent
work that I did not have a chance to show you during our meeting yesterday.
Again, I. enjoyed talking with you and hope to hear from you soon.
160. What is NOT indicated about Ms. Bourg?
(A) She has written a series of books. (B) She has met with Mr. Mazahreh.
(C) She is looking for an illustrator. (D) She works for a publishing company.
161. What does Mr. Mazahreh state about his company?
(A) It is near the office of Benchmark Publishing.
(B) Its prices are much lower than those of its competitors.
(C) It has provided artwork for book covers.
(D) It can complete work faster than its competitors can.
162. What does Mr. Mazahreh include with his letter?
(A) A contract (B) Letters of recommendation
(C) Samples of artwork (D) An invoice
Questions 165-167 refer to the following e-mail
75
From: Su Jung Ahn <sujungahn@wanfile.co.kr>
To: Jill Webber <j.webber@halamail.co.au>
Subject: Respond
Date: May 30
Dear Ms. Webber,
Thank you for contacting us here at the Daejeon Family Inn. We would be happy to provide
you with accommodations during your stay in Daejeon next month. Unfortunately, we do not
have any rooms at our inn that operate as suites. However, we can book your family in two
rooms that are at the end of a hallway, separate from the rest of the rooms at the inn.
The two rooms are right next to each other, and you would have some privacy away from the
other guests. Each room has its own bathroom with a shower and a queen-size bed. We hope
they will be suitable for your needs.
If that will be to your satisfaction, we will book you in these two rooms for four nights
beginning on June 26. These rooms are $30 per night. This price includes breakfast. Would
you like to proceed with this reservation? If I can be of further assistance, please let me know.
Sincerely,
Su Jung Ahn
Manager, Daejeon Family Inn
165. Why was the e-mail written?
(A) To request information about an inn
(B) To provide confirmation of a reservation
(C) To give information about accommodations
(D) To confirm details of an upcoming trip
166. What is mentioned about the Daejeon Family Inn?
(A) It is owned by Su Jung Ahn. (B) It provides shared public bathrooms.
(C) Its suites are already booked. (D) It serves breakfast to guests.
167. What did Ms. Webber most likely request?
(A) A discounted room rate (B) Accommodation for four nights
(C) Information on Daejeon attractions (D) Assistance with restaurant reservations
76
UNIT 2: NOTICES – MEMOS
PRACTICE
77
Question 153-154 refer to the following notice
From the Offices of
Doctor Calvin Hoffman
27 Shilling Road ・ Canton, IL 61 520
(309) 555-0128
Because your health is important to us, we would like to remind you that it’s time for your
examination. We look forward to seeing you!
Please call today to schedule an appointment.
Your appointment is on
Monday, September 8 at 8:30 A.M.
Note: If you cannot keep your appointment, please provide at least 24 hours advance notice or
you will be charged a fee.
153. Why was the notice sent?
(A) To advertise a doctor's services
(B) To cancel a meeting
(C) To remind a patient about an appointment
(D) To inform a doctor of a telephone call
154. What is mentioned about the doctor’s office?
(A) It has openings for new patients.
(B) It charges a fee for late cancellations.
(C) It is no longer open on Mondays.
(D) It calls people 24 hours before their visit.
Questions 160-161 refer to the following memo.

MEMO
To: All Hourly Employees
From: Marisa Gomez, President
Date: December 15
Re: Payroll Processing
78
The accounting department will begin transferring employee information into the new online
timekeeping system on or around January 2. The system will be operational beginning on
February 1. Starting on that date, all employees must enter their work hours into the online
system daily. January 31 is the last date on which the accounting department will accept the old
paper timesheets.
Christopher Van Pelt will be leading a tutorial on the new system on January 15.
To sign up, please call him at ext. 478.
160. What are employees being asked to do?
(A) Order paper using a different method
(B) Transfer personal belongings to a new location
(C) Submit employee information online
(D) Ask the accounting department for a new work schedule
161. When will the policy change take effect?
(A) On December 15
(B) On January 2
(C) On January 15
(D) On February
79
UNIT 3: ADVERTISEMENTS
80
PRACTICE
Questions 157-158 refer to the following advertisement.
Flyte Bakery
All baked goods are handmade on the premises including
 Cakes
 Seasonal fruit pies
 Breads and pastries
 Cookies
 Personalized desserts for anniversaries, weddings, birthdays, and other special
occasions (Please order at least one week beforehand.)
Catering for corporate events and private parties is now available! To learn more about our
rates, telephone us during the business hours below.
Monday - Saturday； 6 A.M. ~ 7 P.M., Sunday: 6A.M. -6 P.M.
Location: 192 South Street, Sydney
Tel: (02) 9272-6555
157. What item would need to be ordered in advance?
(A) An autumn harvest apple pie
(B) A personalized birthday cake
(C) Whole wheat bread
(D) Chocolate chip cookies
158. For what information are customers directed to call the bakery?
(A) Store hours
(B) Baking recipes
(C) Driving directions
(D) Catering prices
Questions 155-156 refer to the following advertisement.
Peterman Piano Services
Family owned for 3 generations
 Piano Tuning - We tune grand, baby grand, upright, or spinet pianos.
81
 Restorations - We bring older pianos back to their original beauty and sound quality.
 Repairs - We can fix almost any problem, including damage to parts or materials.
If we do not have a part, we can order it.
 Wood refinishing - We can make your piano look new again.
 Purchases - We buy all types of pianos at excellent prices.
 Additional Services - We also provide piano-moving services throughout the area.
Our address is 23 East Broad Street in Branford, and our telephone number is 670-555-0165.
155. What is NOT a service offered by Peterman Piano Services?
(A) Piano rental
(B) Piano repair
(C) Piano tuning
(D) Piano moving
156. What is mentioned about Peterman Piano Services?
(A) It sells new pianos.
(B) It keeps piano parts in stock.
(C) It offers discounts to schools.
(D) It is a new company.
82
UNIT 4: INVOICES – SCHEDULES
83
PRACTICE
Questions 153-154 refer to the following invoice.
Apollo, Inc.
7000 High Street
Canandaigua, NY 14410
Invoice: # 48921
Invoice date: May 2
Client: Santini Law Offices
2110 Evergreen Road,
Suite A Penfield, NY 14633
Description of service:
April 28 Carpet vacuuming & steaming $245.00
April 29 Window washing $115.00
Subtotal $360.00
Tax (5%) $18.00
Total $378.00
Payment due: May 9
153. What kind of service does Apollo, Inc. provide?
(A) Computer repair
(B) Accounting
(C) Interior design
(D) Cleaning
154. When was service most recently performed at Santini Law Offices?
(A) On April 28 (B) On April 29
(C) On May 2 (D) On May 9
Questions 168-171 refer to the following schedule.

The Greenville Department of Transportation
Reported Road Closures For County Roads in Greenville
August 4-18
84
Road Name From/To Reason Date Alternate Route
RRoute 5 South Ditch grading & Aug. 4-10
Martin Street to
Avenue/ median expansion
Maltby Road to
Park Lane
Park Lane
Virginia Road Valley Railroad crossing Aug. 6-11 Valley Boulevard
Boulevard/ repair to Baxter Street
Lakewood to Lakewood
Drive Drive
Serlin Boulevard Commerce Repave northbound Aug. 8-16 Hartley Drive to
(only northbound Drive/ lanes Caxsen Way to
lanes Main Street Main Street
unavailable)
Adams Street Ocean Road Aug. 10-18 Ocean Road to

Road/ improvements River Drive to
Exchange (curb & gutter Exchange Street
Street installation)
168. What is the main reason for the road closures?

(A) Bad weather conditions
(B) Local street fairs
(C) Construction of new buildings
(D) Planned maintenance work
169. Which road will be closed in just one direction?
(A) Route 5
(B) Virginia Road
(C) Serlin Boulevard
(D) Adams Street
170. When is the work on Virginia Road scheduled to begin?
85
(A) On August 4
(B) On August 6
(C) On August 8
(D) On August 10
171. According to the schedule, what road can be used to get from Ocean Road to Exchange
Street?
(A) Caxsen Way
(B) River Drive
(C) Park Lane
(D) Lakewood Drive
86
UNIT 5: DOUBLE PASSAGES
87
Practice
88
SUPPLEMENTARY
MATERIALS
89
CHAPTER A: QUESTION TYPES
1. Yes/ No questions
2. Wh- questions
3. Embedded questions
90
4. Tag questions
a) Overview
Example: You speak English, don't you?
We use tag questions at the end of statements to ask for confirmation. They mean something
like: "Am I right?" or "Do you agree?" They are very common in English.
The basic structure is:
+ Positive statement, - negative tag?
Snow is white, isn't it?
- Negative statement, + positive tag?
You don't like me, do you?
b) Negative adverbs
He never came again, did he?
She can rarely come these days, can she?
You hardly ever came late, did you?
I barely know you, do I?
You would scarcely expect her to know that, would you?
seldom
c) Special cases:
I am right, aren't I? aren't I (not amn't I)
I have been
use first auxiliary
answering, haven't I?
Nothing came in the When noone, nobody, noone, neither, something, everyone,
post, did it? someone, etc is the subject in the statement, we use it in the tag
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to refer to something or nothing and they in the tag to refer to
someone or nobody
 Something happened at Jack's house, didn't it?
 No one phoned, did they?
 Somebody wanted to borrow Jack's bike, didn't they? Who
was it?
Let's go, shall we? let's = let us
He'd better do it,

he had better (no auxiliary)
hadn't he?
Don’t be late, will

Will you
you?
EXERCISE
1/
2/
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3/ Put the words into the correct order
1 (don’t / Tom / where / know / gone / has)
I ……………………………………………………………………
2 (is / to the airport / far / it)
How ………………………………………………………………
3 (wonder / is / how / old / Tom)
I ……………………………………………………………………
4 (Lisa / on holiday / going / is)
When ………………………………………………………………
5 (tell / the post office / you / me / is / where)
Could ………………………………………………………………
6 (in the accident / injured / anyone / don’t / whether / know / was)
I ……………………………………………………………………
7 (what / tomorrow / know / time / will / arrive / you / you)
Do ……………………………………………………………………
4/
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HOMEWORK
Exercise 1: Choose the best word or phrase for each blank.
Questions 1 through 3 refer to the following email.
To: sspt09@ccu.co
From: tatkins@netto.com
Subject: Contract
Date: June 3rd
Dear Mr. Conrad,
I am writing to you 1. ____ the contract we made last week. In the contract, you promised 2.
____
1. (A) about (B) of (C) along (D) in
2. (A) to not (B) to don’t (C) to didn’t (D) not to
use any workers without consulting me first. However, this morning
I found two new workers on the building site. I 3. _____ met them before, and I was not
3. (A) am not (B) will not (C) had not (D) be not
told about them. I do not want a repeat of this. Please honor our contract I am very
disappointed by this.
Tom Atkins
Questions 4 through 6 refer to the following advertisement.
Tired 4. ______ your image? Fed up with your hair style? Don’t want to wear the same
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4. (A) by (B) of (C) from (D) to
old clothes again and again? Then you need 'Image Over? We advise clients on how to make
the most of their appearance. Don’t want to spend a lot of money on clothes and make-up?
No problem. You don’t have to be rich to look good. We can show you cheap and easy ways
to improve your appearance and create a new look.
Call 435-945 to make an appointment. One of 5. _____ specialists will visit your home
5. (A) us (B) ours (C) our (D) mine
and check your clothes and make-up. Then, the specialist will take you on a fun shopping trip
to 6._____ you find things to improve your look. Call now and start looking great!
6. (A) help (B) show (C) make (D) do
Exercise 2:
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96
97
98
CHAPTER B: PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
The present subjunctive (or base subjunctive) is a special verb form that expresses a desire, a
demand, a formal recommendation, or a resolve.
It is only rarely used in modern British English. It is, however, found in certain set phrases and
in formal forms of speech and writing.
I. Form of base subjunctive
The form of the base subjunctive is extremely simple. For all verbs and all persons, the form is
the base of the verb, including the third person singular (no final -s), for example: be, have, do,
go, sing, work
II. Use of base subjunctive
A. In certain that clauses
The base subjunctive is typically used in that clauses after two structures:
1. S1 + Subjunctive verb (or noun) + that + S2 + V (infinitive)
• Verb: advise, ask, command, demand, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose,
recommend, request, suggest, urge, stipulate
• Noun: command, demand, order, proposal, recommendation, request, suggestion
Example:
Mike insisted that I try his new muffin recipe.
I suggest that your cousin apply at once.
Carl was injured last week, and the doctor recommended that he not play in the next match.
They made a suggestion that we be early.
He made a proposal that the company buy more land.
The president has issued an order that the secretary resign next month.
2. It is/it was + Subjunctive adjective + that + S2 + V (infinitive)
• advisable, best, crucial, desirable, essential, imperative, important, necessary,
unthinkable, urgent, vital, recommended, obligatory, required, mandatory, suggested
• adamant, anxious, determined, eager, keen
Example:
It is vital that everybody get there before the examination begins.
It is desirable that Mr Hanson hand in his resignation.
It is important that you be at home when the lawyers arrive.
It is essential that the car be waiting at the airport.
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It was imperative that products be tested carefully.
* Note: Construction SHOULD + infinitive
The construction SHOULD + infinitive is less formal than the Present Subjunctive. SHOULD +
infinitive is used in the same situations as the Present Subjunctive, in all styles of speech and
writing, including formal and everyday styles.
B. Fixed expressions
Note the following fixed expressions with the subjunctive:
• Bless you!
• God bless America!
• God save the Queen.
• Long live the President!
• Heaven help us!
Exercise A
1. It is essential that she _____ at the meeting.
a) be b) is
2. It is necessary that every student _____ a uniform.
a) wear b) wears
3. The doctors recommended that she _____ a holiday.
a) take b) takes
4. The boss asks that you _____ early for your first day of work.
a) are b) be
5. It was important that we _____ home as soon as we arrive.
a) call b) called
6. The landlord requested that John _____ out of the apartment.
a) move b) moves
7. We want the windows _____ washed before Friday.
a) be b) to be
Exercise B: Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Remember that some are in
negative forms.
1. It is essential that Lucy ___________ her multiplication tables. (learn)
2. It is important that you ___________ too much alcohol before driving.( drink)
100
3. In Phoebe's school it is required that every student _____________ a uniform. (
wear)
4. Bob's grandfather is ill. It is urgent that Bob __________ at once. ( warn)
5. The monks insisted that the tourists ____________ the temple with their shoes on. (
enter)
6. It is recommended that you ___________ after eating a large meal. ( swim)
7. Mr. Mason demands that the heater _______________ immediately. His room is
freezing. (repair)
Exercise C
1. I demand that he __________ immediately.
a. apologize b. shall apologize
c. will apologize d. has apologized
2. I suggested that she ________ her lawyer before signing the contract.
a. consults b. shall consult
c. will consult d. consult
3. It is necessary that everything ________ ready by two o'clock tomorrow.
a. be b. was
c. were d. would have been
4. They recommend that she ________ to a ski resort in Spain.
a. will go b. would have gone
c. go d. should have gone
5. It is advisable that you ________ your application as soon as possible.
a. submit b. will submit
c. will have submitted d. should have submitted
6. He decided to go inside the haunted house, ________ what may.
a. come b. comes
c. should come d. would come
7. It is strange that he ________ so upset about such a trifle, isn't it?
a. were b. should be
c. be d. have been
8. Far ________ it from me to criticize your plan, but I think you should change a few things
in it.
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a. be b. is
c. was d. were
9. The doctor insisted that she ________ to the hospital for tests.
a. go b. goes
c. will go d. has gone
10. She suggested that we ________ in the lobby of the hotel at 9:00 a.m.
a. shall meet b. will meet
c. should meet d. would have met
HOMEWORK
A. Correct the errors in the following sentences, if there are no errors, write correct.
1. The teacher demanded that the student left the room.
2. It was urgent that he called her immediately.
3. It was very important that we delay discussion.
4. She intends to move that the committee suspends discussion on this issue.
5. The king decreed that the new law took effect the following month.
6. I propose that you should stop this rally.
7. I advise you take the prerequisites before registering for this course.
8. His father prefers that he attends a different university.
9. The faculty stipulated that the rule be abolished.
10. She urged that we found another alternative.
B. Match the verbs in the left with their corresponding phrases in the right column.
1. announce a. a meeting
2. participate b. from taking photos
3. renovate c. to call
4. cancel d. a plan
5. recharge e. batteries
6. refrain f. language learning
7. hesitate g. a hotel
8. facilitate h. in a seminar
C Fill the gaps with the verbs in the box to form correct collocations.
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relocate evaluate address enclose
1. _________ a performance
2. _________ the office
3. _________ a check
4. _________ the issue
examine replace reach summarize
5. _________ the product
6. _________ parts
7. _________ a conclusion
8. _________ a lecture
103

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

3. Sentence structure 3: Subject + Verb + object

4. Sentence structure 4: Subject + Verb + indirect object + direct object

Exercise 1: Name each of the elements in the sentences below.

2. Adverbs emphasizing comparative forms

An infinitive is the base form of a verb.

II. To-infinitive as an adjective/ adverb

Exercise A: Choose the correct option to complete each sentence.

Example: It is impossible for us to read her handwriting.

I. Coordinating conjunctions and correlative conjunctions

A Choose the correct option given in brackets to complete each sentence.

Conjunctions if and whether in noun clauses

A Choose the correct option given in brackets to complete each sentence.

Prepositions indicate relationships between nouns, pronouns, and other words in a

Confusing Prepositions of Time

A Fill each gap with an appropriate preposition.

Other prepositions of place/position

Prepositions of topic, subject area, and capacity

A Correct the underlined prepositions in the following sentences.

E.g.: In addition to Spanish, the secretary also speaks German.

(C) Of (D) for

7. _____ he has a lot of experience, he was able to get a job easily.

2. Confusing singular nouns

1. Developing new product designs are essential. __________

A Correct the mistakes in the following sentences.

I believe that the company has great potential.

Questions 160-161 refer to the following memo.

Questions 168-171 refer to the following schedule.

Adams Street Ocean Road Aug. 10-18 Ocean Road to

168. What is the main reason for the road closures?

+ Positive statement, - negative tag?

Snow is white, isn't it?

- Negative statement, + positive tag?

You don't like me, do you?

He never came again, did he?

She can rarely come these days, can she?

You hardly ever came late, did you?

I barely know you, do I?

You would scarcely expect her to know that, would you?

I am right, aren't I? aren't I (not amn't I)

Let's go, shall we? let's = let us

He'd better do it,

Don’t be late, will

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