Module 1 – Front End Engineering Design

(FEED)
Discipline – Pipeline Engineering
Technology Classification – Base
.

7-Feb-07

Next
 TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 Introduction

2.0 Objectives of FEED

3.0 Standards & Guidelines

4.0 Main Components of a Pipeline System

5.0 Pipeline Materials

6.0 Pipeline Route Selection

7.0 Basic Pipeline Concept

Cover
Page

2 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 1.0 Introduction

A pipeline = a mechanical system consisting of a line of

pipe for conveying fluids (oil, gas or any other commodity).
A pipeline often will include pump, compressor, branches,
extensions, valves, storage facilities and other fluid control
devices or equipment.

More Front-end Engineering Design (FEED) = the design

concept of the overall pipeline system (including ancillary
layout) to satisfy the delivery requirements at an early
Back to
stage to establish options of development scheme.
Table of
Content

3 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 1.0 Introduction (cont’d)

The value of the early engineering work is that it reveals

potential difficulties and areas where more effort may be
required in the data collection and design areas. To
understand how this may be achieved, an exposure to
following issues are normally required:

„ Objectives of FEED
„ The standards and guidelines used.
„ The types and components of pipelines system.
„ The types of pipeline materials used.
Back „ The types of pipeline installation methods.
„ Methods of pipeline route selection.

4 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 2.0 Objectives of FEED

The objectives and scope of a FEED stage varies

depending on the operator and size of the project.
However the primary aims generally as follows:

i. To establish technical feasibility and constraints on the

system design and construction.
ii. To eliminate non-viable options.
iii. To identify the required information for the forthcoming
design and construction.
iv. To allow basic costs and scheduling exercises to be
performed.
Back
v. To identify interfaces with other systems planned or
currently in existence.

5 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 3.0 Standards & Guidelines

This section covers the following areas:

3.1 General Discussion

3.2 PTS (Petronas Technical Standards)
3.3 International Codes and Standards
3.4 Government or Local Authority Laws and Regulations

Back

6 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 3.1 General Discussion

The design of the pipeline system in order of priority shall

satisfy the requirements of the latest editions of the
Petronas Technical Standards (PTS) and International
Codes and Standards.
If the Government or Local Authority Laws and Regulations
are more stringent than the PTS, the former takes
precedence.
Deviations from these standards shall be agreed upon and
approved by client.
The primary code for the design of the pipeline system shall
be in accordance with PTS 20.196, Pipeline Engineering.
All the above mentioned standards are also applicable for
Back to onshore pipelines. However, the DNV codes are mainly for
Section 3.0 subsea pipeline (unless mentioned otherwise by the code)
Standards &
Guidelines

7 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 3.2 Company Standard - Petronas Technical
Standards (PTS)

The list of required PTS for Pipeline Engineering is located

in the following document.

i. Petronas Technical Standards – Design and

Engineering Practice; Index to PTS
Publications and Standards Specification; PTS
00.00.05.05 ;

ii. Pipeline Engineering; PTS No. 20.196 .

Back to For topics which are not specifically covered in the PTS,
Section 3.0 the contractor may utilize the external standards
Standards referenced in ASME B31.4 & B31.8 or other recognized
& international standards, upon approval from Petronas
Guidelines Carigali.

8 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 3.3 International Codes & Standards

„ Pipelines carrying liquids (e.g. water, slurries, stabilized

crude, gas oil) shall be designed & constructed as per
ASME B31.4 & the additional requirements of PTS.
„ Pipelines carrying gas or mixture of gas & liquids (e.g.
nitrogen, CO2, natural gas, LPG, ammonia, unstabilised
crude and H2S) stabilized crude, gas oil) shall be designed
& constructed in accordance with ASME B31.8 & the
additional requirements of PTS.
„ The PTS also makes reference and amendments to the
DNV codes. DNV is widely recognized as the most
More comprehensive code developed specifically for offshore
pipelines. Its treatment of allowable stresses & strains is
considered more relevant to the offshore environment than
Back to other pressure piping codes. Most of these codes are
Section. 3.0 amended and supplemented by the relevant PTS.
Standards &
Guidelines
9 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design
 3.3 International Codes & Standards (cont’d)

The following International Codes may be used subject to

approval by Petronas Carigali. (Most of these codes are
amended and supplemented by the relevant PTS) :

i. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME):

- B31.4 Liquid Transportation System for Hydrocarbons
- B31.8 Gas Transmission & Distribution System
- B31.8s Managing System integrity of Gas Pipelines (Onshore)

ii. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

- B16.5 Steel Pipe Flanges & Flanged Fittings
More - B16.20 Ring Joint Gaskets & Grooves for Steel Pipe Flanges

Back iii. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)

- AISC Manual of Steel Construction; Working Stress Design
10 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design
 3.3 International Codes & Standards (cont’d)

iv. American Petroleum Institute (API):

- STD1104 Standard for Welding Pipelines & Related Facilities
- RP 1102 Recommended Practice for Liquid Petroleum
Pipelines crossing railroads & highways
- RP2A-WSD Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing &
Constructing Fixed Offshore Platform – Working
Stress Design

v. Det Norske Veritas (DNV)

- DNV (1981) Rules For Submarine Pipeline Systems
- RP B401 Cathodic Protection Design
- RP E305 On-Bottom Stability of Submarine Pipeline

More

Back
11 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design
 3.3 International Codes & Standards (cont’d)

vi. International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO)

- ISO 3183-3 Petroleum & natural gas industries – Steel pipes for
pipelines Technical delivery conditions – Part 3:
Pipes of requirement Class C
- ISO 13623 Petroleum & natural gas industries – Pipeline
transportation systems
- ISO 1413 Petroleum & natural gas industries – Pipeline
transportation systems – Pipeline Valves
- ISO 15590 Petroleum & natural gas industries – Induction
bends, fittings and flanges for piepline transportation
system – Part 1: Induction Bends

Back

12 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 3.4 Governmental Regulations

„Section 45, Act 302 of the Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act 1984.
The regulations are exercised through the Department of Occupational
Safety & Health (DOSH) and were made effective March 1, 1985.
„The Petroleum (Safety Measures) (Transportation of Petroleum by
Pipelines) Regulation 1985, define the statutory requirements for the
design and operation of pipeline systems, including inspection and
maintenance requirements.
„The EIA is a mandatory requirement under Section 34 A of the
Environmental Quality Act. 1974 , for activities prescribed in the EIA
Order 1987. As such, all project proponents intending to carry out any
prescribed activity listed under Activity 12 ( in which petroleum is
included ) of EIA Order 1987 shall submit an EIA report to the Director
General of Environmental Quality for proposal

Back to
Section 3.0
Standards &
Guidelines

13 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 3.4 Governmental Regulations (cont’d)

„ Installation for all new offshore facilities within the EEZ requires the
approval from the relevant authorities which falls under the Ministry
of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs (MDTCA)
„ The relevant ministry/departments which forms the approving
committee under the MDTCA Secretariat are the Attorney General
Chambers, Ministry of Energy Telecom & Post, Dept. of
Occupational Safety & Health (DOSH), Fisheries Dept., Ministry of
Transport, Marine Department (Pen. M’sia/Sabah/Sarawak),
Hydrography Dept., Min. of Defense and Dept. of Environment.
„ Issuance of Permit To Install (PTI) and Permit To Operate (PTO) for
all new offshore facilities within Malaysian territorial waters is vested
on DOSH’s authority.

Back to
Section 3.0
Standards &
Guidelines

14 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 3.4 Governmental Regulations (cont’d)

15 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 4.0 Main Components of a Pipeline System

A pipeline system can be defined as a system of pipes and

other components used for the transportation of fluids,
between (but excluding) plants. A pipeline extends from pig
trap to pig trap (excluding the pig traps), or, if no pig trap is
fitted, to the first isolation valve within the plant boundaries or
a more inward valve is nominated.

There are essentially 3 major types of pipeline systems:

Back
4.1 Gathering pipelines,
4.2 Transmission pipelines,
4.3 Distribution pipelines (for onshore pipelines only)

schematic

A pipeline infra structure system also contains several main

components (see section 4.4).
16 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design
 4.1 Gathering Pipeline

„ Gathering pipelines or systems collect raw (unprocessed)

gas and/or liquid at the wells and transport to processing
plants or other separation and purification facilities.
„ Gathering lines are typically smaller in diameter
compared to the large transmission lines.
„ Gathering pipeline is also known as Intra Field Pipeline
which is defined as a pipeline system which connects
platforms, FPSO, PLEM, subsea wellheads etc in the
same field. This is shown in the next figures (Bayu
Undan Field & Scarab Saffron Field)

Back to
Section 4.0
Main
Components of
Pipeline
System
17 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design
 4.1 Gathering Pipeline (cont’d)

Gathering Pipeline or Intra Field Pipeline

Bayu Undan Field located in Timor Sea (Timur-Timor/Australia border)

Gathering
Pipeline

Gathering
Pipeline
Back

18 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 4.1 Gathering Pipeline (cont’d)

Gathering Pipeline or Intra Field Pipeline

Scarab Saffron Development located offshore Egypt

Gathering
Pipeline

Back
Gathering
Pipeline

19 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 4.2 Transmission Pipeline

„ Transmission pipelines consist of both higher pressure

and larger diameter pipelines to quickly move gas and/or
liquid over long distances
„ Transmission pipelines are also known as Inter Field
Pipeline which is defined as a pipeline system which
connects platforms, FPSO, PLEM, subsea wellheads etc
between 2 or more fields. This is shown in the next figure
(Elgin-Franklin Field)
„ Trunkline is also defined as a main transmission pipeline,
to which branch lines may be connected, which transports
products from a gathering or producing location to a
delivery point. Example is a pipeline which sends products
Back to from an offshore facility to a land facility. This is shown in
Section 4.0 the next figure (Cliff Head Field).
Main
Components
of Pipeline
System
20 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design
 4.2 Transmission Pipeline (cont’d)

Transmission Pipeline or Also known as Inter Field Pipeline

Elgin and Franklin Fields Connection (North Sea)

Transmission
Pipeline

Back

21 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 4.2 Transmission Pipeline (cont’d)

Transmission Pipeline or also known as Trunkline

Cliff Head Field (Offshore Perth, Western Australia)

Transmission
Pipeline

Back

22 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 4.3 Distribution Pipeline

„ Distribution systems then deliver the product (gas/liquid)

to homes, business and power plants. This is more
prevalent in the onshore pipeline system.
„ schematic (representative of an onshore pipeline
system).

Back to
Section 4.0
Main
Components
of Pipeline
System
23 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design
 4.3 Distribution Pipeline (cont’d)

Back to
previous

24 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 4.4 Pipeline Infrastructure System Major
Components
„ A pipeline system (both onshore & offshore) may consists
of several components such as valves, spool, risers,
pigging facilities, flanges, hot tap tees, Y and Tee
pieces, PLEM etc. Some of these are shown in the next
figure.
„ For an onshore pipeline system, other than the
components mentioned above, the following components
are also prevalent in an onshore pipeline system:
4.4.1 Pump Stations

Back to
4.4.2 Metering Stations
Section 4.0 4.4.3 Regulator Stations
Main
Componen 4.4.4 Isolation or Emergency Shut Down (ESD)
ts of
Pipeline Valves
System

25 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 4.4 Main Components of a Pipeline Infrastructure
System (cont’d)

Back to
previous

26 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 4.4 Pipeline Infrastructure System Major Components
(cont’d) - Pipeline Components Definitions
Facilities This is also known as scraper traps.
„ Pigging Facilities:
This is a device installed at the extremities of a pipeline to
facilitate the launching (the launcher or launching trap) &
receiving (the receiver or receiving trap) of pigs, spheres,
or other line-cleaning devices, or pipeline inspection
devices. (Back) (see figure)
Riser The connecting piping or flexible hose between a
„ Riser:
submarine pipeline on the seabed & the processing
equipment on a platform and/or SBM. This is normally a
vertical, or near vertical, section in the pipeline. (Back)
(see figure)
Back to PLEM Pipeline-end Manifold. This is an item of subsea
„ PLEM:
Pipeline Infra equipment, comprising of piping & valves, at the end of a
Structure pipeline, to which single point mooring hoses are
Main connected. (Back) (see figure)
Components
Piece This is a fitting that permits a 90O angle branch
„ Tee Piece:
tie-in to a pipeline. (Back) (see figure)

27 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 4.4 Pipeline Infrastructure System Major Components
(cont’d) - Pipeline Components Definitions

<>
Back to
previous

28 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 4.4 Pipeline Infrastructure System Major Components
(cont’d) - Pipeline Components Definitions - PLEM

The photo below shows a PLEM (pipeline end manifold)

Buoy

Mooring
line
Flexible
Back to pipe
previous

PLEM
Pipeline

29 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 4.4 Pipeline Infrastructure System Major Components
(cont’d) - Pipeline Components Definitions - Tees

The photo below shows a pipeline tee piece.

Back to
previous

30 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 4.4 Pipeline Infrastructure System Major Components
(cont’d) - Pipeline Components Definitions

Valve This is a device for controlling the flow inside a

„ Valve:
pipeline. Valves are controlled either by manual or by
power assisted (hydraulic, pneumatic or electric)
(Back)(see figure)
Piece This is a fitting that permits a non-90O angle
„ Y Piece:
branch tie-in to a pipeline. (Back) (see figure)
Flange This is a method of pipeline connection. A
„ Flange:
flanged joint is composed of 3 separate & independent,
although interrelated components: the flanges, the gasket,
& the bolting, which are assembled by yet another party
Back to i.e. the assembler. (Back) (see figure)
Pipeline Infra
Structure „ Hot Tap Tee:Tee This is a tee fitting that is installed on a
Main pipeline prior to commencement of hot tap activity on a
Components ‘live’ pipeline. (Back)(see figure)

31 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 4.4 Pipeline Infrastructure System Major Components
(cont’d) - Pipeline Components Definitions – Y piece

The photo below shows a pipeline y piece.

Pipeline outlets
Y piece

Pipeline outlet

Back to
previous

32 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 4.4 Pipeline Infrastructure System Major Components
(cont’d) - Pipeline Components Definitions – flange

The photo below shows a pipeline flange.

Back to
previous

33 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 4.4 Pipeline Infrastructure System Major Components
(cont’d) - Pipeline Components Definitions – Y piece

The photo below shows a hot tap tee.

Pipeline outlets
Y piece

Pipeline outlet

Back to
previous

34 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 4.4.1 Pump Station

„ Pump stations are located at the start of the pipeline to

give the initial energy to the product to be transported & at
intermediate location to boost the energy (see figure)
„ Pumping sets may be installed in the open or in a building
depending on the climatic conditions & maintenance
requirements.
„ A standard practice in pump station design is to have a
set of pumps, in parallel and/or in series, to allow the total
throughput, and a parallel set of pumps as a stand-by or
emergency service in case of failure of any pump.
Back to
Pipeline „ In general, pumps in series are used where there is a high
Infrastructure static head to overcome.
System Major
Components „ A typical station layout is also shown in the next figure.

35 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 4.4.1 Pump Station (cont’d)

Back to
previous

36 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 4.4.1 Pump Station (cont’d)

From Supply
To pipeline
Depot

Back

Booster pumps (vertical type) Main pumps (horizontal)

In parallel In series/parallel

37 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 4.4.2 Metering Station

„ Metering stations are where product measurements are

performed through numerous devices including the
following meters: Orifice, Turbine, Positive displacement,
Rotary, and Venturi tube.
„ The meter station piping will accommodate the
measurement device & any ancillary equipment, such as
meter provers.
„ Meter stations should not be placed where acoustic
pulsation or product flow vibration can affect the
measurement.
„ The next figure shows a metering station.
Back to
Pipeline
Infrastructure
System Major
Components

38 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 4.4.2 Metering Station (cont’d)

A typical metering station is shown below:

Back to
previous

39 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 4.4.3 Regulator Station

„ The purpose of a regulator station is to reduce gas from

transmission to distribution pressure.
„ Most regulator stations include a heater, a regulator, a
monitor, a silencer and a odorizer.
„ The heater raises the temperature of the gas to counteract
the refrigeration effect of the regulators & monitors. It
should keep the temperature of the gas above hydrate*
formation temperature as the gas moves through the
station.
(See figure in the next page)
Back to
Pipeline
Infrastructure * Hydrates are solid compounds of hydrocarbons & water
System Major (e.g. similar to white snow) formed when the components
Components are in contact at low temperatures & high pressures. They
can be troublesome in pipelines since once they are
formed, they partially or completely block the flow.

40 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 4.4.3 Regulator Station (cont’d)

Back to
previous

41 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 4.4.4 Isolation or Emergency Shut Down (ESD) Valves

„ Block valves or section isolating valves should be installed

at the beginning & end of a pipeline & at appropriate
intermediate spacings along the pipeline taking into
account the nature of the fluid being conveyed. Usually
the spacing is 16km (BS 8010 code)
„ ESD valves should be located at each end of the pipeline,
& on the incoming & outgoing sections at any plant en
route, such as compressor or pumping stations. The
valves should be located in a non-hazardous area, e.g.
close to the plant fences.
Back to
Pipeline „ Isolation valves are used for diverting process media,
Infrastructure
System Major facilitating maintenance, equipment removal and
Components shutdown.
„ The diagram on page 26 shows the typical location of a
block valve.

42 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 5.0 Pipeline Materials

Line pipe materials can generally be categorized into 4

types:

5.1 Carbon Manganese (C-Mn) Pipeline Steel

5.2 Corrosion Resistant Alloys (CRA)

5.3 Non-Metallic Materials

Back 5.4 Flexible Pipeline

43 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 5.1 Carbon Manganese (C-Mn) Pipeline Steel

„ Description: Refers to pipelines that are constructed from

carbon steel alloyed with manganese and conforming to
API 5L and ISO 3183 specifications (see figure below)

„ Advantage : Very economical

„ Disadvantage : Very limited corrosion

resistance

Back to
Pipeline
Materials
44 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design
 5.2 Corrosion Resistant Alloys (CRA)

„ Description: CRA materials are selected if C-Mn steel

is unsuitable due to high corrodibility of transported fluid,
with or without inhibition. Common type is duplex
stainless steel. Other options are C-Mn steel pipes
internally clad with austenitic stainless steel (type 316),
high nickel alloys (incolloy 825 or Inconel 625) etc.
„ Advantage : Very high corrosion resistance
„ Disadvantage: Very expensive
Difficult to install due to susceptibility to
seawater ingress.
Limited in-service inspection (for CRA
lined pipe)
Back to
Pipeline
Materials

45 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 5.3 Non-Metallic Materials
„ Description: Commonly referred as plastic pipes. They are
considered in 2 classes of materials decided by their thermal
behavior: thermoset and thermoplastic. Thermoset materials
are set by temperature or chemically and cannot be reformed
later by the application of heat. Thermoplastics can be
repeatedly softened & reshaped by heat.
„ Advantage:
- Very low weight
- Smooth bore – low friction
- High corrosion resistance in waters
- Easy jointing
- Thermoplastic materials are cheaper than steel or cast iron.
„ Disadvantage:
- Not well-defined mechanical properties
- Need careful handling
Back to
Pipeline - Limited working pressure and temperature
Materials - Need to be buried for protection
- Poor resistance to vibration and pressure surges.
46 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design
 5.4 Flexible Pipeline

„ Description: Used as subsea flowlines, for jumpers from

wellheads to rigid flowlines, for riser & as expansion loops
(see figure). The pipelines are constructed from subsequent
layers of metal or organic materials. The layers used are
depended on whether the pipe is bonded or non-bonded.
„ Advantage:
- Very cheap to lay.
- Theoretically they are recoverable after use.
„ Disadvantage:
- Used for small diameter and short distance.
- Material cost is high
- Currently no standards for flexible pipeline but guidelines
are available (API 17B)
Back to
Pipeline - Limited in-service inspection i.e. instrumented pigs can’t be
Materials used.

47 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 5.4 Flexible Pipeline (cont’d)

Flexible
Pipe /Hose

Flexible
Pipe /Hose
Back Image from www.singlebuoy.com

48 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 5.4 Flexible Pipeline (cont’d)
Flexible Pipeline Layers

Back to
Flexible
Pipe

49 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 6.0 Pipeline Route Selection

The selection of a pipeline route shall take full account of the

following:
6.1 Pipeline Location Class
6.2 Availability of Survey Data
6.3 Pipeline Easement
6.4 Available Pipeline Right of Way (ROW)
6.5 Costs considerations.

The selection criteria that need to be considered when

selecting a pipeline route may differ between onshore &
offshore pipeline

Back to
Table of
Content
50 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design
 6.1 Pipeline Location Class
A ``class location unit'' is an onshore area that extends 220 yards (200 meters) on either
side of the centerline of any continuous 1- mile (1.6 kilometers) length of pipeline (see
figure). Each separate dwelling unit in a multiple dwelling unit building is counted as a
separate building intended for human occupancy. Based on these, pipeline locations are
classified as follows:

(1) A Class 1 location is:

(i) An offshore area; or
(ii) Any class location unit that has ≤10 buildings intended for human occupancy.

(2) A Class 2 location is any class location unit that has more than 10 but fewer than 46
buildings intended for human occupancy.

(3) A Class 3 location is:

(i) Any class location unit that has ≥ 46 buildings intended for human occupancy; or
(ii) An area where the pipeline lies within 100 yards (91 meters) of either a building or
a small, well-defined outside area (such as a playground, recreation area, outdoor
theater, or other place of public assembly) that is occupied by ≥20 persons on at
least 5 days a week for 10 weeks in any 12-month period. (The days & weeks
Back to need not be consecutive.)
Pipeline (4) A Class 4 location is any class location unit where buildings with ≥4 stories above
Route ground are prevalent.
Selection
Every class location has its own design factors. This is shown in the next table.
51 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design
 6.1 Pipeline Location Class (cont’d)

200m 200m

Pipeline

Soil

Back to
Location Class Unit
previous

52 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 6.1 Pipeline Location Class (cont’d) – Design Factors

Back to
previous

53 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 6.2 Required Survey Data

A detailed survey data should be available prior to finalizing

the pipeline route and carrying out detailed design. The
required survey data are as follows:
Onshore Pipelines Offshore Pipelines
• Soil resistivity • Soil survey for stability
• Population and building design
densities • Seabed topographical
• Topographical data (rivers, data
road etc) • Fishing & shipping
• Record of any existing activity data
special features • Environmental data
• Soil investigation (current, waves etc)
Back • Environmental data • 3rd party facilities (other
(landslides, vegetations etc) cables, pipelines etc)
Usage of data >>>> Usage of data >>>>

54 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 6.2 Required Survey Data (cont’d) – Usage of Data
(Onshore)

The usage for the required onshore survey data are:

Onshore Pipelines
• Soil resistivity – To perform pipeline cathodic protection
design.
• Population and building densities – To determine
location class type & subsequently the related design
factors.
• Topographical data (rivers, road etc) – To determine
the number of crossings along the pipeline route.
• Record of any existing special features – To determine
types of crossings and optimum pipeline route.
Back to • Soil investigation – To be used in the pipeline foundation
previous design.
• Environmental data (landslides, vegetations etc) – To
be used in pipeline mechanical design.
55 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design
 6.2 Required Survey Data (cont’d) – Usage of Data
(Offshore)

The usage for the required onshore survey data are:

Offshore Pipelines

• Soil geotechnical survey – This data for pipeline stability

design
• Seabed topographical data – This data is for pipeline
transient analysis & bottom roughness analysis.
• Fishing & shipping activity data – This is for trawl board
impact assessment & for pipeline route selection.
• Environmental data (current, waves etc) – This is for
pipeline mechanical design.
Back to • 3rd party facilities (other cables, pipelines etc) – This
previous is for pipeline crossing analysis.

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 6.3 Pipeline Easement
„ A pipeline easement is defined as the right of a pipeline
operator to use the property of another person for the
purpose of installing and operating a pipeline (see figure).
„ The landowner still owns the land & can use it as he or
she wishes as long as this use does not interfere with the
easement rights which have been granted.
„ A land owner may choose to charge the pipeline operating
company an annual rental fee or a one time payment for
the pipeline easement.
„ The pipeline route selected shall take into consideration
of the cost of pipeline easement and the ease in which an
easement may be granted by the landowners. Pipeline
routes that can results in high easement costs and
Back to passing through multiple private land should be avoided.
Pipeline
Route
Selection
57 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design
 6.3 Pipeline Easement (cont’d)

White dotted line

represents easement
boundary.

Back to Fenced up pipeline

Previous easement

58 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 6.4 Pipeline Right-Of-Way (R.O.W)

„ A pipeline right-of-way is a strip of land over & around

pipelines where some of the property owner's legal rights
have been granted to a pipeline company.
„ A right-of-way agreement between the pipeline company
& the property owner is also called an easement & is
usually filed in the public records with property deeds (see
figure)
„ Rights-of-ways and easements provide a permanent,
limited interest in the land that enables the pipeline
company to operate, test, inspect, repair, maintain,
replace, & protect one or more pipelines on property
owned by others.
„ The agreement may vary the rights & widths of the right-
Back to of-way, but generally, the pipeline company's right-of-ways
Pipeline extend between 4m to 10m (depending on pipeline size)
Route from each side of the pipeline unless special conditions
Selection exist. See next figure for typical R.O.W
59 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design
 6.4 Pipeline Right-Of-Way (R.O.W) – cont’d

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previous

60 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 6.4 Pipeline Right-Of-Way (R.O.W) – cont’d

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61 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 6.5 Costs Considerations

The following pipeline route considerations have an impact on the

pipeline costs:
- The shortest route between the two end points of the pipeline
would be the cheapest. This is because the line pipe & other
material cost is the lowest, and also the construction time is
the fastest thus giving cost benefits.
- Mountainous regions (which are often accompanied by hard
rocks) and coral areas (which is restricted by environmental
regulations) cause considerable difficulties in construction,
which is reflected in the cost which can be up to approx ten times
greater than a similar distance on the easiest sections.
- All pipeline crossings should be avoided or reduced to a
minimum because they are often time consuming and
disruptive to progress & cost a significant lump sum of
money in addition to the regular pipeline cost, normally based on
length.
Back to - The location class mentioned in section 7.1 will determine the
Pipeline design factor & hence the wall thickness & costs for
Route sections of the pipeline. Thus high dense populated area
Selection should be avoided.

62 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 6.6 Onshore Pipeline Route Selection Criteria
„Permanent R.O.W width : 4m for DN150 and below
10m for DN600 and above
„Minimum radius of curvature is 500 x Pipeline Diameter (see
figure)
„Minimum separation between 2 pipelines in a trench is 0.3m
(see figure)
„Minimum distance for pipelines installed in a separate trench
alongside an existing buried pipeline is (see figure)
2m for DN150 and below
5m for DN900 and above
„Pipeline crossing angle should be between 60O & 90O (see
figure)
Back to
„Minimum horizontal distance between pipeline and parallel
Pipeline power lines are: (see figure)
Route
Selection 4m for power lines below 110kV
10m for power lines 110kV & above.
63 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design
 6.6 Onshore Pipeline Route Selection Criteria

Pipeline Pipeline
Trench
≥ 0.3m

2m or 5m

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previous

Trench

64 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 6.6 Onshore Pipeline Route Selection Criteria
(cont’d) – Pipeline Crossing Angle

Pipeline A

Pipeline Crossing angle between 60O

& 90O (onshore) or >30O (offshore)

Pipeline B

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65 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 6.6 Onshore Pipeline Route Selection Criteria
(cont’d) – Pipeline & Power Line

Pipeline A Power Line

4m or 10m

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66 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 6.7 Offshore Pipeline Route Selection Criteria

„‘Spiderweb’ arrangements, with the pipeline radiating in

all directions from the platform should be avoided (see
figure).
„Platform loading/landing zones should be avoided
„Risers shouldn't be placed under flare/vent booms.
„Risers should be protected & not located near living
quarters (except water & slurry lines)
„A 500m straight length is required near the platform.
„Pipelines shall be routed 200m away from vent
platforms.
Back to
„Pipeline crossing angle > 30O (see figure).
Pipeline
Route „Spacing between pipelines is 25 to 50m (see figure)..
Selection

67 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 6.7 Offshore Pipeline Route Selection Criteria
(cont’d) – Spiderweb configuration

Platform

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Pipeline
previous

68 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 6.7 Offshore Pipeline Route Selection Criteria
(cont’d) – Straight & Curved Section

Minimum radius of curvature

= 500 x Pipeline diameter

Minimum 500m
straight section

Platform
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Pipeline
previous

69 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 6.7 Offshore Pipeline Route Selection Criteria
(cont’d) – Straight & Curved Section

Pipeline A Pipeline B

25m to 50m spacing

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70 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 7.0 Basic Pipeline Concept

7.1 General Field Development Concept

7.2 Offshore Production Facilities

7.3 Offshore Pipeline Development Concept

7.4 Onshore Pipeline Development Concept

7.5 Pipeline Costs

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71 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 7.1 General Field Development Concept

„ After all information relating to the geological & geotechnical

data of the reservoir is analyzed & correlated with
information obtained from exploratory drilling, technical &
economic studies for developing the field & producing the
hydrocarbon begins.
„ These include an evaluation of alternatives for building an
offshore fixed structure for drilling & producing, multiple
structure for drilling & producing, subsea production systems
with an offshore terminal, & other drilling or producing
systems.
„ Field development studies are done to evaluate the various
develpoment alternatives & the time schedules & costs
associated with these alternatives.
Back „ Due to the cost & time involved in constructing an offshore
producing facility, it is usually desirable to drill & produce
using the same facility. Simultaneous drilling & production is
sometimes undesirable for safety reasons, & often there are
separate structures for drilling & production.
72 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design
 7.2 Offshore Production Facilities

There are generally 2 types of production facility:

i. Surface Production System :
This system is typically made up of a fixed offshore
platform equipped with both drilling & production
equipment. Oil, gas or both are transported to shore via
submarine pipelines. In some cases, the crude may be
transported by a submarine pipeline to an offshore
terminal then loaded to a tanker which then transfers the
crude to shore.
ii. Subsea Production System :
Back to
Basic This system is typically made up of a floating vessel which
has both drilling & production equipment. In this system,
Pipeline all drilled wells are completed on the seabed. These wells
Concept are connected to & supported by a subsea template. The
crude is then transported by a submarine pipeline to an
offshore terminal where it can be loaded into a storage & a
transportation facility.
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previous

73 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 7.2 Offshore Production Facilities (cont’d)

„ The advantages of the subsea production system are:

- The system is less costly than fixed platform,
- It can be used in very deep water,
- It provides earlier production than would have been
obtained by a surface production facility,
- Desirable in remote areas, & marginal field developments.
Back to „ In cases where reservoir hydrocarbon deposits cannot be
Basic drilled & produced from the same surface production facility, a
Pipeline combination of the surface & subsea production systems can
Concept be used. In this case, the remote wells are serviced by a
common subsea manifold. Production risers then connect the
subsea manifold to the surface production facility.
Back to „ If gas is found, a pipeline is required. If gas is associated with
Previous oil production, it must either be flared, used for process power,
reinjected or pipelined to shore.

74 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 7.3 Offshore Pipeline Development Concept

There are several options of offshore pipeline development

concepts:

8.3.1 Pipeline to shore

8.3.2 Pipeline to other platforms
8.3.3 Pipeline to Floating Storage & Offloading Facilities
Back to 8.3.4 Pipeline connections for subsea templates.
Basic
Pipeline
Concept

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75 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 7.3.1 Offshore Pipeline Development Concept –
Pipeline to Shore
„A pipeline which sends products to shore is sometimes
called a trunkline.
„The option of installing a pipeline to shore is chosen when
the gas has to be exported for processing or sales
purposes.
„Oil on the other hand may be exported from an offshore
production facility using floating storage and offloading
facilities.
„Pipelines to shore are normally large diameter and high
pressure. They are also expensive to built since many
offshore production facilities are located more than 50-
100km away from shore.
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76 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 7.3.2 Offshore Pipeline Development Concept –
Pipeline to Other Platforms
„A pipeline which sends products to other platforms is
sometimes called a gathering line.
„The option of installing a pipeline to another platform is
chosen because of the following reasons:
-The originating platform does not have processing facilities
e.g. separation or pumping facilities prior to export.
- The receiving platform acts as compression or pumping
platform to send the product to another field or platform
which has export facility such as trunkline to shore or
floating offloading facility.

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77 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 7.3.3 Offshore Pipeline Development Concept –
Pipeline to Floating Storage/Offloading Facility
„In areas which are remote from shore & where an
infrastructure of subsea pipelines & onshore production
facilities does not exist, floating storage may be an
alternative.
„Oil is then transferred from this floating storage to a
shuttle tanker mooring alongside this permanent facility.
„Such an installation is known as a floating storage &
offloading facility (FSO) (see figure).
„If all or some separation & treating of the oil takes place
on board the permanently moored vessel, it is then known
as a floating production, storage & off-loading facility
(FPSO) (see figure).
„In the case of FSOs & FPSOs, some of the produced gas
Back to
may be used as fuel. The remainder of the gas may be
reinjected into wells or, more commonly, flared at either the
Previous platform or the floating facility or both.

78 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 7.3 Offshore Pipeline Development Concept –
Pipeline to FSO

Tanker storage

Subsea pipeline

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79 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 7.3 Offshore Pipeline Development Concept –
Pipeline to FPSO

Subsea pipeline
Subsea pipeline

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80 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 7.3.4 Offshore Pipeline Development Concept –
Pipeline connection to Subsea Templates

„When deepwater prospects are located fairly close to

shallower water, it may be economically feasible to develop
the deepwater prospects using subsea completions &
process the produced fluids on a floating facility or on a
shallow water platform.
„Pipeline may then convey the produced fluids from these
subsea templates to the shallow water platform.
„The subsea wells are controlled by means of subsea
control system which is operated from the platform.

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81 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 7.4 Onshore Pipeline Development Concept
„ An onshore pipeline system particularly a natural gas
transmission pipeline generally comprises of a high pressure
pipeline(s) that transports gas or fluid between points of supply &
points of delivery to market areas, storage or a connecting
transmission system.
„ The transmission system consist of interconnected pipe sections &
frequently include compressor or pump stations located at intervals
as needed to overcome pressure losses that develop as gas flows
through the pipe.
„ Generally, increasing flow through a pipeline system can be
achieved by:
-Looping (adding sections of parallel pipeline between the stations,
Back to -Adding new intermediate stations if existing stations are
Basic
located far apart.
Pipeline „ Looping generally involves higher capital cost than does increased
Concept compression/pumping. However, looping involves relatively lower fuel
& operating & maintenance expenses. Increased in capacity are often
accomplished through the combination of both.
82 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design
 7.5 Pipeline Costs

„ The cost of a pipeline is made up predominantly of the

following main components:
8.5.1 Right of Way (ROW) – for onshore pipeline
8.5.2 Material Costs
8.5.3 Installation Related Costs
8.5.4 Engineering & Overhead Costs
„ The largest portion of the total cost will consist of material
& installation cost.
„ When estimating the cost of a pipeline, another
Back to component, contingency costs, should be added.
Basic
Pipeline
Concept

83 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 7.5 Pipeline Costs (Cont’d)

<>
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84 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 7.5.1 Right of Way (ROW) Costs (Onshore
Pipeline)

For an onshore pipeline system, the ROW cost normally

consist of the payment for the land rights taken & payment
for such unavoidable work-related damages as those to
crops, trees & fences. Factor affecting the cost of ROW
include:
- Population density encountered by the route. In
general the higher the density, the higher the ROW
costs.
- Environmental factors encountered along the route.
Bypassing environmentally sensitive areas can cause an
increase in route length which, in turn, may result in the
added expense of crossing more parcels.
Back to - Urgency in having the pipeline for service. This can
Pipeline shorten the time to negotiate ROW costs.
Costs
- Existing pipelines crossing land owner’s properties.
Correcting mistakes can increase price negotiations.

85 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 7.5.2 Material Costs

„ Material cost include those for such components as

pipe, coating, valves & fittings. The cost of these items
increase with the diameter of the pipe being laid. Line
pipe will be the most costly item. Pipe wall thickness-
hence, weight-of the pipe plays a major role in pipe
costs.
„ Factors affecting the cost of materials include:
- Design flow rate & maximum allowable operating
pressure (MAOP) of the pipeline.
- Population density of the proposed route. This
determines the location class of the pipeline.
Back to
Pipeline - Availability of material.
Costs

86 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 7.5.3 Installation Costs

Installation related costs depend on several factors:

- Population density adds to installation costs because of
increased obstacles encountered compared to rural areas.
- Environmental restraints may raise labour costs if the
contractor must work on restricted ROW, bore river
crossings, conduct elaborate terrain restoration, or be faced
with restrictions caused by archeological or historic sites.
- Terrain plays a major role in labour costs when construction
must pass through onshore versus offshore, rock versus
sand, wooded versus open areas, wetland versus dry,
buried or non-buried.
- Weather - construction takes place in the monsoon period or
during spring, summer, fall or winter has direct bearing on
labour costs. Generally, monsoon, spring or winter
construction is most expensive.
Back to
Pipeline - Availability of contractors & labour forces can directly affect
contractors’ bids. If a project completion date falls within a
Costs busy construction season, higher-than-normal construction
bids can be expected.

87 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 7.5.4 Engineering & Overhead Costs

Engineering costs vary with the complexity of the pipeline

project. Overhead costs are usually set by each particular
company & are expressed as a percentage of the overall
project costs.

Contingency provisions should be made for such

unknowns as price escalations. Such costs can account
for a substantial part of a pipeline’s cost estimate. The
more an estimator knows about the project, the lower the
contingency should be. This figure is usually set as a
percentage of the total project cost estimate.
Back to
Pipeline
Costs

88 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design

 THAT’S ALL FOLKS

89 07/02/2007 PIPELINES – MODULE 1 – Front-End Engineering Design