Digital Communication Lab

Laboratory report submitted for the partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Electronics and Communication Engineering

by

Anuj Gupta - 20UEC153

Course Coordinator
Dr. Soumitra Debnath

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

The LNM Institute of Information Technology, Jaipur

November 2022
Copyright © The LNMIIT 2021
All Rights Reserved
 Contents

Chapter Page

1 Experiment - 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Aim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Software Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3.1 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3.2 code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.3 output plots generated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.5 Precaution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

iii
 Chapter 1

Experiment - 7

1.1 Aim
Performance analysis of BPSK/QPSK/QAM over AWGN channel.

1.2 Software Required

MATLAB

1.3 Theory
Digital modulation is the process by which digital symbols are transmitted into waveforms that are
compatible with the characteristics of the channel. The modulation process converts the signal in order
to be compatible with available transmission facilities. At the receiver end, demodulation must be ac-
complished by recognizing the signals. The modulation technique used in this work is BPSK (Binary
Phase Shift Keying) and it is widely used in digital transmission. BPSK modulation is the simplest form
and most robust of all the PSK modulation techniques. It is able to modulate at only 1bps and it is
not suitable for high data-rate applications.The most straightforward type of PSK is called binary phase
shift keying (BPSK), where “binary” refers to the use of two phase offsets (one for logic high, one for
logic low).
The Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK is a variation of BPSK, and it is also a Double Side Band
Suppressed Carrier DSBSC modulation scheme, which sends two bits of digital information at a time,
called as bigits.
Instead of the conversion of digital bits into a series of digital stream, it converts them into bit pairs.
This decreases the data bit rate to half, which allows space for the other users. Quadrature amplitude
modulation (QAM) is the name of a family of digital modulation methods and a related family of ana-
log modulation methods widely used in modern telecommunicationsto transmit information. It conveys
two analog message signals, or two digital bit streams, by changing (modulating) the amplitudes of two

1
carrier waves, using the amplitude-shift keying (ASK) digital modulation scheme or amplitude modu-
lation (AM) analog modulation scheme. The two carrier waves are of the same frequency and are out
of phase with each other by 90°, a condition known as orthogonality or quadrature. The transmitted
signal is created by adding the two carrier waves together. At the receiver, the two waves can be coher-
ently separated (demodulated) because of their orthogonality property. Another key property is that the
modulations are low-frequency/low-bandwidth waveforms compared to the carrier frequency, which is
known as the narrowband assumption.

1.3.1 Procedure
1.Write a code to generate a message signal that is a square pulse. This is done using random func-
tion and if value is greater than 0.5 then it should be considered logic
high or (value 1) else it should be considered logic 0.
2.Now we need to generate a carrier signal that is a sine wave.
3.We know that BPSK is multiplication of carrier signal and message signal.
4.Now we need to add the noise in the original signal.
5.Now we need to plot the fft of the signal wthout noise and with noise.

2
Matlab Code
1.3.2 code

clc ;
clear ;
close all ;
x= z e r o s ( 1 , 1 0 0 ) ;
for i =1:5:100
y= r a n d ( ) ;
f o r j =0:4
i f ( y >0.5)
x( i+j )=1;
else
x ( i + j )= −1;
end
end
end
subplot (4 ,1 ,1);
stairs (x );
t i t l e ( ” Message S i g n a l ” )
t =0:0.01:0.99;
c= s i n ( 2 * p i * 10 * t ) ;
subplot (4 ,1 ,2);
plot ( t , c );
t i t l e (” Carrier Signal ”)
ms=x . * c ;
subplot (4 ,1 ,3);
p l o t ( t , ms ) ;
t i t l e ( ” Modulated S i g n a l ” )
f r e q r e s p = f f t ( ms ) ;
subplot (4 ,1 ,4);
stem ( abs ( f r e q r e s p ) , ’ red ’ ) ;
t i t l e (” F o u r i e r Transform ” ) ;
h o l d on
stem ( a n g l e ( f r e q r e s p ) , ’ green ’ ) ;
hold off ;

3
1.3.3 output plots generated

Figure 1.1 output

1.3.4 Conclusions
We have generated a BPSK signal which changes it’s phase everytime there is a transition in 1 to 0
and 0 to 1.

1.3.5 Precaution
Observation should be taken properly