LECTURE 2

B58FB / B48BB Unit 1.3

FLUID MECHANICS A Fluid Properties:
TOPIC 1- FLUID PROPERTIES Equation of State
FLUIDS: LIQUIDS OR GASES?
§ A liquid will only occupy the enclosing container
to the extent of its own volume and is
considered incompressible
§ A gas will expand to occupy the total enclosure
volume and is considered compressible
§ Liquids can be converted to gases by the
process of evaporation
§ Gases can be converted to liquids by the
process of condensation

© 2018 Fundamental Photograph

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 SPECIFIC QUANTITIES: DENSITY
§ Specific quantities such as density are made
independent of the size of the system by
dividing by its overall volume or by mass.
§ The density, 𝜌, of a fluid is the mass of fluid
contained within a unit volume (it does not
change if the overall mass changes):
𝑚
𝜌= kg/m!
𝑉
§ 𝜌 depends on temperature and pressure. Liquid
density is only strongly dependent on
temperature, but gas density is strongly
dependent on both, pressure and temperature.

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 SPECIFIC VOLUME, WEIGHT AND GRAVITY
§ The specific volume, 𝑣 (inverse of the density, 𝜌) does not change even
when the volume does
1
𝑣= m! /kg
𝜌

§ The specific weight, 𝑤, is the weight of fluid per unit volume and is
defined as:
𝑤 = 𝜌𝑔 N/m!

§ The specific gravity, 𝛾, of a fluid is the ratio of its specific weight to the
specific weight of water:
𝑤" 𝜌"
𝛾= =
𝑤# 𝜌#

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 LIQUID TO GAS PHASE CHANGE
UNDER CONSTANT PRESSURE

§ Adding constant heat to a fluid:

Piston-cylinder experiment
­ Constant load keeps the fluid
pressure constant
­ Heat is absorbed by sub-cooled
liquid increasing its temperature. 𝑚

­ Reaching the boiling point, the heat

absorbed by the liquid is used in
transforming part of the liquid into 𝑚 𝑉" , 𝑝"
gas at a constant temperature.
𝑉! , 𝑝!
­ Heat absorbed by super-heated
gas increases its temperature again

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 SPECIFIC QUANTITIES: DENSITY

• Liquid density varies little with pressure.

• Water density varies with temperature

1
from around 1000 (kg/m3) at room = A + BT
temperature to about 958 (kg/m3) at
100oC.
r
• The decrease of the density of liquids The constants A & B are
with increasing temperature may be evaluated from density values
described with this expression at two different temperatures.

• The density of air r (kg/m3) is modelled by an equation of state:

ideal gas law

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 EQUATION OF STATE AND THE GAS CONSTANT
§ An equation of state relates the § 𝑅!"#$ is the specific gas constant of
variables describing the state of a the gas concerned, e.g.
fluid, such as the pressure and density. ­ Air: 0.287 kJ/kgK
These forms are equivalent for the ­ Hydrogen: 4.16 kJ/kgK
ideal gas equation of state: ­ Carbon dioxide: 0.19 kJ/kgK

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅$𝑇 § 𝑅% is the universal gas constant,

. 𝑅# = 8.314 kJ/kmolK.
𝑃𝑣 = 𝑅%&'( 𝑇
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅%&'( 𝑇 § 𝑅!"#$ and 𝑅& are related by the
𝑃 = 𝑅%&'( 𝜌𝑇 molar mass of the gas , 𝑀 kg/mol :
𝑅%
𝑅!"#$ = [kJ/kgK]
* Care must be taken with a consistent use 𝑀
of units, and remember T is in Kelvin

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 B58FB / B48BB Application 1.1
FLUID MECHANICS A Fluid Properties:
TOPIC I - FLUID PROPERTIES Using Ideal Gas Law
 EQUATION OF STATE AND THE GAS CONSTANT

1. Calculate the mass of air

contained in an hydrostatic
balloon of spherical shape and
10m in diameter. It has risen to
2000m in altitude where the 3. 100 tons/h of carbon dioxide
temperature is -10 oC and the are produced in a thermal
pressure is 80000Pa plant. The CO2 exits at a
temperature if 600K and a
pressure of 1atm. How much
2. Calculate the temperature of
volume (m3) of CO2 is being
hydrogen in cryogenic deposit
produced every hour?
that is maintained at 80 bar,
containing 2kg of hydrogen. The
deposit is a cube of 0.6m in side.

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 EQUATION OF STATE AND THE GAS CONSTANT

1. Calculate the mass of air

contained in an hydrostatic
balloon of spherical shape and 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅!"#$ 𝑇
10m in diameter. It has risen to
2000m in altitude where the 𝑃𝑉
temperature is -10 oC and the 𝑚=
𝑅!"#$ 𝑇
pressure is 80000Pa

80000. 523.6
𝑚=
𝑅!"#$,()* = 0.287 kJ/kgK 287 . (273.15 − 10)

4 % 4 %
𝑉= 𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋5 = 523.6 𝑚% 𝑚 = 554.6 𝑘𝑔
3 3

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 EQUATION OF STATE AND THE GAS CONSTANT

2. Calculate the temperature of

hydrogen in cryogenic deposit
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅!"#$ 𝑇
that is maintained at 80 bar,
containing 2kg of hydrogen. The
deposit is a cube of 0.6m in side. 𝑃𝑉
𝑇=
𝑚𝑅!"#$
𝑅$%&',)" = 4.16 kJ/kgK

8000000. 0.216
𝑇= = 207.7𝐾
𝑉 = 𝑙% = 0.6% = 0.216 𝑚% 2 . 4160

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 EQUATION OF STATE AND THE GAS CONSTANT
3. 100 tons/h of carbon dioxide
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅!"#$ 𝑇
are produced in a thermal
plant. The CO2 exits at a
temperature if 600K and a 𝑃 = 𝑅!"#$ 𝜌𝑇
pressure of 1atm. How much
volume (m3) of CO2 is being 𝑃
𝜌=
produced every hour? 𝑅!"#$ 𝑇

𝑅!"#$,+,- = 0.190 kJ/kgK 101325 𝑃𝑎

𝜌&'( = = 0.89 𝑘𝑔/𝑚%
190 . 600
Every hour the mass produced is
m = 100000 𝑘𝑔
100000
Volume produced every hour is 𝑉&'( = = 112359 𝑚%
𝑉&'( = 𝑚&'( /𝜌&'( 0.89

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