NAME: Alonzo Angelo DATE: September 28, 2021

COURSE/YEAR/SEC: BSN 1 YA -41 TEACHER: Dr. Dorllyn Billones

EXERCISE NO. 5
SKELETAL AND ARTICULAR SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES: To learn different bones and cartilages comprising the skeletal system, their
functions and articulations.

1. Describe the different functions of the bones

- Supports surrounding structures.
- It protects vital visceral organs
- Gives attachment to the muscles and provides leverage so assisting in body movements.
- It produces blood cells; this occurs in the red bone marrow.
- For storage of mineral salts, especially phosphorus calcium to supply body needs.

2. Discuss the histologic compositions of bones.

❖ BONES CELLS
❖ MATRIX
• COLLAGENOUS FIBERS
- Give resilience to bones
• CALCIFIED GROUND SUBSTANCES
- Give hardness to bones
- Calcium Phosphate
- Calcium Carbonate

3. Describe the role of the different bone cells

• OSTEOBLASTS
- embryonic bone cells
- active in bone formation
• OSTEOCYTES
- Principal cells of mature bone
• OSTEOCLASTS
- Bone reabsorption/resorption and remodeling
 4. Explain the roles of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in the calcium level in the blood.
▪ PARATHYROID HORMONE
- regulates calcium levels in the blood, largely by increasing the levels when they are too
low. It does this through its actions on the kidneys, bones and intestine. Bone parathyroid
hormone stimulates the release of calcium from large calcium stores in the bones into
the bloodstream.
▪ CALCITONIN
- reduces calcium levels in the blood by two main mechanisms. It inhibits the activity of
osteoclasts, which are the cells responsible for breaking down bone. When bone is
broken down, the calcium contained in the bone is released into the bloodstream.
5. Describe the two types of Bone
a. COMPACT/DENSE- outer part of long bones. Dense and strong
b. SPONGY/CANCELLOUS- with many spaces red bone marrow where hemopoiesis
takes place.
6. Classify bones according to its:
a. SHAPE:
▪ LONG
- consist of shaft, or diaphysis, and two extremities, each called epiphysis
▪ Short
- typified by the carpal bones of the wrist and the tarsal bones of the ankle, with a
somewhat irregular shape
▪ Flat
- these bones consist of two flat plates of compact tissue
- enclosing a layer of spongy bone
- and the bones of the skull are all examples of flat bones.
▪ Irregular
- Comprises bones of peculiar and differing shape, such as the vertebrae and
the ossicles of the ear,
▪ Sesamoid (develops within a tendon)
- Sesamoid bones are enclosed in tendon and facial tissue and are found adjacent
in joints
b. DEVELOPMENT:
▪ Bones formed by intramembranous ossification
 - Involves the direct mineralization of dense connective membrane forming
bones
▪ Bones formed by endochondral ossification
- Most bones in the body are formed by the process of endochondral
ossification, the replacement of hyaline cartilage by bone.
7. Give examples of above various classifications.
a. SHAPE:
▪ Long
- Humerus, radius, tibia and fibula
▪ Short
- Carpals, metacarpals
▪ Flat
- Ribs, scapula, parts of the hip bone
▪ Irregular
- pelvis (pubis, ilium, and ischium), vertebrae
▪ Sesamoid
- Patella
b. DEVELOPMENT:
▪ Bones formed by intramembranous ossification
- Flat bones of the cranium
▪ Bones formed by endochondral ossification
- Clavicle (1st bone to start developing
8. Name the different bones composing the axial skeleton and their common
names.
• AXIAL SKELETON
- Consists of 80 bones
- The axial part consists of the skull (28 bones) (8cranial, 14 facials, 6 ear ossicles) the
hyoid bone, the vertebrae (26 bones) ribs (24 bones) and the sternum
9. Draw and label the important features of the following:

A. Frontal and lateral view of skull

B. VERTEBRAE
 10. Name the bone composing the appendicular skeleton with their common
names.
o APPENDICULAR SKELETON
- Consists of 126 bones 1. Bones of Upper extremities (64, including the shoulder
girdle) 2. Bones of lower extremities (62 bones including pelvic girdle
• UPPER LIMB - Lunate o Pelvic girdle (hip or
o Shoulder girdle: - Triquetrum coxal bone) - Ilium -
- Clavicle - Pisiform Ischium - Pubis
- Scapula - Trapezium o Thigh - Femur
o Arm - Trapezoid o Leg - Tibia - Fibula
- Humerus - Capitate o Tarsal bones - Talas
o Forearm - Hamate - Calcaneus - Cuboid
- Radius - Hand - Medial,
- Ulna - Metacarpals (x5) intermediate, and
o Wrist or carpal - Phalanx (x14). lateral cuneiform -
bones • LOWER LIMB Navicular
- Scaphoid o Foot - Metatarsals
(x5) - Phalanx (x14)

11. Draw and label the following:

A. Upper Extremities
 B. Lower Extremities

12. Identify different types of joints according to mobility and examples for each
▪ SYNARTHOSIS
- Immovable bones. Example is manubriosternal joint
▪ AMPHIARTHROSIS
- Slightly immovable Example is pubic symphysis of the pelvis
▪ DIARTHROSIS
- Freely movable joints Example are joints like the knee and shoulder.
13. Draw a typical synovial joint and label the parts.
14. Enumerate the different types of synovial joints and give typical examples for
each.

• Spheroid (cotyloid/ball & socket)- hip & shoulder

joint
• Ginglymus/Hinge joint – elbow, ankle, & knee
joint
• Trochoid/Pivot joint – atlantoaxial & superior
radio-ulnar joint
• Condyloid joint – metacarpophalangeal joint
• Ellipsoid Joint – radiocarpal joint *some books
condyloid & ellipsoid are considered the same
type of joint.
• Sellar/Saddle- between the trapezium & the
metacarpal of the thumb
• Plane Joint – between 2 carpal bones