NAME: ALONZO ANGELO F DATE: OCTOBER 19, 2021

COURSE: BSN1 -YA-41 TEACHER: DRA. DORLYN BILLONES

EXERCISE 7
NERVOUS SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES: To study the different parts and functions of the central and peripheral nervous system.

A. INTRODUCTION TO NERVOUS SYTEM

1. Describe the organization of the nervous system according to morphology and functions
• CENTRAL NERVOUS SYTEM (CNS)
- Brain and spinal cord
- Extends from foramen magnum to 2nd lumbar vertebra
- Protected by vertebral column
- Spinal nerves allow movement
- If damaged paralysis can occur
• PREIPHERAL NERVOUS SYTEM (PNS)
- All neurons outside CNS
- Consists of all neurons outside brain and spinal cord
- §Collects input from different sources, relays input to CNS, and performs action
- Cranial nerves (12) and Spinal nerves (31)
- Divisions:
- Afferent (Sensory): collects input from periphery and sends it to CNS
- Efferent (Motor): carries processed input from CNS to effector
a. Autonomic:
- response is automatic (involuntary)
- controls smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
- b. Somatic:
- response is voluntary
- controls skeletal muscles
 2. Illustrate and label the component parts of a nerve cell.

3. Explain the transmission of nerve impulse

- An action potential is a transient reversal of the resting membrane potential that transmits a signal
within a neuron (from dendrite to axon terminal). Ion channels open when neurotransmitter
molecules bind to receptors on a neuron's dendrites.

4. Define Synapse and the role of neurotransmitter.

- Synapse is where an axon attaches to a muscle, gland, organ, or other neuron involved with release
of neurotransmitters
- The chemical messengers of the body are typically referred to as neurotransmitters. They are the
chemicals that the nervous system uses to send and receive messages between neurons and
between neurons and muscles.

B. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. Enumerate the embryological divisions and subdivisions of brain
• EMBRYOLOGICAL DIVISION OF BRAIN:
- Hindbrain
- Midbrain
- Forebrain
• SUBDIVISION OF BRAIN
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Brainstem
 2. Illustrate and label the different lobes of the brain

3. Enumerate the important cortical areas and their functions.

CORTICAL AREA FUNCTION
1. PREFRONTAL CORTEX - Problem Solving, Emotion, Complex Thought
2. MOTOR ASSOCIATION CORTEX - Coordination of complex movement
3. PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX - Initiation of voluntary movement
4. PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX - Receives tactile information from the body
5. SENSORY ASSOCIATION AREA - Processing of multisensory information
6. VISUAL ASSOCIATION AREA - Complex processing of visual information
7. VISUAL CORTEX - Detection of simple visual stimuli
8. WERNICKE'S AREA - Language comprehension
9. AUDITORY ASSOCIATION AREA - Complex processing of auditory information
10. BROCA'S AREA - Speech production and articulation
11. BROCA'S AREA - Wernicke's Area
12. AUDITORY CORTEX - Detection of sound quality (loudness, tone)

4. Describethefunctionsofthecomponentpartsof diencephalon.
• THALAMUS
- Characteristics: largest portion of diencephalon
- Function: influences moods and detects pain
- Epithalamus:
 - Location: above thalamus
- Function: emotional and visceral response to odors
• HYPOTHALAMUS
- Location: below thalamus
- Characteristics: controls pituitary gland and is
- connected to it by infundibulum
- Function: controls homeostasis, body temp,
- thirst, hunger, fear, rage, sexual emotions
5. Explain the functions of the basal ganglia and its component parts
• BASAL GANGLIA
- responsible primarily for motor control, as well as other roles such as motor learning, executive
functions and behaviors, and emotions.
• COMPONENTS OF BASAL GANGLIA
- Corpus Striatum
- Globus Pallidus
- Subthalamic Nucleus
- Substantia Nigra

6. Explain the function of Cerebellum

- Location: below cerebrum
- Characteristics: means little brain
- cortex is composed of gyri, sulci, gray matter
- Functions: controls balance, muscle tone, coordination of fine motor
- Movement
7. Draw and label the different parts of the brainstem

8. Enumerate the meninges covering the brain

a. DURA MATER
b. ARACHNOID MATER
c. PIA MATER

9. Trace the cerebrospinal fluid.

10. Describe the spinal cord according to.:
a. LOCATION
- The spinal cord is an extension of the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the brain and
spinal cord. The spinal cord begins at the bottom of the brain stem (at the area called the medulla
oblongata) and ends in the lower back, as it tapers to form a cone called the conus medullaris.
b. SHAPE AND LENGTH
- The spinal cord is 40 to 50 cm long and 1 cm to 1.5 cm in diameter.
- Cylindrical in shape
c. VERTEBRAL LEVELS OF UPPER AND LOWER EXTREMETIES
- There are 7 cervical (neck), 12 thoracic (chest), 5 lumbar (back), and 5 sacral (tail) vertebrae.
d. DISTRIBUTIOIN OF GRAY AND WHITE MATTER
o GRAY MATTER
- center of spinal cord
- looks like letter H or a butterfly
- Posterior horns: contain axons which synapse with interneurons
- Anterior horns: contain somatic neurons
- Lateral horns: contain autonomic neurons
- central canal: fluid filled space in center of cord
o WHITE MATTER
- outside of spinal cord
- contains myelinated fibers
- Contains 3 columns dorsal, ventral, lateral columns
- Ascending tracts: axons that conduct action potentials toward brain
- Descending tracts: axons that conduct action potentials away from brain
e. ANATOMICAL ENLARGEMENT
- Two enlargements of the spinal cord can be visualized: The cervical enlargement, which extends
between C3 to T1; and the lumbar enlargements which extends between L1 to S2 (Figure 3.1). The
cord is segmentally organized. There are 31 segments, defined by 31 pairs of nerves exiting the cord.
f. FEATURES OF DISTAL END3
- The most distal bulbous part of the spinal cord is called the conus medullaris, and its tapering end
continues as the filum terminal. Distal to this end of the spinal cord is a collection of nerve roots,
which are horsetail-like in appearance and hence called the cauda equina (Latin for horse's tail).
g. ATTACHMENT OF SPINAL NERVES
- Arise along spinal cord from union of dorsal roots and ventral roots
- Contain axons sensory and somatic neurons
- Located between vertebra
- Categorized by region of vertebral column from which it emerges
- 31 pairs: Organized in 3 plexuses

C. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. List the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and at least one important function for each

2. Illustrate and label the formation of spinal nerve including a X section of spinal cord.

3. Discuss the importance of autonomic nervous system

- The autonomic nervous system is a vital part of the human body, as it regulates many of the body's
automatic functions. This system also aids in the body's preparation for stress and hazards, as well
as the body's restoration to a resting condition thereafter.