Animal Behavior Chapter 15: Aggression***REVIEW HAWK & DOVE Study

Animal Behavior Chapter 15: Aggression***REVIEW HAWK & DOVE

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Terms in this set (37)

Two territory holders living right next to one anothe may not fight. In fact, they team up to drive off new intruders. This is c. dear enemy effect
known as . . .
a. habituation
b. complacency
c. dear enemy effect
d. truce for truce
e. anti-agonism

1. Access to food
2. Access to shelter
Why might an animal fight? 3. Access to mates
4. Against predators
5. Against intruders

Hierarchies can be linear, triangular, or complex. Linear in the case of the pecking order in chickens.

Dominance hierarchies (image)

1. Outcome of a previous encounter

What information could help an animal make its decision on whether to fight or not? (3) 2. Body condition
3. Value of the resource at stake

Role of the hypothalamus Releasing hormones & regulating body temperature.

Testosterone hormone associated with . . . Testosterone associated with increased aggression.

Cortisol hormone associated with . . . Cortisol hormone associated with decreased aggression.

Serotonin hormone associated with . . . Serotonin associated with increased aggression in mammals & crustaceans, & decreased aggression in fish.

If we're talking game theory, we're doing _____ to ______ analysis for all possible outcomes. If we're talking game theory, we're doing cost to benefit analysis for all possible outcomes.

In the Hawk-Dove Game Payoff Matrix, what is the ESS? A population with mixed strategies.

Bourgeois strategy Play hawk if a territory owner, play dove if not.

Antibourgeois strategy Play dove if a territory owner, play hawk if not.

Male defends a sunlit patch for mating opportunities. Resident always wins.

Bourgeois strategy in speckled wood butterfly

Antibourgeois strategy in Mexican spiders Always flee one's own territory when confronted because territory is indiscriminate; high abundance of similar territories.

A gradual reduction in number or strength because of constant stress.

War of Attrition

1. Individuals can choose to display aggressively for any duration of time.

What are the 3 assumptions of the War of Attrition model? 2. display behavior is costly.
3. no clear cues such as size, resources, etc. that could settle the contest.

Length of contest increases with increased value of resource (image)

Sequential assessment model More realistic than Hawk-Dove model because individuals asses one another in a series of bouts.

What is the significance of more bouts in the Sequential Assessment Model? More bouts leads to more samples, which leads to a better assessment of relative ability to win.

Winning streaks & losing streaks: We saw this in which organism early this semester? b. white-crowned sparrow
a. black grouse
b. white-crowned sparrow
c. oldfield mouse
d. guppy

Winning a fight leads to increased levels of testosterone, and increased testosterone increases probability of winning a fight.

Winning streaks & losing streaks in white-crowned sparrows (image)

Winner & loser effects: Copperhead snakes

a. winner effects
Based on the data you would expect . . . (image) b. loser effects
a. winner effects c. both
b. loser effects
c. both
d. neither

Eavesdropper effect Learning about the abilities of rivals by watching them fight each other. Example in Green swordtails.
 Animal Behavior Chapter 15: Aggression***REVIEW HAWK
Swordtails that were able & DOVE
to observe a fight through the one-way mirror were less likely to initiate a fight.

Eavesdropper effect in Green swordtails

Mozambique tilapia increases testosterone after watching a fight. Then decrease to normal levels hours after exposure to stimuli.

Eavesdropper effect: Mozambique tilapia

Increased aggression in chimpanzees in the presence of of a chimp of equal or higher rank to aggressor.

Audience effects in chimpanzees

Which two variables are common to all game theory models of aggressive contests? c. contest costs and resource value
a. resource value & territory size
b. relatedness & ownership
c. contest costs and resource value
d. territory size and relatedness
e. ownership and contest costs

Which of the following answers best describes the ESS for the hawk-dove game when V>C; V<C? d. Hawk is the only ESS; equilibrium frequency of hawks and doves.
a. Dove is the only ESS; dove is the only ESS
b. Equilibrium frequency of hawks and doves; hawk is the only ESS.
c. Hawk is the only ESS; hawk is the only ESS.
d. Hawk is the only ESS; equilibrium frequency of hawks and doves.
e. Dove is the only ESS; equilibrium frequency of hawks and doves.

Which of the following is not a key prediction of the sequential assessment game? e. The costs of fighting are minimal.
a. Contests are characterized by a series of increasingly escalated bouts.
b. Repeating signals within each bout decreases random error and increases assessment accuracy.
c. Contests should begin with the least dangerous behavior.
d. Contests between well-matched opponents should be longer than contests between individuals that different considerably
in fighting ability.
e. The costs of fighting are minimal.

Animals that adopt antibourgeois strategies . . . d. play dove when owner, hawk when intruder.
a. play hawk p portion of the time and dove 1-p portion of the time, regardless of territorial status.
b. play hawk when owner, dove when intruder.
c. play dove when occupying high-quality territories, dove when occupying low-quality territories.
d. play dove when owner, hawk when intruder.
e. play dove when occupying high-quality territories, hawk when occupying low-quality territories.

In a group of four individuals (A, B, C, & D), a linear hierarchy emerges when . . . e. A beats B, C, & D; B beats C and D; C beats D; D beats no one.
a. A beats B & C; B beats C & D; C beats D; D beats A.
b. A beats B, C, & D; B beats D;C beats B and D; D beats no one.
c. A beats B, C, & D; B beats C; C beats D; D beats B.
d. A beats B; B beats C and D; C beats A and D; D beats A.
e. A beats B, C, & D; B beats C and D; C beats D; D beats no one.

Which of the following assumptions/predictions apply to the war of attrition model: c. There is an evolutionarily stable distribution of contest lengths.
a. Contest costs are substantial.
b. The strategy set is discrete rather than continuous.
c. There is an evolutionarily stable distribution of contest lengths.
d. Cues such as size and ownership can be used to settle a contest.
e. a and c

Bystander effects occur when b. the observer of an interaction changes its assessment of the fighting abilities of those that it observed.
a. winning a contest increases the probability of winning future contests.
b. the observer of an interaction changes its assessment of the fighting abilities of those that it observed.
c. individuals change their fighting behavior if they are watched.
d. losing a contest decreases the probability of winning future contests.
e. bystanders actively interfere with the aggressive interactions between two conspecifics.

One of the most important aspects of Hsu and Wolf’s (1999) study on winner and loser effects in Rivulus marmoratus was e. both an animal’s most recent and “next to last” experiences affected future contest success, with recent experiences being more influential.
that
a. winner effects were significantly stronger than loser effects.
b. previous winners experience an increased probability of winning against previous losers but not against inexperienced
opponents.
c. fighting experiences obtained in the distant past explained close to all of the variation in current winning probabilities.
d. the probability of winning future fights depended only on an animal’s most recent fighting experience.
e. both an animal’s most recent and “next to last” experiences affected future contest success, with recent experiences being
more influential.

Which of the following statements regarding the effects of serotonin on aggressive behavior is true? a. Increased serotonergic function is correlated with increased aggression in crustaceans.
a. Increased serotonergic function is correlated with increased aggression in crustaceans.
b. Serotonin elicits the same profile of aggressive behavior across all taxa.
c. Low social status decreases serotonergic activity in Atlantic charr.
d. Serotonin is not involved in the expression of aggressive behavior in mammals.
e. Hierarchy status is the only type of social and/or environmental stimulus that elicits changes in serotonergic activity in
animals.

Schuett and Grober’s (2000) research on corticosterone and fighting in copperhead snakes (Agkistrodon contortrix) a. losing males do not court available females.
demonstrated that b. plasma corticosterone levels were significantly greater in losers than in winners or controls.
a. losing males do not court available females. c. losing males rarely challenged other males.
b. plasma corticosterone levels were significantly greater in losers than in winners or controls. d. circulating corticosterone levels were not influenced by contest length.
c. losing males rarely challenged other males. e. all of the above.
d. circulating corticosterone levels were not influenced by contest length.
e. all of the above.