Name: Kathleen Mae R.

Dalida Earth Science

Grade & Section: STEM 11-04 Mr. Arnel Rendon
Activity #4
Energy and Resources
1. Illustrate and describe how fossil fuels are
formed.

PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS

COAL FORMATION
 Organic elements generated in the soil as a result of slowly decomposing plants and
animals are referred to as fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are considered non-renewable since
they require millions (often hundreds of millions) of years to acquire.

Heat and pressure are essential for the production of fossil fuels in both scenarios. Oil
and natural gas are made up of organic material that comes from the sea, whereas coal
is made up of organic material that comes from old peat bogs. The dead creatures are
buried over time in both circumstances, and the intense heat and pressure turns them
into coal, natural gas, or oil.
2. What is geothermal energy? Where do we obtain heat sources for geothermal energy?
Illustrate how heat is captured, utilized, and converted to a usable form of energy. Add
descriptions per drawing.
Geothermal energy is derived from the Earth's core and is a renewable source of
energy. It is derived from the heat created during the planet's creation and the
radioactive decay of elements. This thermal energy is stored in the earth's core in the
form of rocks and fluids.

To generate electricity from geothermal energy, wells are sunk a mile deep into
subterranean reservoirs to obtain the steam and hot water, which is then utilized to drive
turbines attached to electricity generators. Geothermal power facilities are classified
into three types: dry steam, flash, and binary. Magma warms the rocks and
underground reservoirs nearby. Geysers, hot springs, steam vents, underwater
hydrothermal vents, and mud pots can all emit hot water. All of them are geothermal
energy sources. Their heat may be caught and utilized for direct heating, or their steam
can be used to create power.
3. Illustrate and describe how energy (hydroelectric) is harnessed from flowing water.
Hydroelectric energy, also known as hydroelectric power or hydroelectricity, is a type
of energy that uses the power of moving water to create electricity, such as water
running over a waterfall. For millennia, people have exploited this force. People in
Greece employed flowing water to spin the wheel of their mill, which pounded wheat into
flour over two thousand years ago.

Most hydroelectric power plants feature a water reservoir, a gate or valve to

regulate how much water comes out of the reservoir, and an outlet or location
where the water ends up after flowing downstream. Just before it overflows over the
top of a dam or runs down a slope, water generates potential energy. As water
travels downhill, potential energy is transferred to kinetic energy. The water may be
utilized to turn the turbine blades, generating energy that is then supplied to the
power plant's consumers.

IMPOUNDMENT

An impoundment facility is the most prevalent form of hydroelectric power plant. A dam
is used in an impoundment facility, which is often a big hydroelectric system, to hold river
water in a reservoir. When water is released from the reservoir, it runs into a turbine,
spinning it and activating a generator, which produces power. The water may be released
to satisfy changing electrical needs or other requirements like as flood control,
recreation, fish passage, and other environmental and water quality requirements.
 DIVERSION

A diversion, often known as a "run-

of-river" facility, directs a section of
a river via a canal and/or a
penstock to generate electricity by
utilizing the natural drop in river
bed height. A penstock is a closed
tube that directs the flow of water
to turbines via gates, valves, and
turbines. A dam may not be
required for a diversion.

PUMPED STORAGE

Another kind of hydropower, known

as pumped storage hydropower, or
PSH, functions similarly to a large
battery. A PSH plant may store
electricity generated by various
sources of energy, such as solar,
wind, and nuclear, for later
consumption. These installations
store energy by pumping water
from a lower elevation reservoir to
a higher elevation reservoir.

When there is a low demand for power, a PSH plant stores energy by pumping water
from a lower reservoir to a higher reservoir. When there is a significant demand for
energy, the water is discharged back into the lower reservoir and turns a turbine,
creating electricity.
4. Mention at least 3 environmental concerns related to the use of fossil fuels, geothermal
energy, and hydroelectric energy and cite ways to address these concerns.

POLLUTION

Every day

we face new problems arising from the environmental state of our world.
Widespread pollution is a huge problem to our environment and there is an urgent
need to start using renewable sources that eliminate the burning of fossil fuels.
Geothermal and hydroelectric are renewable sources of energies and produce
“clean” fuel sources. Geothermal energy is heat stored deep inside the earth or
occasionally in hot springs. This heat is continuously produced by the decay of
radioactive isotopes such as uranium, thorium, and potassium. Geothermal heat
pump systems can heat and cool buildings and can also provide a source of hot
water. Other direct-use applications include growing plants in greenhouses, drying
crops, heating water at fish farms, and several other industrial processes.
Geothermal energy does not require any fuel and as a result, any kind of pollution or
greenhouse gases is not produced.

LAND USE

The amount

of land needed for a geothermal plant and hydroelectric energy varies
depending on the properties of the resource reservoir, the amount of power
capacity, the type of energy conversion system, the type of cooling system, the
arrangement of wells and piping systems, and the substation and auxiliary building
requirements.

LIFE-CYCLE GLOBAL WARMING EMISSIONS

Approximately 10% of
the air emissions from open-loop geothermal and
hydroelectric systems are carbon dioxide, with a lower percentage of emissions

being methane, a more dangerous global warming gas. Global warming emissions
from open-loop systems are estimated to be around 0.1 pounds of carbon dioxide
equivalent per kilowatt-hour. These gases are not discharged into the environment
in closed-loop systems, although there are still some emissions connected with plant
construction and surrounding infrastructure.
5. Illustrate the water cycle, name the processes involved and identify the sources.

WATER CYCLE

Water is necessary

for life on Earth. Water, in its three states (solid, liquid, and gas),
connects the primary components of the Earth's climate system, including air,
clouds, the ocean, lakes, plants, snowfall, and glaciers.
Precipitation is an important part of how water passes through the Earth's water
cycle, linking the ocean, land, and atmosphere. Scientists can better comprehend the
influence of precipitation on streams, rivers, surface runoff, and groundwater if they
know where it rains, how much it rains, and the nature of the falling rain, snow, or
hail. Frequent and comprehensive observations assist scientists in developing models
and determining changes in the Earth's water cycle.

The water cycle depicts how water evaporates from the earth's surface, rises into
the atmosphere, cools and condenses into rain or snow in clouds, and then falls
down to the earth's surface as precipitation. Water that falls on land gathers in
rivers and lakes, soil, and porous layers of rock, and much of it eventually flows back
into the seas, where it evaporates. The cycling of water in and out of the atmosphere
is an important part of Earth's weather patterns.
6. Mention at least 3 environmental problems or activities that affect the quality and
availability of water for human use
Our water resources are all under threat from several of the significant challenges,
the most of which are the result of human activities. Sedimentation, pollution, climate
change, deforestation, terrain changes, and urban expansion are among them.
Sediments occur naturally in bodies of water, but they are also created in vast
quantities as a result of land-use change and agriculture. Farming, forest clearance,
road construction, and mining may all result in an excessive amount of soil and
particle matter entering waterways. This silt can affect plants and animals by
introducing poisonous substances into the water, suffocating fish eggs and tiny
creatures used as food by fish, rising water temperature, and decreasing the
quantity of sunlight that penetrates the water.
Farming, forest clearance, road construction, and mining may all result in an
excessive amount of soil and particle matter entering waterways. This silt can affect
plants and animals by introducing poisonous substances into the water, suffocating
fish eggs and tiny creatures used as food by fish, rising water temperature, and
decreasing the quantity of sunlight that penetrates the water.
It's not entirely clear how global warming is influencing water resources. According
to new study, climate change is exacerbating existing stressors, such as diminishing
runoff in places already experiencing water scarcity. Scientists believe that extreme
weather events caused by global warming, such as storms and floods, will become
more often in the future. However, scientists can only make broad projections
regarding the influence of climate change on water supplies based on present
information. More knowledge is required, for example, on the effects on water
resources in specific places and under various policy scenarios.

7. Suggest at least 3 ways of conserving and protecting water supply.

USE AND DISPOSE OF HARMFUL MATERIALS PROPERLY

Do not dispose of hazardous

garbage on the ground. It has the potential to pollute

the soil, which in turn might

affect groundwater or surrounding surface water. A
variety of household goods include dangerous or poisonous compounds that can
pollute ground or surface waterways, including:
 Motor oil Flea collars
Pesticides Household cleaners
Leftover paints or paint cans A number of medicines
Mothballs

REUSE WASTEWATER WHERE POSSIBLE

"Grey water" is the water that drains from your sinks, baths, and washing machine
and may be used to

water plants (as opposed to "black water" from toilets, which

must be treated).
You may harvest grey water in tiny amounts with a bucket in your kitchen or
shower, or you can construct a grey water system that reroutes water from your
drains to your landscaping. Though not yet allowed everywhere, laws are improving
to allow more people to benefit from this otherwise squandered supply of water. The
most basic systems merely collect water from the washing machine, which can
amount to thousands of gallons each year. If you use grey water in your
landscaping, be sure to only use eco-friendly and plant-based soaps and cleansers
in your house to avoid dousing your plants with industrial toxins.

CHECK FOR LEAKS IN PIPES, HOSES, FAUCETS AND COUPLINGS

Leaks outside the home may not appear to be as serious since they are not as
obvious. However, they can be

just as wasteful as leaks inside. Check them often to

ensure that they are not dripping.

To prevent leaks, use hose washers at spigots and
hose couplings.

8. Identify at least 3 human activities that affect the quality and quantity of the soil
resources

CONSTRUCTION OF STRUCTURE

Soil quality is sometimes neglected as an important factor in both urban and

agricultural settings.

Rapid soil deterioration and sedimentation can occur as a result

of urban growth.
Construction-site soil erosion and sedimentation can be considerable

in terms of quantity and impact on off-site resources such as streams. When soil is
disturbed, left naked, and exposed to rainfall, erosion, which creates sediment, speeds
up. Grading and filling procedures on building sites degrade soil quality.
 Rapid soil deterioration and sedimentation can result from urban development
operations. Construction site soil erosion and sedimentation can be considerable in
both quantity and impact on off-site resources such as streams.

WASTE DISPOSSAL

Hazardous substances that enter the soil (contaminants) can harm plants because
they absorb the pollution through their roots. If humans consume plants and animals
that have come into touch with contaminated soils, it may have a detrimental
influence on their health. The soil became a significant recipient of this trash, and
there was little concern about placing it in or on the soil. This trash came in a number
of forms, including human waste and sewage strewn on land, as well as industrial
waste from textiles, the paper industry, abattoirs, and tanneries. Some of these, at
the very least, were viewed as beneficial soil additions, but as a result, they have
introduced poisonous compounds into many soils.

FARMING

Agriculture interferes with the normal cycle of nutrients in the soil. Plant nutrients
may be

successfully mined from the soil by intensive cultivation and harvesting of

crops
for human or animal use. Soil additives are often necessary to maintain soil
fertility for adequate agricultural yields.

9. Mention at least 3 ways of conserving and protecting the soil.

FOREST PROTECTION

Due to economic

activities, the natural forest cover has been reduced in several

regions. This

cover served several functions, including soil protection. Building
construction companies may preserve by ensuring that these places are
safeguarded.

MAINTAIN PH

The pH levels in the soil can be influenced by a variety of factors. Pollutants and
acids are

only two examples of what falls under this category. Investing in a soil
tester is
an excellent method to keep track of the levels in your soil. This also teaches
you what

needs to be added to promote healthy soil and conservation.

 PLANT TREES TO SECURE TOPSOIL

Simply planting trees is an effective conservation approach since it preserves

topsoil and prevents

erosion. In barren patches in your yard or garden, sow grass

and grow bushes and other vegetation. The greenery will absorb excess water and
shield the topsoil from the effects of rain, strong winds, and foot traffic.
As the tree grows, its roots will help anchor the soil, protecting the land beneath
from water flow. Grass and plant roots also transport nutrients from deeper in the
soil closer to the surface, boosting topsoil quality.
For basic groundcover, ryegrass and clover are ideal alternatives. Their roots are
deep and tenacious. Grains such as wheat, barley, and rye, as well as root vegetable
crops such as radishes, are also good anchoring plants.

10. What are the different types of waste? Mention at least 3 strategies in reducing waste
production.

LIQUID WASTE

Liquid waste is commonly found in both households and industry. Dirty water,
organic
liquids, wash water, waste detergents, and even rainwater are all examples
of this. You should also keep in mind that liquid waste might be classified as either
point or non-point source waste. Point source waste includes all produced liquid
waste. Natural liquid waste, on the other hand, is classed as non-point source waste.
To dispose of liquid waste securely and effectively, it is important to contact
garbage disposal professionals.

ORGANIC WASTE

Organic waste is a typical type of home garbage. Organic waste includes all food
waste, garden

trash, manure, and rotting meat. Microorganisms convert organic

waste into manure over time. This does not, however, imply that you may dispose of
them anywhere you like. Organic trash in landfills produces methane, thus it should
never be thrown away with regular garbage. Rather, contact your local government
to obtain a green bin, or hire a green skin bin or garden bag for proper garbage
disposal.
 HAZARDOUS WASTE

Hazardous garbage encompasses any trash that is combustible, poisonous,

corrosive, or

reactive.
These materials have the potential to be exceedingly hazardous to both you and
the environment and must be disposed of properly. As a result, I propose that you
hire a garbage removal firm to properly dispose of all hazardous material.

DOMESTIC WASTE

Domestic waste is waste created as a result of the normal day-to-day use of a

domestic
premise and is either:... As part of a garbage collection and disposal
system, waste is collected by or on behalf of a local authority.

AGRICULTURAL WASTE

Agricultural waste is defined as undesirable or unsalable products resulting entirely

from agricultural

operations directly connected to crop production or animal

husbandry for the primary goal of profit or livelihood.

INDUSTRIAL WASTE

There are several sources of water contamination. City sewage and industrial
garbage thrown

into rivers are the most polluted. Waste created by manufacturing

or industrial activities is referred to as industrial waste. Cafeteria rubbish, dirt and
gravel, masonry and concrete, scrap metals, trash, oil, solvents, chemicals, weed
grass and trees, timber and scrap lumber, and similar wastes are examples of
industrial waste. Industrial solid waste, which can be solid, liquid, or gas in containers,
is classified as hazardous or non-hazardous waste..

INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Manures from cows, pigs, and chickens are the most common types of animal
waste. Animal

wastes are a growing source of worry for both the general public and
regulatory agencies since they have the potential to pollute both surface and
groundwater.
 BIOMEDICAL WASTE

Biomedical waste, also known as hospital waste, is any type of waste that contains
infectious (or

potentially infectious) materials. It may also include waste associated

with the generation of biomedical waste that appears to be of medical or laboratory
origin (e.g. packaging, unused bandages, infusion kits, etc.), as well as research
laboratory waste containing biomolecules or organisms that are primarily restricted
from environmental release. Discarded sharps, whether infected or not, are
considered biological waste owing to the likelihood of being contaminated with blood
and their proclivity to cause damage if not properly managed and disposed of, as
stated below. A kind of biowaste is biomedical trash.

NUCLEAR WASTE

When most people discuss nuclear waste, they are talking to fuel that has only been
used once
in a reactor. The majority of the radiation linked with nuclear power is still
retained in the fuel that was used to generate it. Because of this, spent fuel is
designated as high-level radioactive waste.

MINERAL WASTE

Mining wastes include waste created during mineral extraction, beneficiation, and
processing.

The majority of extraction and beneficiation wastes from hardrock

mining (the mining of metallic ores and phosphate rock) and 20 specific mineral
processing wastes (see side bar below) are classified as "special wastes" by the EPA
and have been exempted from federal hazardous waste regulations under Subtitle C
of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).

STRATEGIES IN REDUCING WASTE PRODUCTION

Recycling and Reuse

Recycling is the recovery of valuable materials from waste streams such as glass, paper,
plastics, wood, and metals
so that they may be used to make new goods. The consumption of
raw materials for equivalent applications is reduced when recycled materials are more widely
used. Recycling not only minimizes the need for raw material extraction from natural resources,
but it also permits waste materials to be recovered and used as valuable resource materials.
Landfill Disposal
Despite advancements in reuse and recycling, landfill dumping remains the predominant method
of garbage disposal in the United States. As previously stated, the pace of MSW creation is
increasing while overall landfill capacity is decreasing. New legislation governing safe waste
disposal, as well as the adoption of novel liner systems to reduce the risk of groundwater
pollution from leachate infiltration and migration, have resulted in a significant increase in landfill
disposal prices. Furthermore, public resistance to landfills is growing, partly as a consequence of
recollections of prior uncontrolled dumping methods and the unfavorable side effects of
unregulated vectors, polluted groundwater, untreated smells, and consequent decreased
property values.

Waste Prevention
The optimal waste management solution is to avoid the development of garbage in the first
place. As a result, waste avoidance is a fundamental aim of all waste management techniques.
Numerous methods may be used to remove waste and, as a result, decrease or avoid pollution
throughout the manufacture, usage, and post-use phases of product life cycles. Environmentally
conscious manufacturing methods that incorporate less hazardous or harmful materials, the use
of modern leakage detection systems for material storage, innovative chemical neutralization
techniques to reduce reactivity, or water saving technologies that reduce the need for fresh
water inputs are some examples of representative strategies.
Name: Kathleen Mae R. Dalida Earth Science
Grade & Section: STEM 11-04 Mr. Arnel Rendon

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