TRANSISTOR

AMPLIFIERS-2
❖Small Signal Analysis
❖Hybrid h-Parameter model for an
amplifier
❖Analysis of Transistor Amplifier using
h- Parameter Model

Compiled by
Anita Vishen
 ❖ We can represent the transistor amplifier circuit in the form of a two port network as
shown in fig.1. The transistor is considered to be linear and can be replaced for
purposes of Analysis by a small signal equivalent circuit model.
❖ This two port network represents the transistor in any one of its three configurations
(CE,CB,CC).
Small Signal Analysis of Amplifiers (Single stage)
❖ Small signal response is analyzed using the h-parameter model when the collector-emitter
voltage and current swings are very small
❖ The equivalent circuit of a transistor can be drawn using simple approximation by retaining
its essential features.
❖ These equivalent circuits will aid in analyzing transistor circuits easily and rapidly. A
transistor can be treated as a two port network.

Fig. 1
Small Signal Analysis of Transistor Amplifier using h- Parameter Model

vs
RS ZL

IL
RS
Vi
I1 ZL
vs

Amplifier

Fig. 2
Assuming sinusoidally varying voltages and currents.
❖ CALCULATION OF CURRENT GAIN AI

(3)
 ❖ CALCULATION OF INPUT IMPEDANCE Zi

Zi = vi/ i1
From eq. (1),
Vi = hi i1 + hr vo
Therefore, Zi = (hi i1 + hr vo)/ i1
= hi + hr vo/ i1
vo =-io ZL
And vo/ i1 =-io / i1 ZL
vo/ i1 = AI ZL (4)

Therefore, Zi = hi + hr AI ZL
or Zi = hi - hr hf ZL / (1+ ho ZL)
or Zi = hi - hr hf / (YL + ho ) (5)
Therefore the input impedance is a function of the load impedance
❖ CALCULATION OF VOLTAGE GAIN AV
Voltage gain expressed in terms of Current gain
AV = vo/ vi = AI ZL i1 / vi ( Substituting the value of vo/ ii from eq .4)
AV = AI ZL / Zi
AV = - hf ZL/ (1+ ho ZL) Zi (6)
Again AV = vo/ vi
Now from equation 1, we have

(7)

(8)

Substituting the value of i1 from eq. (8) in eq. (7), we obtain

vi
 vi

(9)

❖ CALCULATION OF OUTPUT ADMITTANCE Yo

Yo=io / vo
Also From eq. (2)
io = hf i1 + ho vo
Therefore, Yo=io / vo = hf i1 /vo + ho
With vs =0 ( for simplification), from the input circuit of fig. 2, applying Kirchhoff's
voltage law
 Rs i1+ hi i1 + hr vo =0 (vs )

i1(Rs+ hi ) =- hr vo

i1 / vo=- hr /(Rs+ hi )

Therefore, Yo=- hr hf /(Rs+ hi ) + ho

The output admittance is a function of the source impedance. If it is real,

then Yo is real (conductance).
❖ THE VOLTAGE GAIN TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE SOURCE RESISTANCE
So far we have not taken the source resistance into account. If we take
the source resistance into account then the input voltage would be vs .

And the voltage gain would be given by AVS

Therefore, AVS = vo/ vS

= vo/ vi xvi/ vS = AV vi/ vS

 i1

vi
i

From the above figure ,if we consider the input circuit taking into account the
resistance of the source, we get

vi = Zi i1 =Zi vs / ( Rs + Zi)

And AVS = Zi AV / ( Rs + Zi)

Now AV = AI ZL / Zi

Therefore, AVS = ZL AI / ( Rs + Zi)

Now if Rs=0, AVS = AI ZL / Zi =A

V
 Which means that AV is the voltage gain for an ideal source. In
practice AVS is more meaningful than AV

THE CURRENT GAIN TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE SOURCE RESISTANCE

The overall current gain will be given by AIS

AIS=iL/iS=-io/iS
i1
=-io/i1 xi1/ iS
= AI i1/ iS

Now from the adjoining figure, which is the vi

Norton’s equivalent of the input circuit, if we iS
consider the circuit taking into account the
resistance of the source, we get

ii =iS Rs / ( Rs + Zi)

AIS= AI i1/ iS = AI RS/ (RS + Zi)

AIS=AI /(1+Zi/RS)
 Now if Rs ∞
AIS=AI

Which is the current gain for an ideal source

❖ POWER GAIN AP
The average power delivered to the Load ZL is
PO= │ Vo││ IL│Cos ф
Ф is the phase angle between Vo & IL.
Now if we assume ZL to be resistance, h-parameters are real at low frequencies.
Therefore, PO= Vo x IL.=- Vo x io
P1= Vi x i1
The operating power gain is given by
AP=PO / P1=- Vo x io/ Vi x i1
=AV AI
Now AV =-hf RL / (hi+ RL), Where =hi ho- hr hf
And AI=-hf/(1+hoRL)
Therefore, AP= hf2RL/ (hi+ RL)( 1+hoRL)