Faculty of Engineering - Mataria, Mechanical Power Department. Course Name: Internal Combustion Engines (2). ‘Course Code: Level: Fourth Year 1 Semester Academic Year 2018/2019 Final Exam Date of Exam: Dec. 2018 slag Time Allowed: 3 hrs. ‘Maximum Mark: 90 HELWAN UNIVERSTY ‘Attempt all questions, ade ye) 1 2. Illustrate your answer by neat sketches and diagrams whenever possible. 3. Assume reasonable values for any missing data aan 4._Exam is 2) papers (4) pages, — a Mark (32) a. Choose the correct answer: 10. 1. 12. 13. Kadenacy has developed exhaust pipe designs that would give a workable scavenge ratio over a considerable range of speed (@) without the use of a scavenge pump (b) by using a scavenge pump (c) none of the above. a Scavenging in diesel engines means (@) air used for forcing bumt gases out of engine cylinder during the exhaust period (b) air used for combustion sent under pressure (c) burt air containing combustion products (d) forced air for cooling engine cylinder. The top of the piston in loop scavenged engines is (a) contoured (6) flat (c) slanted (d) convex- shaped. In the crank-case method of scavenging, the air pressure is produced by (a) a supercharger (6) movement of piston (c) natural aspirator (d) none of the above. The thermal efficiency of two-stroke petrol engines with crank-case scavenging as compared to four-stroke petrol engines with the same compression ratio will be (a) higher (B) lower (c) same (4) unpredictable. Which one of the following is correct at a scavenging ratio of one? (a) scavenging efficiency = 1 (b) scavenging efficiency > 1 (c) scavenging efficiency < 1. Scavenging of two-stroke engine cylinder is improved by (a) proper selection of timing angles (b) proper design of timing gear (c) shape of the stream of air (d) shape of the combustion products within the cylinder @) onall the above. Crank-case compression requires that (@) a valve be placed in the crank-case (b) a port be placed in the crank-case (c) dual port be placed in the erank-case (d) none of the above. ‘A change in inlet and exhaust pipe lengths may increase (a) pumping loss (b) volumetric efficiency (@) both of them (d) none of the above. Modem practice is to (@) reduce the compression ratio when high pressure charging is demunded (b) increase the compression ratio when high pressure charging is demanded (c) increase the compression ratio as high as possible when high pressure charging is demanded (@) none of the above. In four-stroke SI engines, large valve areas are necessary for (a) low volumetric efficiency (@) high volumetric efficiency (c) high scavenging efficiency (d) low scavenging efficiency. Leaning out the mixture will @ reduce the flame velocity (b) increases the flame velocity (c) keep the flame velocity constant (d) none of the above. Aluminum-alloy cylinder heads are seldom operated above (@) 95C (b) 120 C (c) 260€ (d) 520€. : 14. The metal temperature at the top piston ring groove should not exceed (a) 120 C @ 180C@ 200 C (d) 250 C to avoid carbon build up. P.T.O£5. in four-stroke engines, increasing the ratio Peshaus/Pinte (8) increases the compression temperature (b) increases the residuals ratio (c) lowers the maximum pressure (d) all of the above are true (e) all of the above are false. 16. If itis important to minimize radiator size, liquids may be used with @) a high boiling point (b) low boiling point (c) lowest boiling point (d) none of the above. 17. The maximum temperature in an IC engine cylinder is of the order of (a) 500-1000 C (b) 1000 — 1500 C (c) 1500 - 2000 C @ 2000 — 2500 C. Exhaust heating of the inlet system is undesirable from the point of view of @) volumetric efficiency (b) mechanical efficiency (c) thermal efficiency (d) scavenging efficiency. 19. Which of the following engines is superior for high altitude low temperature conditions; (@) an air-cooled engine (b) a liquid cooled engine (c) an evaporative cooled engine. Bt 20. The function of a distributer in a spark-ignition engine is to (a) produce high voltage for sparking (B) give the correct firing order in the engine (c) distribute the fuel to the appropriate cylinder (4) transfer the power produced by the engine to the wheels. b. A six cylinder 205mm bore and 255+255 mm stroke opposed piston two-stroke diesel engine develops 110kW per cylinder at the rated speed of 12 rps. The compression ratio is 20. The engine has a scavenge air pressure of 1.17 bar, exhaust pressure of 1.06 bar and an air temperature at lower inlet of 30C. Scavenging efficiency for a scavenge ratio of 1.2 and a scavenge air pressure of 1.17 bar is 0.85. The brake specific fuel consumption of the engine is 0.248 kg/kWh. Calculate the power required to derive the blower if the adiabatic efficiency of the blower is 0.75. Calculate also the brake mean effective pressure and the indicated thermal efficiency of the engine if the total mechanical losses are 1.5 times the power required to drive the blower. Also calculate the fuel to air ratio of the engine. The lower calorific value of the fuel is 42.2 Mi/kg. (12 Points) [@ Mark @1)_| a. Discuss with the aid of graphs the effect of the following factors on the volumetric efficiency of four-stroke engines: engine size, engine speed, compression ratio, equivalence ratio, and inlet valve closing angle. Kic (6 Points) b. Two similar four-cylinder, four-stroke engines, one is spark-ignition (SI) and the other is a compression ignition (CI). Both have a bore of 76.2 mm, a stroke of 110 mm and run at 5000 rpm. The compression ratio 8 in (SD), 20 (CD, the inlet valve diameter is 32 mm, the valve lift is 9.6 mm (SD, 8mm (CD), inlet valve Cooling angle is 30° abde (SI), is 40° abde (Cl), the calorific value of fuel used is 43.71MJ/kg (SD, 43.166 MJ/kg (CI), motoring loss is 1.5 bar fmep (SI), 1.7 bar fmep (CD, inlet air temperature 30 C, inlet air pressure 1.013 bar and cooling water temperature is 90 C. The two engines have the following properties with load at 5000 r.p.m. SI cl PsP FA ene PuP, FA Menai Load 1 115 0.08 0.35 115 0.05 0.42 Load 2 1.38 0,064 0.32 115 0.04 0.42 Load 3 1.66 0.067 0.30 115 0.03 0.45 Load 4 2.17 0.07 - 0.27 1.15 0.02 0.45Calculate the volumetric efficiency, brake output and brake specific fuel consumption of the two engines at the various loads considered putting your results in tabular form. Then present a brief comment on the comparison between the performances of the two engines. Consider the following: Tw = 330K Kr= 1 for O> 0.8 Kr= 112-0150 for®<08 Ky = 1.0 [Py/P)-1]/ [1.4 (CR-1)] Kinet vave closing angle = 1.0 (SI), 1.04 (C1) Kite air temperature= (T/330)'? Kye = 1450/(T. +1115) (15 Points) [93 Mark (20) a, Put forward a detailed account of the thermal load patterns of the cylinder head, piston and liner of induction swirl, compression swirl and combustion swirl CIE. Then discuss the reasons for cracking in the critical areas of the combustion chamber under thermal loading. Then go on to show some possible local cooling arrangements of the cylinder head, liner, exhaust valve and piston, (8 Points) b. A four-cylinder inline diesel engine has a bore of 110mm and a stroke of 140mm. The engine gave the following results when tested at 38 rps with the fuel control set for maximum output: N (ps) nw Q to coolant (kI/s) Brake Power (kW) 38 84 43.75 62 28 82 I a 44 Calculate the rate of heat loss to coolant if the engine runs at 38 rps at part load with AT (temperature differential between the gases and the coolant) reduced to 3/4" of that at maximum output and a volumetric efficiency of 85%. Consider Qe a ¢} Reg)” - A. (Tp— Te) Where: cis constant. Indicate clearly any assumptions you make, (12 Points) [a4] Mark (17) _| a. Explain with the aid of a diagrammatic sketch the principle of operation of a Battery-Coll ignition system for SIE. (6 Points) b. An eight cylinder turbo-charged and after-cooled four-stroke diesel engine operates with an inlet pressure of 1.8 atmospheres at its maximum rated power at 2000 rpm. The bore is 128mm, the stroke is 140mm and volumetric efficiency (based on inlet manifold conditions of 1.8 atm and 325K after the after-cooler) = 90%. The compressor adiabatic efficiency is 70%. Calculate the power required to derive the turbocharger compressor. If the exhaust gas temperature is 650C° and the turbocharger turbine isentropic efficiency is 65% estimate the pressure at the turbine inlet, The turbine exhausts to atmosphere. Consider the air and exhaust gases to have the same thermo-physical properties of pure air, (11 Points) Best wishes Prof. Dr. M.S. Radwan Dr. Youssef. A. Attai