Belotindos, Sharon Rose M.
- can solidly withstand storms and strong
Official Notes HOA Midterm
(PH Vernacular Architecture)
Chapter 1 Between the earth and sky
Cave- serendipitous place of dwelling
Fire- chief human invention; a significant element not
only to bugaw the predators but also in carving out
space
Homo faber- man the maker, architect, builder
Cave dwellings as early human shelter
Prehistoric cave shelters- earliest form of human
habitation (homo sapiens)
- excavation rather than construction
Pleistocene people- earliest dwellers of caves in the
PH
Callao man- at callao cave in penablanca, cagayan
province
Homo luzonensis- 67,000 yrs ago; demonstrates the
ability to cross open waters
-
Tau’t Batu people- occupying the southern part of
Palawan
- may shelter more than one family
Datag- a basic sleeping platform
- made from tree branches and dried leaves,
and is built inside the cave
- raised slightly above ground, with fireplace
- (windy) a wall is erected, 3 walls with 1
open for fireplace
- roof
Petroglyphs- prehistoric drawings of human figures
engraved on the cave walls
Idiang- mountaintop citadels
Nomadism and Ephemeral Portable Architecture
Ephemeral architecture- one of the first artifacts
created by humans
- primitive lifestyle was nomadic; temporary
shelter
Lean-to - windbreak, windscreen, or windshield
- fundamental act of building
- set up shelter before commencing a
hunting
- wind-sun-and-rain screen anchored by a
pole
- early dwelling of the Aeta
- inalienable aspect
- Pinanahang of the Agta of Palanan
winds
- transient shelter built close to streams,
coastline, or riverbanks during the dry months
- dait-dait
- simple windscreen used by the Mamanua
of northeastern Mindanao when hunting
- made from the leaves of wild banana,
coconut fronds, or grass, rattan
- hawong (Pinatubo Aeta)
- no living platform
-usually constructed with a ridgepole
supported by forked stakes or limbs
Arboreal Shelter: Dwelling High on Trees
The first shelters to be constructed were
made of interlocking branches.
- Daytime: small hut of bamboo and thatch
built on the ground
- Night abode: alligang even smaller and
rested on a tree top, some 18-24 meters high
Rice Terraces- The Prehistoric Megastructure
Rice Terraces - found in high altitudes from 500-1600
meters
Payoh- rice terraces paddies,
Muyong- woodland reservation that serves as
watershed areas
Maritime Barangganic Societies
Social order - boat or a small political unit, centered
around the barangay or balangay
Boat People
Kabangka - kabarangay
Kabilang buhay - for our ancestors was an extension
of maritime world
Kabaong - shaped like a bangka
Bangkay- cadaver
Barangay - a group of people who came via boat of
the same name
- broader political, economic and religious
features than the family
- usually headed by a datu
- the place that the community has
inhabited and was usually named after the leader of
the barangay
Chapter 2 Vernacular Architecture
Defining the Vernacular
Vernacular architecture- to denote indigenous, folk,
tribal, ethnic, or traditional architecture found
among the different ethnolinguistic communities
- granaries, fortifications, places of worship,
ephemeral and demountable structures, shanties
Vernacular- latin “vernaculus” means native or
homegrown
Vernacular architecture- grammar, syntax, and
diction in expressing buildings in locale
Five principal features of vernacular architecture
1) Builders are nonprofessional architects or
engineers
2) Consonant adaptation-using natural materials- to
the geographical environment
3) The actual process of construction involves
intuitive thinking, done without the use of
blueprints, and is open to later modifications
4) Balance between social/economic functionality
and aesthetic features
5) Architectural patterns and styles are subject to a
protracted evolution of traditional styles specific to
an ethnic domain
Balai - pure, southeast asian type of domestic
architecture found in the non-hispanized, non-anglo-
saxon communities
- viewed as the origin of Philippine
traditional architecture
Austronesian Building Heritage and the Aquatic
Cultural Network of Asia-Pacific
Austronesian- refers to a family of languages
- 1000-12000 languages
Various house terms
1) Rumaq - most widely distributed term for house
2) Balay - PH refers to a house; Malay, signifies a
‘public meeting house’
3) Lepaw - refers to a house
- storehouse for grain (ngaju, lepau)
- hut other than the longhouse (uma juman,
lepo)
- back verandah or kitchen verandah of a
malay house, booth or shop
4) Kamalir - kamalig or kamarin that refers to a
“granary, storehouse, or barn
- special men’s house
5) Banua- denote a territorial domain, land, country,
place, settlement, inhabited territory, village
Stilt Houses- An Austronesian Legacy
- raised wooden structure consisting of a
rectangular volume elevated on posts with a
thatched roof and decorative gable-finials shaped
like carabao horns
Raised Pile Foundation
The Voluminous Thatch Roof
Thatch- a generic name for any roof covering made
of dead plant material other than wood
- Grasses and palm leaves - most widely used
traditional materials
- watertight and durable
Cross gable finials- holds rafters at the ridge
- Tausug sungan roof - horn or cresent-
shaped tadjuk pasung; stylized manuk-manuk (bird)
or naga (dragon)
Naga, an austronesian water symbol
Naga - sanskrit for serpent
- cosmological model’s waveform
- universality of water in the daily life of
southeast asia
Traditional Materials and Construction Techniques
Organic materials- wood, bamboo, palm leaves,
grass thatch, plant fibers
Post-beam method of construction
Moonsoon Frontiers: Ivatan Houses
Chivuvuhung - low houses of wood, bamboo, and
thatch which stood in rows on the steep terrain of
mountainn and hill slopes.
Jinjin & Nirindin - coastal houses
Cogon grass - imperata cylindrica; main roofing
material
Fango - kind of mortar formed by mixing mud and
pieces of cogon
Mayhurahed house - built with bamboo, wood and
thatched
- hurahed or base made of mud
Sinadumparan - gable roofed
Maytuab - hipped roof
Rakuh - main house; usually split into 2 levels
- upper: living and sleeping
- lower: storage space
Panpet - big roof net; made of strong ropes fastened
securely to the ground via strong pegs
Rapuyan - stove; connected to the rakuh
- similar way as the main house but smaller
Different types of Ivatan houses
1. Sinadumparan
 The sinadumparan or maytuab is the most
common type. It is a one-storey structure with a
partially submerged basement that functions as
a storage area. It has thick stone and lime
masonry with walls topped by either a dos
aguas or a cuatro aguas roof which is made of
an elaborately crafted wood truss system with
bamboo, reed rattan, and thatch cover. It has a
distinct roof system built with a meter thick
cogon bundles done by by no less than twelve
persons at the same time. The roof nets, called
panpe, are made of strong ropes thrown over
the roof and fastened to the ground.
2. Rakuh
 Compared to the sinadumparan, rakuh has
bigger floor area with a lower level which
functions as the storage area. The walls are
made of lime mortar that binds the stones of
different sizes. It has two doors and three
windows.
3. Jin-Jin
 Instead of thick stone and lime mortar walls,
the jin-jin house has walls made of woven
cogon thatch with bamboo or wood
framework. The roof is made with the
distinctive Ivatan multi-layered cogon system.
Cordillera Houses
William Henry Scott - classified houses in the
mountain ranges
- northern (Isneg and Kalinga) and southern
strain (Ifugao, Bontoc, Iballoi, and Kankanay)
Northern strain
- rectangular plan with high gable roof
- roof framing is independent of the floor
framework so that the floor and all of its leg can be
removed
Southern strain
- square plans; pyramidal or conical roof
resting on top of the walls of the house
Vary in shape
Provision of shelter from the cold
Protection from dampness and humidity
Isneg
- build their houses in close proximity to one another
for protection
- hamlet = consists of four to eight houses, granaries,
and an enclosing bambooo fence
- boat-like appearance
History
Isneg- isnag and apayao
- derived from a combiantion of is meaning recede
and uneg meaning interior
- los apayaos
- built their settlements on the steep cliffs and small
hills that lie among the large rivers
- two major river systems - Abulog and Apayao
Traditions
Say-am - a feast celebrated by an affluent Isnag
family, usually accompanied by wining, eating and
dancing
Pildap - celebrated by the poorer members of the
tribe when a family transfers to another place or
when someone seeks healing
Architectural Analysis
Plan
- houses elevated at approx 1.50m above the ground
- area of 5.00m x 7.20m
- single-room rectangular structure designed in 3
levels
1. Datag or xassaran - lowest level, located
at the center of the room
2. Tamuyon - the immediate level
3. Tarakip - the highest level
Structural Elements
- 15 posts o fheavy hardwood
Sinit posts - 6 of these supported the datag
and two supported the tarakip
Adixi posts - 6 of these supported theroof
Atobtobo - a single post supported the
ridgepole
- wall was made of 1.05m x .20 m x 1/2”
Kalinga
Situated along the Chico River in the northern
central region of Northern Luzon
- steep mountain slopes
3 kinds of settlements
1. 3-4 houses
2. Hamlet of 20 or more
3. Villages of 50
2 types of Kalinga Houses
- octagonal house (binayon or finaryon)
- square-shaped (Foruy in Bangad; Bulot in Mabaca;
Fuloy in Bugnay, Phoyoy in Balbalasang; or biloy in
Lubuagan)
Architectural Analysis
1. Plan
 Foruy in Bangad; Bulot in Mabaca; Fuloy in
Bugnay, Phoyoy in Balbalasang; or biloy in
Lubuagan)
-square-shaped kalinga house
-single room
-split bamboo flooring (can be rolled up or
detached for washing)
-exterior wall is enclosed by bamboo
PARTS:
-Kansauwan, middle section with two sides
-Sipi, elevated sleeping areas
-Above the Kansauwan is the cooking area
-Above the cooking area is a drying and
smoking rack
-kalanga or small veranda
-Otop or Roofs, made of cogon and bamboo
but galvanized iron sheets are also used
 Binayon or finaryon
-octagonal form (the house of the rich)
PARTS:
-Living area, elevated at 1.20m above the
ground
-Attic, located underneath the roof where
the granary was located
-Elevated Fireplace, found at the left rear
side of the house
-Working space, located at the ground level
was found on one side near the entrance
-Flooring, made of removable reed mats
resting on the floor joist
- Lower kalinga house, had its flooring rising
at about 1.50m above ground level
-Dattagon, central area
-Sipi, slightly elevated floor on all sides
-Roof, hipped, not high and steep,
sometimes made od bamboo
2. Structural Elements
Binayon or finaryon
- 12 posts, the square central portion of the
house was supported by 4 posts and 8 posts were
distributed on the four corners of the octagonal
sides
-Girder and Joists, attached to the post
- Beams, attached to the outer posts to
carry the upper walls
3. Circulatory Elements
-The approach to the house was through
the ladder led to the narrow platform at the front.
-Doors were provided opposite each other
at the front and the rear.
-Windows were located diagonally located
at opposite sides.
Bontoc
3 basic residential structures
1. Ato - the council house and dormitory of the young
and old unmarried males
2. Ulog/olog - female dormitory
3. Afong - family residence
 Afong - bontoc term for house; often refers to
hut
 Fayu - Rich family resides; bontoc house in its
formal sense; huge sloping roof that configures
a pyramidal form at the front and rear but
trapezoidal at the side
 Katyufong - poor family resides
 Kol-lob/katyufong - residence of widows or
unmarried old women
 Other Bontoc Structures
 Al-lang - repository of food supplies, jewelry
and wine jars
 Akhamang - rice granaries
 Falintoog - pigpens
Ato consists of 15 afong, pigsties, and rice granaries;
600-3000 residents
Pabafunan - large hut; 6-18 males
Olog - public structure where young women of
marriageable age go to sleep at night
ATO
large, compact settlement built among rice terraces
and divided into wards
Each ato has:
15 to 50 houses, a Communal center, a chap-ay
(circular open space paved with flat stones), a fawi
(house where old men gather), a pabafunan
(dormitory for young men and boys in their
adolescence), an olog (dormitory for girls).
Parts of a Fayu
Falig (granary)
- with an area of 2.00 sq. m.
- elevated on four posts of about 1.50 m.
high
Cha-la-nan (ground floor)
- includes the space under the granary
- a rice threshing room located at the left
side of the main entrance
- a bench at the right side of the entrance
where chickens are kept underneath
-a kitchen adjacent to the threshing room,
provided with three concave stones backed
by a low stone wall, wooden shelves, and water
jars
- a stair was provided towards the granary
since the space was elevated from the ground level
area
- windows were absent, smoke from the
house was made to pass at smoke holes provided at
either end of the ridgepole
- the main door with a width of 0.42 m
opens into a passageway leading to the ang-an
Ifugao
- composed of 12-30 houses situated amid rice
terraces
- Village terraces are classified as center, border
(lower, near the pond fields), or upper (near the
mountain slopes)

Ang-an (sleeping compartment) Houses are classified according to the social standing
- located across the entrance at rear side of of residents:
the house 1. fale or bale - for the affluent
- used for sleeping and storage 2. Abong - for the poor
- the only room with wooden flooring and 3. Communal - segregated dormitory for unmarried
ceiling boys, girls, and elderly
- since there is only one sleeping quarter the
male teenagers had to sleep in the 3-Level Structure
pabafunan 1. Consists of stone pavement
and the females had to sleep in the olog 2. House cage; consisting of the room frame, walls
and floor
Other spaces 3. Pyramidal hipped roof
- a space above the bedroom is for pots,
jars, native plates, wooden dipper and ladle Architectural Analysis:
- a space for some pieces of wood nailed
together to serve as a multi-purpose table Plan
 Square in plan
Structural Elements  Rests 2.00 m. high on four tree trunks as
-four corner posts and the side walls of the columns
ground floor, leaning slightly outwards at the top up  Area of 4.00 m. x 6.00 m.
to the horizontal beam, acts as roof support  Floor (dotal) is made of wooden planks resting
- front and side walls were made of wood on solid floor joist which overhang the floor
connected to the posts while the rear was made of girders at .30 m.
stone and mud
Interior
Protective Elements  Used for cooking and sleeping
- roof covering was made of grass shingles  Fireplace (pamalakngan) is located at the far
lashed to the rafters and the roofs steep slope and right corner
overhang of about 1.20 m beyond the wall protects
the house from heavy rains Structural Elements
- aside from roof framing itself, the roof was  Four house post
supported by the wall framings and the four corner  cross- sectional area of .25 m. x .25 m.
posts  made of Amugawan tree
 Buried into a hole and further secured using a
Circulatory Elements stone
Floor girders
 Carved with mortises in both ends
 Supports three solid floor joist (.20 m. x .30 m.
cross- section)
Wall
 Waist or chest high, slanted outward top
 Lower part of the wallboards were mortised
into the floor joist, upper part were rabbeted
above into a transverse beam.
Protective Elements
 Roof (atop) is pyramidal in shape
 Roof framing is supported by a king post
(taknang)
 No ridgepole
 The apex of the roof is made loose
Circulatory Elements
 Two doors (panto) provided in both sides
 Ladder (tete) at the main door
Decorative Elements
 Carabao skulls and pig jams
 Indication of status and keeping peace with the
gods
 Ambubulan figure form
 Protection against evil and lightning
 Asking favor from the god Kabunyan
Functional Levels of the Ifugao House
 Attic level (palah/palan)
- space utilized for storing rice
 Main level
- living room, kitchen, and bedroom
 Ground floor(daulon)
- space under the house
Ethnic Variatons
 Tuwali house
- the three posts with truncated roots while the
remaining fourth post is a plain round or square log
- roof moderately inclined about 50-60 degrees
 Mayoyao house
- steeply inclined roofing that descends to the level
of the floor or at least at a foot higher than the floor
- have low level side walls
 Ayangan house
- have low level side walls, measuring about one to
two feet in height
Kankanay
Traditionally, kankanay village was situated on the
bulge of a hill. But contmeporary kankanay villages
are located near the source of a stream or river.
3 main types of Kankanay dwellings:
1. Binangiyan
 For the prosperous members of the community
 Similar to the Ifugao House
- High, hipped roof with the ridge parallel to the
front
- Roof drops down from about 1.5 m from the
ground
 The house itself rests upon a structure
consisting of 3 joists and on 2 girders on four
posts
 Close to the ground, there is a wooden
platform stretching out to the eaves
 The interior is consist of sleeping area, kitchen
and storage space for utensils
- The space formed by the roof and the walls become
useful for storage
 The floor, which is about 1.5m above the ground
is not enclosed enabling the members of the
household do chores
 Living room is located upstairs and also the
sleeping area and dining area
 Attic is used to store rice
 There are no windows except a small opening
at the roof that serves as a smoke vent
 Only one entrance ( Front door) accessible
using a detachable ladder
2. Apa or Inapa
 Dwellings for the less fortunate
 Built more simple compared to the Binangiyan
 Like the poor Ifugao’s abode, apa has walls built
perpendicular to the ground with the four main
posts standing directly at the corners
 The materials used for the floor are split
bamboos and lengths of runo
 Although roof is conical like the binangiyan it is
lowered and closer to the ground
3. Allao
 Dwellings for the less fortunate
 Has a rectangular floor
 Gable shaped roof slopes down beyond the
floor and thus simple structure has no needs for
walls
Bahay Kubo
Plan
 Its name is said to have originated from the
Spanish word, cubo, which means “cube,”
because of the bahay kubo 's rectangular/cubic
shape.
 Bulwagan – the area reserved for entertaining
guests
 Silid- a private room use for sleeping
 Paglutuan or gilir – kitchen or cooking area
 Silong – the space found underneath the house
used as a storage space for the farming and
fishing implements and also where the animals
were kept. This area was often fenced off with
bamboo slats.
 Kitchen
 Dapogan- a table on top of which was the river
stone, shoe-shaped stove or kalan.
 Bangahan- (later called bangguera or
banggerahan) a place for drying and
storing pots and pans, drinking glasses,
plates and other kitchen utensils.
 Batalan- is the unroofed area where water
jars(used for drinking, washing and
bathing) were kept.
 The walls are made of nipa and cogon leaves
or sawali or woven bamboo, and there are large
windows on all sides, which keep the interior
well-ventilated.
 The windows have tukod or “legs” that hold
the swinging shades open during the day, and
secure it back in place at night. Another feature
of the the bahay kubo is ladder
or hagdan which can easily be removed at night
or when the owners are out.
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
 The first to be erected of the nipa house were
the four main posts (either of bamboo or
wooden like molave or ipil-ipil) which were the
main support to the house and to the roof.
 Walls were made of nipa leaves or flattened
split bamboo cut into fine strips and were
woven in herringbone pattern forming the
sawali siding. Both sides of the walls were
secured by rattan lashings and bamboo studs in
horizontal direction. Floor joist, were provided
to support the walls.
 Two floor beams, the yawi, which were used to
define the area to be covered by the floor space
and the patukuran where floor joists(soleras)
rest, were constructed.
Ilokano House
Architectural Analysis
PLAN
The Ilokano pinagong house and tinubang house,
generally rectangular plan, were akin to the
architectural form of the Tagalog house. They
consisted of the following:
Main Room – the sala or the living room
Silid – sleeping room which was separated from the
main room by means of partitions
Kitchen – cooking area, or the kitchen usually had an
unroofed annex made of unspit bamboo
laid out with spaces in between and whose floor
level is lower than the kitchen proper. This annex
was used for storing large water jars.
For cleaning pots and pans and rice and
vegetables and for bathing and urinating. This was
also used as a drying place for their rice, meat
and fish under the sun.
Batalan – this connected the kitchen to the main
house and often served as the dining room
Kalapaw
Porch – used as an ante-room and sleeping area for
siesta hours especially during summer months.
Main Room – the largest of the main areas, it was
used for entertaining guests, sleeping area
for the household members and the storage
space for family treasures and personnel belongings.
At nighttime the space at the center of the main
room was made into a sleeping area. A curtain
hanging from a wire was drawn during the night to
separate the sleeping area of the women from the
men.
Dining Room – was used household members only.
A low table (dulang) was provided where the
family eats. No chairs were needed inasmuch as the
members of the family squat while eating. The room
was also used for storing the various utensils,
condiments and the earthen jars containing the
drinking water.
Kitchen – approximately 0.10 to 0.15 m lower than
the dining room, this was used for cooking
food and for washing dishes and pots.
Sirok (silong) – used as a storage space. Often
fenced by bamboo slats with nipa or cogon
sheating.
The pinagong house was elevated from the ground
by posts of hardwood material.
Mangyan
Architectural analysis
1. Plan - Elevated from the ground at 1.5 meters to
the surrounding platforms. Measured 6.00 by 7.00
meters and was rectangular in plan. At the central
part of the house, leading from the main door, was
the passageway called palaganan. This passageway
was set much lower than the platforms. Flooring of
palaganan was made logs laid parallel to each other
and attached to the joists by vines or rattan lashing
while the platform flooring is made of smoothened
smaller sapling.
2. Structural Elements- The walls were made of the
bark of tress and were constructed a meter or less
above the floor. This opening allowed the occupants
to observe the exterior without being seen from the
outside.
3. Protective Elements- The house plan was covered
by a gabled roof with the cogon grass thatching.
Roof eaves projected 1.00 meter beyond the wall for
the protection against the cold wind
4.Circulatory Elements- The ascent to the house
was through a ladder of four steps or sometimes
though a notched log. The ladder led to a narrow
door which in turn led to the palaganan.
Official Notes HOA Midterm
(Islamic)
Badjao
1.SEDENTARY- commercial pursuits and permanent
homes
2.SEMI-SEDENTARY- who spends periods alternately
between their houseboats and village homes
3.SEA GYPSIES- who live in houseboats as itinerant
fisher folk in search of rich fishing grounds.
PLANS
 House on stilts right above the shallow waters
 More commonly, the Badjaos are building
houses usually 20 to 30 feet long with a width
of 15 feet thereby forming a perfect rectangle.
Fronting their house is an open platform to
raise their boats out of the ocean
Parts:
 Flooring: bamboo
 main room: sala and sleeping area
adjacent area: kitchen
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
 Interior space was enclosed with wooden walls
nailed permanently for protection against
elements
PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS
 Roof covered with galvanized iron sheets
 Headroom was limited to approximately
0.90m(for boat houses)
CIRCULATORY ELEMENTS
 Doors and windows were provided for light and
air.
DECORATIVE ELEMENTS AND FURNISHINGS
 Mirrors inside the sala of stilt houses not for
checking of appearance but rather to indicate
the number of children in the family and to
drive away evil spirits.
 In boathouses okir designs dominated on the
sides. Boat prows were also decorated with
various designs.
 Okkir or okkil is the term for geometric and
flowing designs (often based on an elaborate
leaf and vine pattern)
Furnishings on cabin: sail,suitcase,stove,pots
and plates,water jug,small chest,mats and
pillows.
Manobo House
ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS
PLAN
The house proper was usually built 0.15 m to 2.10 m
above the ground. The kitchen, the first one to be
built, had its flooring 0.30 m to 0.37 m lower than
the house proper. Flooring was made of withered
bark of the mahogany tree or split bamboo.
PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS
The main house was covered with sun-dried cogon
grass gable roof shaped like an inverted V. The roof
for the kitchen was considerably lower than that of
the main roof and was placed at right angles to the
main house.
CIRCULATORY ELEMENTS
The only entrance to the house was located at the
kitchen area.
The ladder was made of the trunk of the tree cut
with notches to serve as its steps.
Window openings were uniform in 0.60 m width
since they were made to follow the size of the wall
panel.
Maranao House
Walay Houses
 Built from .30-.20m above the ground.
 Single-room structure without partitions
 Kodal, located underneath the kitchen, it is a
carabao corral.
 Floors are made of split bamboo lashed with
rattan.
Torogan (Maranao Royal House)
 Ancestral house for datu and his family
 Use for social and political ceremonies
 Without partitions
 Gibon or pagan, rooms not exposed to visitors,
used as hiding place for datu’s daughter.
 Bilik, an emergency hide out located behind the
headboard of sultan’s bed
 Lamin, a tower on top of torogan where the
princess and her ladies in waiting hid during
occasion
 Floors are made of barimbingan wood.
Structural Elements
Walay houses
- elevated from the ground by 9-12 huge post of
bamboo or wooden materials.
Torogan
- tapuwilih, the 1st putting up the center post .
- Tukud, followed by four corner post
- Panulong, end beams of 5 floor beams which
proturded from the wall
- Piako, (fern like)
- Naga,(dragon-like)motifs
Protective Elements
Covered with thick cogon grass lash with rattan or
bamboo framing
Circulatory Elements
 Walay house
Stairs are made of bamboo pole with notches
Sliding doors and windows, were made of split
bamboo.
Windows are in front and at the right side of the
house.
Decorative Elements
Walay house
 Sleeping areas are identified by presence of
carved chest and dividers made of woven split
rattan sapiyay (mosquito screen).
 Beds mattress was made of bundles of rice
stalks with riyara woven mat.
 Long pillows with libot.
 Taritib canopy, over the bed. And its sides were
decorated mamandiyang curtains
Torogan
 Panggao, datus ceremonial bed with its frame
and legs carved with okir designs, was elevated
almost .60 meters from the floor.
Samal House
PLAN
 In eastern Sulu, Samal houses consisting of one
or more small rooms and a kitchen were built
partly above the ground and water on wooden
posts.
 In western Sulu, individual houses built on stilts
above tidal mud flats, were connected to one
another by catwalks made of timber and
bamboo.
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
 A typical house has two sections: one part
roofed, the other not. On both sides of the
gable roof project underneath it were lower
lean-to roofs.
 Roof thatching was held securely by placing
flattened bamboo spaced far apart over it.
 The traditional thatched roofs and walls have
given way to more durable materials such as
galvanized iron, lumber, and concrete.
 Stilts were usually made of bamboo poles while
walls were made of wooden boards or sawali.
CIRCULATORY ELEMENTS
 Stairs were not provided in each individual
house. door and windows with sliding sashes
could be found in samal houses.
 Most household chores are done in the
unroofed part, while formal activities and
sleeping take place in the roofed area.
Subanon
Tausug
tausug was derived from two words tau “man” and
sug “current” (or suluk in Malay) meaning, “people
of the current”, referring to their homelands in Sulu
archipelago.
FAMILY SYSTEM: Tausug Family Terminologies
 1. Magtaymanghud – to people of the same
generation
2. Magtaliapu – Relationship between alternate
generations (grandparents – grandchildren)
3. Ama – Father
4. Ina – Mother
5. Apu – Grandparent or grandchild
6. Taymanghud – relationship between siblings
7. Magulang – Older siblings
8. Manghud – Younger Siblings
9. Inaun – Sister of the father
10. Amaun – Brother of the father
11. Pagtunghud – Cousin
12. Anak – Child
13. Anakun – kin of child’s generation
14. Bana – Husband
15. Asawa – Wife
16. Ugangan – In-laws
Plan
- the traditional tausug house was called bay- sinug.
Elevated above the ground, it consisted of the
following parts: entrance porch or salas, sleeping
quarters and kitchen.
The porch might be built in front, on the sides or all
around the house. They might be built with or
without roofs. They might be used as passageways
to the kitchen; if walled, might be used as sleeping
areas; resting and conversation area; or, if found
near the kitchen as an open extended platform, it
was called pantan, and is used as a family area.
The kitchen, whose flooring was a foot lower than
that of the main house, was a separate area linked
to the main house by a bridge made of bamboo or
wooden planks. Sometimes, the bridge led to the
front porch. The kitchen has a stove and an iron
stand containing the pots and pans.
Structural Elements
-the sleeping area or the bilik was the only
room in the house proper and was supported by
nine posts while the porch and kusina were
supported by separate posts. The posts were made
of heavy timber or bamboo.
The bay-sinug or the house of the tausug is usually a
one-room partitionless structure. The main house
had nine wooden posts corresponding to the parts
of the human body.
 The center post, the pipul (navel)
 the southeast and southwest corners, the
pigi(hip)
 the northeast and northwest corners the agata
(shoulder)
 the eastern and western sides of the center
post the gusuk
 (ribs)
 the north post, the liug (neck)
 and the south post, the hita (groin)
Except for the center post, all other posts rose up to
the roof, which is given form by the ridge beam and
is made from sari, nipa, sago palm, or plaud (coconut
palms from the marang tree).
Wooden floor beams or hanglad attached to the
posts together with other smaller beams supported
the floor joists. Beams and girders were joined
together either by joints or by tying both members
with hijuk vines or lagtang and haun vines.
Walls are made of split bamboo or woven coconut
palms. The concave sides of the split bamboo were
made to face each other overlapping each one at
midpoint. The wall did not reach up to the roof. An
opening about 0.45 meters was provided for
ventilation. Or in some cases, there were wooden
panels pierced with decorative carvings in geometric
patterns placed between the roof and the wall.
Protective Elements
 The hip roof was supported by eight posts
rising directly from the ground. Roof beams
connected the posts. King posts were built to
support the roof ridge. From the ridge to the
beams sloped rafters supporting purlins made
of thin strips of bamboo onto which palm
leaves like nipa or pauid or sani were attached.
 Other roof types were used by the Tausugs. The
sungan roof had four sloping side but only two
sides meet at the center forming the apex of
the roof. The libut roof , square in shape, had
four sloping sides with its top open resulting in
a square hole. Rising about 0.30 meters above
this square hole was a smaller roof. This
opening between the lower and the upper roof
provides proper circulation of air inside the
house’ interior.
Decorative Elements
 They decorate the bilik (room) with a large
luhul or rectangular cloth to catch leaves, dust,
and pests. Usually on flatland, the house is
entered through sala (porch). Sometimes the
porch has railings of bamboo and wood. On the
front porch is a long high bench comfortable
 enough for resting on especially during warm
weather.
 Found at the rooftop was the tajuk pusung. It is
a wood carving in the form of the manuk-
manuk bird showing a stylized head and neck of
a rooster or a stylized design of a naga dragon.
T’boli
Plan
- house is built on 1.80 m high stilts. Like the Manobo
house, T’boli house was designed in various levels
with each level having different functions. The
house, with an approximate areaof 270 to 400 sq.m.,
contained the following area:
 Lowa- the central spaced as sleeping area for
overnight guests. It had an area of 4.50 x 6.00
m. And .20 m. Lower than the area alongside it.
 Blaba- the side area, usually 1.80 m. Wide used
as working and conversational space.
 Desyung- located opposite the lowa and the
blaba. This was regarded as the area of honor
beacuse here the head of the house
entertained guests and performed rites under a
curtained cannopy.
 Dofil- located on both side of desyung and
sometimes elevated at a hieght of .90 m. Over
the lowa, this ws the sleeping quarters for
wives and the children of the headman.
 Bakdol- the entrance of the house.
 Kohu- the earth made of beaten-earth floor. It
had a shelf where pots and pans, baskets and
other utensils are kept.
 Dol- an area used for the kohu and stair
landing.
 Fatu Hu- located at the rearmost part of the
house. It waws the utility area.
 Kotel- a detached structure located some few
feet away from the house which functioned as
a toilet.
Yakan
Plan
3 main components:
 main house – is a single room, with no
partitions and has a various functions such a
venue for social affairs, weaving area and as
sleeping quarters.
 kitchen – serves as the cooking and eating area
( there was a bridge connecting the kitchen and
the main house). It contained a stove above
where bamboo ladles, coconut shells and fish
driers are hung. There are also pots and pans,
long bamboo containers for water. Underneath
the house was the rice mortar.
 Porch or Pantan – is the main entry to the
house, it can be open or roofed, also the main
wooden ladder is located here. Water jars
and dugtung or large bamboos crafted as water
containers are also places here. The houses of
the Yakan people face the east, and according
to their beliefs the building materials should be
stockpiled also in the east. Flooring of the
house was made of thick wooden planks on
floor joists or split bamboo.
Structural Elements
 Posts were made of sturdy wood onto which
floor beams were attached.
 The sapiaw or the roof is made of a steeply
pitched cogon on bamboo or timber frames.
The walls are made of wooden bamboo strips
called sawali. The floor may be made of
bamboo but often times it is made of timber.
There are no ceilings and only one window
or tandiwan was allowed for the main house .
The tandiwan and ladder were allowed at the
kitchen house.
Protective Elements
 Steep ridge roof covered with cogon thatch
was use in Yakan houses. The roof sloped
downwards and broke into a slight angle
upward towards its lower side. The roof’s eaves
overhung the wall at .50 meters.
Circulatory Elements
 a ladders with notched poles and steps in odd
numbers led to the porch. Another ladder was
provided for the kitchen.
 Doors were oriented towards the east for
prosperity while few and small windows were
provided because of the belief that bad spirits
could not pass through the small openings
quite easily. A small window was often
provided at the end wall opposite the kitchen.
Decorative Elements and Furnishings
 in the living room, one would find a cloth-
weaving loom located near the door which led
to the porch outside. Also, there were wooden
or bamboo boxes for palay which might also be
used as benches for visitors, clothes chests,
brass metal containers, brass food trays, and
bronze boxes for betel and mats.
Muslim Architecture
Philippine Muslim Concept of Space
• Islamic Theology affects all aspects of Muslim life.
– Five Pillars of Islam
• Shahada- profession of faith; the Islamic Creed
• Salat- ritual prayer
• Siyam- fasting
• Zakat- charity tax
• Hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca
Muslim concept of space is expressed in relation to
the Tawhid.
• Tawhid
– Means “Unity of Allah”
– The single most important doctrine of Islam which
means monotheism
– It considers everything in relation and in unity with
God.
Philippine Muslim Concept
of Space
Intertwined with the Tawhid is the Muslim view of
the universe.
• Islamic cosmos is based upon God as the Unique
Origin of all things.
• Space, therefore is aligned and polarized by means
of a focal point in Mecca, which is the Ka’aba.
• The axis orienting all masjids towards the Ka’aba in
Mecca is called the Kibla or Kiblah.
BUILDING TYPES: The Mosque
• Also known as masjid in Arabic which means “a
place of prostration”
• Early basic shape is derived from early Christian
churches and middle eastern courtyard houses.
Two types of traditional structures for worship:
1. ) Langgal (Tausug and Yakal) or Ranggal
(Maranao)
– Literally means “to meet”
– It is a small chapel made of semipermanent
material built for worshippers far from the masjid.
2.) Masjid or Maskid
more permanent structure with stone foundations,
ideally built near a body of water.
– Holds the Friday assembly prayers and the two
important Muslim festivals.
Peculiar Characteristics of Philippine Mosques
• a seating area with benches outside the mosque
takes place of the wide enclosed courtyard with the
ablution fountain.
• Call to prayer is done inside with the use of
hanging drums called tabo, jabu-jabu, or dabu-dabu.
• Minarets have no function.
Minbar or Mimbar is not high unlike those in Africa
and Western
Asia
–An elevated platform, or a chair can replace the
mimbar.
Mosque Ornamentations
– Iconic element of the crescent and star ornament
that surmount the bulbous dome.
- Use of okir carving and burak
(a winged centaur) as ornamentation.
- Use of inverted jars placed at the apex of domes
found in Lanao Mosques.
Madrasa
• Derived from Arabic darasa: “to read” or “to
learn”
• Originated from 10th Century domestic courtyards
in
Khurasan (Iran)
• Built as part of the mosque complex
• Serves as place for teaching Koranic ,
philosophical,
and administrative laws.
Muslim Secular Architecture
• Forts and Royal Residences
Kota- indigenous fortifications made up of palm
trees and wooden posts filled with earth
Official Notes HOA Midterm
(Hispanic)
Bahay na Bato (Spanish Antillian House)
Architectural Analysis
PLAN
The bahay na bato is a two-storey house with the
upper floor overhanging (volada) the ground floor.
The ground floor contains the following areas:
ZAGUAN – where the carriage and saints’ float
(andas) are usually kept.
CUADRA - horse stable
BODEGA – a storage room for keeping old furniture
and palay bins
ENTRESUELO – a mezzanine elevated at about a
meter from the ground. The master of the house is
the only person who has access to this, for this is
where he keeps his money and jewelry. The
entresuelo is used as an office (oficina or dispacho)
by the owner of the house or as a bedroom during
siesta hours, a bedroom for an unmarried aunt or
uncle, or a bedroom for an overnight guest.
PATIO – it is an enclosed courtyard open to the sky
and adjacent to the zaguan. The second floor has the
following areas:
CAIDA – the most immediate room from the stairs, it
is a spacious hall used for entertaining friends; an
antesala; and all purpose room for dining, sewing or
even dancing.
SALA – is the living room where balls and dances
during fiestas and other special occasions take place
COMEDOR – dining room
COCINA- the kitchen which is sometimes built
separately from the house but connected to the
house proper by causeway.
DISPENSA – the room adjacent to the kitchen used
as food storage
COMUN or LATRINA – the toilet which is usually
adjacent to the service
BAÑO or PALIGUAN – the bathroom often built
separately from the toilet
AZOTEA – a flat, open terrace open to the toilet,
bath and kitchen areas; it is often forms as an
extension of the house used as a Laundry-drying
space and service area for the servants.
CUARTO, ALCOBA, or DORMITORIO – bedroom
BALCON – the overhanging balcony where one can
watch procession or parades passing the street or
simply a conversation area overlooking the street.
ALJIBE – the cistern used for the storage of collected
rainwater. This is often located underneath the
azotea.
Philippine Hispanic Churches, Infrastructures And
the Laws of the Indies
Laws of the Indies – the royal ordinances proclaimed
by King Philip II on
July 23, 1573. This was to establish a criterion in the
planning of cities,
towns, and villages as well as for the governing of
Spanish colonial
settlements in the Americas and the Philippines.
These laws provided guidelines for site selection,
layout and dimensioning of streets and squares, the
location of civic and religious buildings, open space,
cultivation and pasturing lands, and even the main
procedural phases of planning and construction.
▪ Characteristics:
▪ elevated location
▪ an orderly grid of streets
▪ a central plaza, a defensive wall, and zones for
churches, shops, government buildings, hospitals,
and slaughterhouses.
▪ Encapsulates the classicist theories of urban design
proposed by Vitruvius and Alberti.
ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS OF PHILIPPINE
HISPANIC CHURCHES
1. PLAN
Initially, the plan adopted for Philippine churches
was the
basilican type with a single nave. Later the church
plan was in the form
of a pseudo-Latin cross. A tpical church plan is
arranged as follows:
a. Nave- This is the central aisle. The main entrance
opens to
the nave which terminates in the sanctuary, the focal
point of the
church. An impression of length is achieved through
the unobstructed
view of the altar from the main entrance. Sometimes
side aisles are
provided and are separated from the nave by
arcades and colonnades.
Naves of large churches usually measures from 80 to
100 m long and 22
m wide.
b. Apse – Located at the end of the church which
houses the
altar. Sacristies are usually placed on both sides or
sometimes behind it.
This is used by the priests when preparing for a
religious ceremony and
are also used for keeping vestments and sacred
vessels. Sometimes
sacristies contain small altars and baptismal fonts for
the performance of
simple and private ceremonies.
c. Choir Loft – This is found right above the main
entrance behind the front façade and often spans
the whole
width of the church. It is sometimes rectangular in
plan or
curves outward towards the nave.
d. Bell tower / Campanille – This form as an integral
part of the church. They function in various ways as:
1. An architectural landmark of a town or a city
2. A watchtower for sighting of enemy attack or
raids
3. A communication system for various events like
Mass
and calls for morning and evening prayers,
weddings,
baptisms, funerals, or alarms for impending dangers.
e. Transepts – This is a later addition to the church.
Most often the transepts do not follow the usual  The brick walls are devoid of ornament but
norm of have delicately carved side entrances and
proportion as used in the Latin cross plan of strong buttresses.
European churches.
They are short and placed so near the apse that it BARASOAIN CHURCH,
forms a T-shape Barasoain, Bulacan
plan rather than the normal Latin cross. 1871-1878 : stone church was constructed to replace
f. Baptistry – Few meters from the doorway, the wooden structure; 1880 – earthquake ruined the
baptistry may be found either on the left or right church
side of the • 1885 : Augustinian Juan Giron commissioned a
church. Either opened or enclosed by iron grilles, a builder named Magpayo to rebuild the church
large • variation on the circle motif
baptismal font dominates the area. • flutings on pilasters with ends blunted into
semicircles detract from the NeoClassical
Parts of a Church • belltower has a cubic base, three layes accented
▪ Altar mayor, main altar. by blind and open windows, top has crenellations
▪ Sagrario, tabernacle. and six-sided cone
▪ Pulpito, pulpit. • The seat of Malolos Congress on Sept. 15, 1898 and
▪ Retablo, elaborately ornamented altar screen. the
▪ Sacristia, where the priest and his assistants put on
their robes before the mass. MIAGAO CHURCH,
▪ Coro, choir loft. Miagao, Iloilo
▪ Tribunas, screened gallery ■ Sto. Tomas de Villanueva Church
■ Stands on the highest point of Miag-ao, its towers
Church Complex serving as lookouts against Muslim raids.
▪ Church ■ It is the finest surviving example of 'Fortress
▪ Convento, parish house or rectory. Baroque'.
▪ Campanarios, bell towers. ■ The facade epitomizes the Filipino transfiguration
of western decorative elements.
PHILIPPNE
HISPANIC CHURCHES San Agustin Church
Intramuros, Manila.
PAOAY CHURCH, ■ The Church of the Immaculate
Paoay, Ilocos Norte Conception of SanAgustín.
built in 1699 by Antonio Estavillo, completed 1702- • oldest church in the Philippines; built 1587-1607 by
1710 Juan Macias according to the plans approved by the
Saint Augustine Church. Royal Audencia de Mexico and by a Royal Cedula
■ Most outstanding example in the Philippines of
'Earthquake Baroque'. ■ First church to be built in Luzon.
■ Volutes of contrafuertes (buttresses) and in the ■ Only structure in Intramuros to survive WWII.
pyramidal finials of wall facades. ■ High Baroque style retablo.
■ Massive coral stone belltower. ■ Ceiling paintings in the trompe l’oeil style.
■ Chinese fu dogs at the entrance.
STA. MARIA CHURCH,
Sta. Maria, Ilocos Sur VIGAN
- constructed late 18th century, 85 steps CHURCH
leading to the church was built by Vigan, Ilocos Sur
Augustinian Benigno Fernandez • finished in 1800
 Church of Nuestra Señora de la Asunción. • located within the grid iron planned streets of a
 Situated on a hill surrounded by a defensive colonial town
wall. • baroque elements include protruding
 Separate pagoda-like bell tower at the midpoint columns and solid frames; three arched
of the nave wall. doorways leading to three naves at the first
level, guarded by ionic pillars with chinese fu  by Bishop Domingo Salazar
dogs
• urn-like finial at pediment MORONG CHURCH
Morong , Rizal
SAN SEBASTIAN CHURCH,  Spanish Baroque style
Manila  by Fr. Blas dela Madre
(The first and only all-steel church in Asia; Neo-Gothic.)
by Genaro PANAY CHURCH
Palacios in Revivalist Panay Church
architecture largest bell, from 30 sacks of coins donated by
made entirely of steel; townspeople

Basilica Minore del Santo Niño; Cebu. by Diego de QUIAPO CHURCH

Herrera Quiapo, Manila
(Oldest church in the Philippines.) restored by Juan Nakpil and Jose Maria Zaragosa

Bantay Church (Shrine of Our Lady of Charity); Ilocos TAAL CHURCH

Sur. (Belfry served as a watchtower for pirates; Neo- Taal, Batangas
Gothic.) by Fr. Martin Aguirre
Carcar Church (Church of Sta. Catalina de Alexandria); biggest church
Cebu. (Minaret-like bell towers; Neo-Mudejar.)
Manila Cathedral; Intramuros, Manila. (Restoration, STA. ANA CHURCH
Fernando Ocampo; Neo-Romanesque) Sta. Ana Church, Manila
by Fr. Vicente Ingles
QUIAPO CHURCH restored by Juan Nakpil
Manila
Ar. Juan Nakpil 1933 Conservation
▪ RA 10066 (National Heritage Law)
OUR LADY OF MANAOAG CHURCH ▪ RA 10086 (National Historical Commission of the
Manaoag, pangasinan Philippines Law)
Ar Roque Ruano
Instruments of Urbanism
CALASIAO CHURCH ▪ Reducción
Calasiao, Pangasinan ▪ Encomienda system
 2nd best bell tower ▪ System of cities and towns
 by Fr. Ramon Dalinao ▪ Cuadricula
▪ Colonial infrastructures
CALASIAO CHURCH
Calasiao, Pangasinan  Reducción
 2nd best bell tower The formerly scattered barangays were brought
 by Fr. Ramon Dalinao together and reduced in number and made into
compact and larger communities to facilitate
LAS PINAS CHURCH religious conversion and cultural change.
Las Pinas Church
 by Fr. Diego Cera  Encomienda
Famous in the world for Las Pinas bamboo organ The colony was divided into parcels assigned to a
Spanish colonist (encomendero) who was mandated
LOBOC CHURCH to “allocate, allot or distribute” the resources of the
Loboc, Bohol domain.
 biggest number of murals on walls and ceilings
 System of Cities and Towns
MANILA CATHEDRAL
Manila Cathedral
The institution of a hierarchal settlement system.
Cabecera (city) or poblacion (town), core of the
municipality. Barrios, adjacent barangays.
Intramuros
- The walled city of Manila
- 1.2 sq. KM in area; perimeter is 3.4 KM
- home of the Spanish (except for the Friars & the
high ranking officials)
- decentralization occurred and settlements were
built in Malate, San Miguel, and Paco, among other
areas
Extramuros
Living beyond the walls.
▪ Pueblos, villages outside the walls.
▪ Parian, a separate urban quarter designated to the
Chinese community .
▪ Dilao, Japanese community.
 Cuadricula
A system of streets and blocks laid out in a grid
pattern, with uniform precision.
Plaza Complex
Grid pattern of streets with the main
plaza at the center surrounded by the
church, the tribunal, other government
buildings, and the marketplace.
Fortresses
Characterized by heavy stone walls, moats, and grid
road layouts. Bastions, keeps, and watchtowers
were
also built to cover blind spots.
Fort Santiago
Intramuros, Manila.
- defense fortress built for Spanish conquistador,
Miguel López de Legazpi. The architect of Fort
Santiago was a Jesuit Fr. Antonio Sedenio.
Parts of a Fort
▪ Cortinas, thick perimeter walls.
▪ Bastiones or baluartes,four-sided bulwarks skirting
the cortinas on both ends.
▪ Foso, moat.
▪ Casamatas, stone embrasures where artilleries
were propped up.
Institutional Buildings
Monumental civic architecture epitomized the
colonial institutions under the Spanish governance.
Ayuntamiento
Intramuros, Manila.
■ Also known as Casa del Ayuntamiento, Casa del
Cabildo, Casa Consistorial, or Casa Real.
■ As a seat of colonial governance, it housed several
administrative offices and archives.
Palacio Real
Intramuros, Manila.
■ Also known as Palacio del Gobernador General.
■ Residence of the highest official of the land.
■ Malacañang Palace, the summer residence of the
Governor General
Other civic buildings
▪ Real Audiencia, or Tribunal, trial court.
▪ Aduana, customs house.
▪ Hacienda Publica, treasury.
▪ Municipio, Casa de Municipal, or Casa Real, a smaller
version of the Ayuntamiento in the provincial towns.
▪ Casa Hacienda, expansive structures housing
spaces for the administrators and his workers on a
landed estate.
Educational and Scientific Buildings
The various religious orders fulfilled the missionary
tasks of bringing education, healthcare, and social
welfare to the indigenous subjects.
Schools
University of Sto. Tomas, Manila.
Oldest established university in Asia. Built in 1611.
■ Colegio or universidad, found in the urban areas.
■ Escuela primaria,found in different pueblos.
Hospitals
▪ Hospital Real, first hospital; built by the
Franciscans; catered only to the Spaniards.
▪ Hospital de San Gabriel, for the Chinese in Binondo.
▪ Hospital de San Lazaro, for the lepers.
Observatories
▪ ObservatorioAstronomico y Meteorologico de
Manila, or the Manila Observatory; established by
the Jesuits to assist in forecasting typhoons.
Industrial Buildings
Because of the Hispanic urban program, living
standards were elevated through urban
infrastructure and public works.
Bridges ■ Evolved from the need of migrant laborers for
■ Puente de España (Bridge of Spain), built after the cheap housing in commercial and industrial areas.
destruction of Puente Grande (first and only bridge ■ Vivienda, each unit; has a zaguan, sala and sleeping
crossing the Pasig River) in the 1863 earthquake. quarters.

Train Stations
■ The Tutuban Station of the ManilaDagupan railway
line; served as the main terminal for all northbound
destinations.

Lighthouses
■ The Pasig Farola, the oldest lighthouse in the
Philippines; also
known as the San Nicolas lighthouse.

Water System
■ The Carriedo Waterworks installed the piped-in
water system. The
water was offered to the public free of charge.

Commercial Buildings
Spain attempted to establish an Asian trading
empire to be based in Manila. Soon the city became
one of the major colonial port cities in Southeast
Asia.

Shops
■ Alcaiceria de San Fernando, very first large
commercial structure; silk market in Binondo;
housed stores for Chinese merchants and
government offices.
■ Tabacaleras, tobacco and cigar factories;
Cigarreras, female workers.
■ The bahay na bato was later retrofitted to have
room for commercial function.
■ Sari-sari store and carinderias

Hotels
■ Hotel la Palma de Mallorca,Hotel de Paris, and
Hotel de Espana, foremost hotels in Intramuros.
■ Casas de huespedes, boarding houses; less
expensive lodgings.

Banks
■ Banco Español-Filipino de Isabel II, first bank built;
initially housed in the Aduana.

Domestic Structures
Dwellings reflecting the differences in social class.

Accesorias
■ Apartment dwellings