Thermodynamics and Heat

Transfer
Lecture 3
THE SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
Dr Salah Elfakki
 Overview
• Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Thermal Reservoir
• Thermodynamic Cycle
• Statement of the Second Law
• Heat Engine, Refrigeration & Heat Pump
 Objectives

 To recognise the need for the second law of

thermodynamics in real processes.

 To identify performance limits for thermodynamic

cycles.
 INTRODUCTION TO SECOND LAW

• Not every process are consistent with the principle of

energy conservation.
• Processes have a direction of change before reaching
equilibrium.
• An opportunity to develop work exits when there exists an
imbalance between two system. (How much work?)
• Ideal (theoretical) performance of engineering devices
can be identified.
• A development of a temperature scale which is
independent of the substance.
 THERMAL RESERVOIR
 Thermal Energy Reservoir or Heat Reservoir - a body with large
thermal energy capacity that can supply or absorb finite amounts
of heat without undergoing any change in temperature.
 Source - a reservoir that supplies energy in the form of heat.
 Sink - a reservoir that absorbs energy in the form of heat
 Heat transfer is the ONLY interaction between the thermal
reservoir and its surroundings.
 The reservoir temperature remains uniform and constant during a
process.
 The heat transfer only results in a change in the internal energy of
the reservoir.
 THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES

Thermodynamic Cycle

A thermodynamic cycle is defined as a closed system in which fluid

either undergoes a periodic cycle within a single piece of
equipment or passes continuously through a loop of steady-state
equipment. In a periodic cycle, the substance returned to its initial
state at regular intervals. Example: steam power cycle.
 STATEMENTS OF THE SECOND LAW

Kelvin-Planck Statement of the Second Law

It is impossible for any system to operate in a thermodynamic cycle

and deliver a net amount of energy by work to its surroundings
while receiving energy by heat transfer from a single thermal
reservoir.

The statement suggests that:

• A cyclic device that produce a net
work output requires the exchange
of energy with a minimum of two
thermal reservoirs at different
temperatures.
 HEAT ENGINES

Consider a rotating shaft:

 Mechanical work by shaft is

converted to heat
 BUT, heat transfer to the
water will not rotate the shaft
 UNLESS….. We use….
HEAT ENGINES
 HEAT ENGINES

A heat engine – a device that operates in a cycle and produces net

positive work while heat transfer from a high temperature source.
 Measurement of the performance for a heat engine is
known as the thermal efficiency and is defined as:
 STATEMENTS OF THE SECOND LAW

Clausius Statement of the Second Law

It is impossible for any system to operate any device in such a

way that the sole result would be an energy transfer by heat
transfer from a cooler body to a hotter body.

The statement suggests that:

• When heat transfer from a cooler

body to a hotter body occurs, there
must be some other effect within the
system accomplishing the heat
transfer.
 REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP

 Devices that operate in a cycle and transferring heat from a

low-temperature body to a higher-temperature body.
 The operation of the devices requires an input of work (or an
energy input) from another body.
 REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP
 Refrigerator – maintain the temperature of a space at a lower
temperature than the temperature of the environment.
 Heat pump – maintain the temperature of a space at a higher
temperature than the temperature of the environment.
 Measurement of the performance for a refrigerator or a heat
pump is known as the coefficient of performance (COP) andis
defined as:

For a refrigerator For a heat pump

EXAMPLE 1
A steam power plant produces 50 MW of net work while
burning fuel to produce 150MW of heat energy at the high
temperature. Determine the cycle thermal efficiency and the
heat rejected by the cycle to the surroundings.
EXAMPLE 2
A residential heat pump is used to provide heating during the
winter season to maintain a house temperature at 21oC. On a
typical day, the heat transfer to the house is 75 MJ/h when
the outside air temperature is –4oC. The heat pump has a COP
of 3.7. Determine the power required for the heat pump and
the heat transfer rate from the outside air.
SUMMARY

 The second law of thermodynamics can be expressed by two

equivalent statements.
 The Clausius statement of the second law places restrictions
on the operation of heat pumps and refrigerators.
 The Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law places
restrictions on the operation of heat engines.
 Devices operating in a thermodynamic cycle include heat
engines, refrigerators and heat pumps.
HW1
A heat pump with a coefficient of performance of 2.5 supplies
energy to a room at a rate of 63300 kJ/h. Determine:
a. The electrical power input to the heat pump, in kW.
b. The rate of heat absorption from the outside air, in kW.

Win = 7.03 kW, QL= 10.55 kW

HW2

A refrigeration cycle removes 18000 kJ/h of heat from the cold space
maintained at -30oC to the surrounding. The surrounding is at a
temperature of 20oC. The coefficient of performance of the
refrigerator is 25% of that of a reversible refrigeration cycle.

a. What is the COP of the refrigerator?

b. Determine the power input to the refrigerator, in kW.

COPrev = 4.86, COPR= 1.215, Win = 4.11 kW

HW3
A heat engine with a thermal efficiency of 35 percent produces 750
kJ of work. Heat transfer to the engine is from a reservoir at 550 K,
and the heat transfer from the engine to the surrounding air is at
300 K.
a. Sketch a diagram to represent the heat engine system.
b. Determine the heat transfer to and from the heat engine.
c. If the heat engine is replaced by a Carnot heat engine producing
the same work output, determine the heat transfer to and from the
Carnot heat engine.

QH = 2142.9 kJ, QL= 1392.9 kJ, QH = 1650 kJ, QL = 900 kJ