JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 39, NO.
7, APRIL 1, 2021
Nonparaxial Mode-Size Converter Using an
Ultracompact Metamaterial Mikaelian Lens
Zunyue Zhang , Yeyu Tong , Student Member, IEEE, Yi Wang , and Hon Ki Tsang , Fellow, IEEE
Abstract—Mode-division multiplexing (MDM) is a promising
approach to increase data transmission capacity by using different
modes as independent data channels. Intermodal crosstalk and
coherent mode interference are detrimental to the performance
of an MDM system and should be avoided in the mode converters
and mode expanders for MDM. The Mikaelian lens is well known
to be free from spherical aberrations and is therefore an excellent
candidate for focusing high order waveguide modes which have
main mode field distributions located off-axis. Here we proposed
an ultracompact mode-independent mode-size converter using an
integrated Mikaelian lens formed by refractive index engineering
using a subwavelength grating. The Mikaelian lens is fabricated
on the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform and can be used to
convert the size of high order modes at the interface between the
silicon waveguide and a multimode fiber in MDM systems. We
present a proof-of-concept demonstration of a low loss spot size
converter for three transverse electric (TE) modes between a 14 µm
wide multimode waveguide grating coupler and a 1.56 µm wide
multimode silicon waveguide. The measured insertion loss of the
Mikaelian lens mode size converter is 0.21 dB for TE0 mode, 0.26
dB for TE1 mode and 0.28 dB for TE2 mode. 1-dB bandwidth of
all the three modes are about 60 nm. The 15 µm long Mikaelian
lens has comparable experimental performance as a 450 µm long
adiabatic taper.
Index Terms—Mode division multiplexing, mode size converter,
mode-independent, ultracompact.
I. INTRODUCTION
HE rise in data traffic is approaching the nonlinear Shannon
T limit in the transmission capacity of conventional exist-
ing single mode fiber systems [1], [2], which are now fully
exploiting the enhancement in capacity via advanced modu-
lation formats [3], wavelength-division multiplexing [4], [5]
and polarization-division multiplexing [6], [7]. Mode-division
multiplexing (MDM) is a promising approach to attain yet
higher data transmission capacities [8]–[10]. Multimode de-
vices such as waveguide bendings, waveguide crossings and
Manuscript received October 7, 2020; revised December 7, 2020 and De-
cember 21, 2020; accepted December 22, 2020. Date of publication December
24, 2020; date of current version April 2, 2021. This work was supported
by Hong Kong Research Grants Council GRF Project under Grant 14203620.
(Corresponding author: Hon Ki Tsang.)
The authors are with the Department of Electronic Engineering, The
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR,
China (e-mail: zyzhang@link.cuhk.edu.hk; yytong_ee@link.cuhk.edu.hk;
yiwang@link.cuhk.edu.hk; hktsang@ee.cuhk.edu.hk).
This article has supplementary material provided by the authors and color
versions of one or more figures available at https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2020.
3047118.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JLT.2020.3047118
0733-8724 © 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See https://www.ieee.org/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
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2077
power splitters have been reported for use in MDM systems
[11]–[14].
Efficient and low-cost mode multiplexers for direct interface
between multimode fibres and photonics integrated circuits, as
a key building block in MDM system, have been previously
reported. Compared with the mode multiplexers based on free-
space optics or fiber photonics lantern [15], [16], diffractive
multimode waveguide grating couplers have the advantage of
co-integration capability with other integrated photonics de-
vices and thus become a reliable and cost-effective approach
for mode multiplexing [17], [18]. However, in the previous
implementations of few mode grating couplers (FMGC) [18],
a long adiabatic taper between the wide waveguide grating
coupler and the narrower multimode waveguide was needed
for reducing the transition loss between the wide multimode
grating coupler and the narrower silicon multimode waveguide.
Tapers with lengths of 400 μm were necessary to attain low
losses in dual-mode devices [18], [19] and the tapers will become
even longer when additional higher order waveguide modes are
included in the MDM system. The length of the tapers cannot be
reduced without violating the adiabatic transition condition [20]
and is an obstacle for the dense integration of the MDM system.
An on-chip arbitrary-mode spot size converter was recently
demonstrated by using on-chip 4-f system with the combination
of two lenses [21]. The implementation of the mode-independent
mode size converter by a single lens is still of great attraction
as the footprint of the device can be greatly reduced, which
makes it possible to be used in the newly developed multimode
waveguide grating couplers to obtain an ultracompact overall
footprint [18].
Developed from Maxwell’s fish-eye lens by conformal trans-
formation optics, Mikaelian lens is inherently free of spherical
aberrations [22]–[24], and thus off-centre light has the same fo-
cus as paraxial light. Such a property makes it suitable to serve as
mode-independent mode-size converters in planar waveguides,
in which the off-axis portion of high order waveguide modes can
be brought to the same focus, as illustrated in Fig. 1(a). Integrated
Mikaelian lens was previously demonstrated by fabricating the
required nonuniform refractive index profile by changing the
thickness of the waveguide [25].
Subwavelength gratings are periodic structures with pitches
satisfying Λ<λ/2nB , where Λ is the pitch of subwavelength
grating, λ is wavelength and nB is Bloch mode effective index
[26]. By adjusting the filling factor of the subwavelength grat-
ing, effective refractive index of a material can be engineered
2078
Fig. 1. (a) Schematic of the mode-independent mode-size converter using subwavelength Mikaelian lens. (b) Schematic of the ultracompact few mode grating
coupler (FMGC) with subwavelength Mikaelian lens.
and thus provide a practical approach to construct any desired
refractive index profile. Subwavelength grating structures have
been widely exploited in integrated photonics components, such
as grating couplers, waveguide crossings, multimode interfer-
ometers, polarization splitters and any other passive functional
elements [27]–[30]. The graded refractive index (GRIN) lens
with parabolic index profile was previously demonstrated as
mode-size converters for the fundamental transverse electric
(TE0 ) mode using subwavelength grating structures [31], [32].
However, the spherical aberration problem in GRIN lens un-
avoidably introduces wavefront distortion at the focusing plane,
which becomes even more obvious for higher order waveguide
modes and degrades their performance in MDM systems. We
recently proposed the subwavelength engineered Mikaelian lens
and demonstrated its use in 2.3 μm wavelength region [33].
Here we show that the subwavelength engineered Mikaelian
lens could be used at shorter wavelength in MDM optical
communications.
In this paper, for the first time, an ultracompact mode-
independent mode size converter was implemented by Mikaelian
lens with the subwavelength grating structure for efficient focus-
ing of different orders of waveguide modes. The fabricated de-
vice had measured normalized insertion loss of 0.21 dB for TE0
mode, 0.26 dB for the first order transverse electric (TE1 ) mode
and 0.28 dB for the second order transverse electric (TE2 ) mode.
The 1-dB bandwidth of the spot size converter is about 60 nm.
As a proof-of-concept demonstration of the mode-independent
focusing property of the subwavelength Mikaelian lens, an
ultracompact FMGC was designed and fabricated, in which
two linear polarized (LP) modes: LP01 mode and LP11 mode
from a two-mode graded-index few mode fiber (FMF) were
coupled through the waveguide grating coupler and focused
by the subwavelength Mikaelian lens to the much narrower
multimode silicon waveguide, as illustrated in Fig. 1(b). The
designed FMGC showed comparable coupling efficiencies with
the case using adiabatic tapers for both TE0 and TE1 modes,
while the footprint was reduced by 15-fold.
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JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 39, NO. 7, APRIL 1, 2021
II. METHODOLOGY
The refractive index profile of a Mikaelian lens was devel-
oped from Maxwell’s fisheye lens by conformal mapping. The
schematic of a Maxwell’s fisheye lens is illustrated in Fig. 2(a).
Any light rays launched from one rim of the sphere (point A)
will be focused by the lens to the opposite rim (point B) without
spherical aberrations, vice versa. Its index profile follows n(u,v)
= n0 /(1 + u2 + v2 ), where n0 is the refractive index in the center
and (u,v) is the spatial coordinate in a two-dimensional space
w = u + iv. By applying an exponential conformal mapping
w = eβz , the original w space was mapped to a new space z
= x + iy. When the refractive index profile in the new space
satisfies n(x,y) = | dw/dz | ·n(u,v), light rays will follow the
same loci as in the Maxwell’s fisheye lens, a Mikaelian lens
was thus formed, as illustrated in Fig. 2(b). The refractive index
profile of a Mikaelian lens follows:
n(z) = n1 /cosh(βz) (1)
where n1 = n0· β/2.
To build such a refractive index profile with subwavelength
grating structure, the center of the subwavelength Mikaelian
lens is assigned with the maximum effective index nmax and
the edges of the lens are assigned with the minimum effective
index nmin , i.e., n(0) = nmax , n(w/2) = n(−w/2) = nmin , where
w is the width of Mikaelian lens. With these boundary values
fixed, n1 in (1) is thus equal to nmax and β is calculated to be
arccosh(nmax /nmin )/(w/2). The width of the Mikaelian lens in
this work is fixed to be 14 μm to keep consistent with the mode
filed diameter of FMF used in the experiment. The maximum
and minimum effective index nmax and nmin used in the design
are 2.256 and 3.016, respectively. Fig. 2(c) shows the effective
index profile of the designed Mikaelian lens. The design of
the subwavelength grating follows the second order effective
medium theory (EMT) [34], [35]. (see supplementary materials
for comparison between the effective indices calculated by EMT
and by the photonic band structure). Here we fixed the pitch
ZHANG et al.: NONPARAXIAL MODE-SIZE CONVERTER 2079

Fig. 2. (a) Schematic of Maxwell’s fisheye lens in u-v space. (b) Schematic of Mikaelian lens in x-y space. (c) Effective index profile of Mikaelian lens. (d)
Filling factor profile of the subwavelength grating Mikaelian lens. (e) Effective index of the subwavelength grating structure calculated from second order EMT
with fixed grating pitch of 240 nm and filling factor varied from 0.3 to 0.7. (f) Schematic of the subwavelength Mikaelian lens with the subwavelength taper.

Λlens of the subwavelength grating as 240 nm and varied the
filling factor flens (defined by the proportion of silicon width
with respect to the grating period) continuously from 0.3 to
0.7, the corresponding effective index of the subwavelength
grating calculated from the second order EMT is shown in
Fig. 2(e). The effective index profile of the Mikaelian lens is
thus transferred to the filling factor profile as shown in Fig. 2(d).
The structure of the subwavelength Mikaelian lens can thus
be constructed based on the one-to-one space-to-filling-factor
mapping. The schematic of the subwavelength Mikaelian lens
is shown in Fig. 2(f). Subwavelength taper was added at the front
end of the Mikaelian lens to reduce the reflection loss caused by
the effective index mismatch between the subwavelength lens
and the channel waveguide. The width and the length of the
subwavelength taper wtaper and ltaper were optimized to be
2.5 μm and 3.6 μm, respectively to minimize the loss whilst
keep the device compact.
III. DESIGN AND SIMULATIONS
The mode size conversion was simulated with three-
dimensional finite difference time domain (3D-FDTD) method.
Back-to-back transmission of the five lowest orders of trans-
verse electric waveguide modes (TE0 , TE1 , TE2 , TE3 and
TE4 ) were simulated. The simulated optical fields are shown in
Fig. 3(a)–(e). Inset shows the mode profiles at the output ports.
The transmission spectra of different orders of waveguide modes
in the metamaterial Mikaelian lens are shown in Fig. 3(f). The
mode size conversion efficiencies of all the five modes are above
95% and 1-dB bandwidth are over 90 nm. The inter-modal
crosstalk is less than −22 dB at the center wavelength. The
same simulation method was applied to simulate the mode size
conversion of the GRIN lens as a comparison. The refractive
index profile of the subwavelength GRIN lens is illustrated in
Fig. 3(h). The simulation results of GRIN lens show obvious
mode-dependent conversion efficiency. The insertion loss of TE4
mode in the GRIN lens is 0.7 dB higher than in the Mikaelian
lens and the inter-modal crosstalk is 1.6 dB higher, as shown
in Fig. 3(g). Furthermore, longer lengths are needed (8.5 μm)
for GRIN lens compared with the Mikaelian lens (7.5 μm). The
length of the Mikaelian lens was optimized to obtain the highest
mode size conversion efficiency at the center wavelength of
1510 nm, as shown in Fig. 3(i). The optimal lens length increases
slightly at longer center wavelength due to the dispersion in the
subwavelength Mikaelian lens. (see supplementary materials).
The fabrication tolerance of the Mikaelian lens was evaluated in
the simulation by adding 20 nm random width variations into the
silicon ridges in both x and y directions. The widths of the silicon
ridges in x and y directions are given by wx = w0x + γ x ·Δw and
wy = w0y + γ y ·Δw where w0x and w0y are the original widths
of the silicon ridges in x and y directions, Δw equals 20 nm
and γ x and γ y are random numbers between 0 and 1. The mesh
size used in the simulation is 4 nm. The simulation results are
also shown in Fig. 3(i) with dash lines. The simulation results
show that at the optimized lens length of 7.5 μm, 20 nm random
silicon ridge width variations only add 0.07 dB loss to TE0 mode,
0.015 dB loss to TE1 mode and 0.002 dB to TE2 mode, which
illustrates the robustness of the design to fabrication errors.
The subwavelength Mikaelian lens mode size converter is
polarization dependent due to the birefringence in the sub-
wavelength grating waveguides. The different effective in-
dices of transverse electric (TE) modes and transverse mag-
netic (TM) modes produces different focal lengths. However,
since waveguide grating couplers are usually designed to op-
erate with a single polarization, the polarization dependence
of the subwavelength Mikaelian lens will not introduce any

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2080 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 39, NO. 7, APRIL 1, 2021

Fig. 3. 3D FDTD simulated optical field of the back to back subwavelength Mikaelian lens for (a) TE0, (b) TE1, (c) TE2, (d) TE3 and (e) TE4 mode. Inset
shows the mode profiles at the output ports. (f) Transmission spectra of the five waveguide modes and inter-modal crosstalk in the metamaterial Mikaelian lens
and (g) Transmission spectra of the five waveguide modes and inter-modal crosstalk in the GRIN lens. (h) Effective index profile of the GRIN lens. (i) Simulated
transmission of TE0, TE1 and TE2 modes with different lens lengths. The simulation results when 20 nm random silicon ridge width variations were added are
shown in dash line.

Fig. 4. (a) Microscope image of the six-port device. SEM image of (b) ADC mode multiplexer and (c) half of the subwavelength Mikaelian lens mode size
converter with subwavelength taper at the front. Experimental insertion loss and crosstalk of (d) TE0 mode, (e) TE1 mode and (f) TE2 mode. (g) Microscope
image of the FMGC /Mikaelian lens. (h) SEM image of the FMGC /Mikaelian lens. (i) Microscope image of the FMGC /adiabatic taper. (j) Experimental coupling
efficiency of FMGC integrated with Mikaelian lens and integrated with adiabatic taper. Mode field of (k) LP01 mode and (l) LP11 mode from FMF captured by
infrared camera. (m) Experimental transmission of the two ADC mode multiplexers.

additional polarization dependent loss to single polarization
grating couplers.
As a basic demonstration of the mode independent mode
size converter, a metamaterial Mikaelian lens for three lowest
order transverse electric modes (TE0 , TE1 and TE2 modes) was
designed and fabricated. The pitch of the subwavelength grating
was 240 nm. To ensure the fabricability of the subwavelength
structure, the filling factor used in our experiment varied from
0.4 to 0.7, and the minimum silicon ridge size was thus 96 nm.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The device was fabricated on SOI wafer with 250 nm thick
top silicon layer. The mask was defined by E-beam lithography.
Dry reactive-ion etching was then applied to etch through the
top silicon layer. PMMA was finally coated above the device as
cladding layer. Two pairs of back-to-back Mikaelian lens were
fabricated. The microscope image of the six-port device is shown
in Fig. 4(a). TE0 mode launched from port # 2 kept TE0 mode
transmission. TE0 mode launched from port # 3 and port # 1
were excited to TE1 mode TE2 mode, respectively. Asymmetric
directional couplers (ADC) were designed as mode multiplexers
to excite TE1 mode and TE2 mode in the multimode waveguide.
The schematic of ADC is shown in the inset of Fig. 5(b). The
w1 , w2 , w3 used for exciting TE1 mode are 1.08 μm, 0.98
μm and 0.5 μm. The gap between two waveguides is 100 nm
and the coupling length lc is 27 μm. The w1 , w2 , w3 used for
exciting TE2 mode are 1.61 μm, 1.51 μm and 0.5 μm. The gap is

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ZHANG et al.: NONPARAXIAL MODE-SIZE CONVERTER
Fig. 5. 3D FDTD simulation results of (a) the coupling efficiency of the apodised grating coupler for both TE0 mode and TE1 mode, (b) coupling efficiencies
of ADC mode multiplexers from TE0 mode to TE1 mode and from TE1 mode to TE2 mode in the multimode waveguide. Inset shows the schematic of ADC.
100 nm and the coupling length lc is 30 μm. 3D FDTD simulated
coupling efficiencies of the two ADC are shown in Fig. 5(b).
All the three waveguide modes passed through the two pairs
of back-to-back subwavelength Mikaelian lens. The output TE0
mode, TE1 mode and TE2 mode were collected from port # 5,
# 4 and # 6, respectively. The SEM image of the subwavelength
Mikaelian lens before PMMA coated is shown in Fig. 4(c).
The SEM image of the ADC mode multiplexer is shown
in Fig. 4(b).
The insertion loss of the metamaterial Mikaelian lens was
characterized by measuring the fiber-waveguide-fiber insertion
loss. Light from tunable laser was coupled into the chip through
a single mode fiber and the waveguide grating coupler. Output
light was coupled from waveguide grating coupler to the single
mode fiber and sent to the optical power meter for measuring
the output optical power. The normalized insertion loss and
inter-mode crosstalk of the metamaterial Mikaelian lens for
TE0 mode, TE1 mode and TE2 mode are shown in Fig. 4(d),
(e), (f), respectively. TE0 mode had 0.21 dB insertion loss and
−13.5 dB inter-modal crosstalk at 1512 nm. The insertion loss
of TE1 mode was 0.26 dB and the inter-modal crosstalk was
−15.3 dB at 1496 nm. TE2 mode had 0.28 dB insertion loss and
−16.5 dB crosstalk at 1499 nm. The spectral ripples in Fig. 4(j)
are produced by the back reflections from the subwavelength
Mikaelian lens and the grating couplers (See supplementary
materials). The 1-dB bandwidths of all the three modes were
around 60 nm, which are limited by the dispersion in the lens.
The footprint of the metamaterial Mikaelian lens mode size
converter is 15 μm × 14 μm.
The TE0 mode and TE1 mode in the SOI waveguide can
selectively excite the LP01 mode and LPl1 mode in the FMF
by a single FMGC. We designed an apodised grating coupler
with metamaterial Mikaelian lens as the mode size converter.
The apodised grating was optimized to maximize the coupling
efficiency. The etched groove width ΛGC (1−fGC ) was fixed to
be 500 nm, where ΛGC is the pitch of the apodised grating
and fGC is the filling factor of the apodised grating defined by
the proportion of silicon ridge width with respect to the grating
period. The pitch of each grating period ΛGC was optimized one
by one. The optimized ΛGC (μm) used were 1.31, 1.3, 1.3, 1.34,
1.39, 1.35, 1.36, 1.29, 2.31, 2.08, 1.4. 3D FDTD simulations
were applied to simulate the coupling efficiency of both TE0
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2081
mode and TE1 mode. The simulated coupling efficiencies are
shown in Fig. 5(a).
The designed FMGC was fabricated on the same platform.
The microscope image of the device is shown in Fig. 4(g). The
SEM image of the FMGC is shown in Fig. 4(h). The output light
from FMGC was coupled into the two-mode graded-index FMF
with mode field diameter of 11 μm. The normalized coupling
efficiency of the FMGC for TE0 mode and TE1 mode are shown
in Fig. 4(j). TE0 mode had −7.6 dB coupling efficiency at 1530
nm and TE1 mode had −8.4 dB coupling efficiency at 1522 nm.
Experimental 3-dB bandwidth of the two modes were both about
50 nm. As the Mikaelian lens mode size converter has wider
bandwidth than the apodised grating coupler, the bandwidth of
FMGC is mainly limited by the apodised grating and the central
wavelength is also dominated by the apodised grating. The mode
field of LP01 mode and LP11 mode from the FMF were captured
by the infrared camera with a 40 × lens to confirm that the LP01
mode and LP11 mode were selectively launched from TE0 and
TE1 waveguide mode. The mode fields of the two modes are
shown in Fig. 4(k) and (l). We experimentally compared the
performance of our designed FMGC with Mikaelian lens mode
size converter and the FMGC with 450 μm adiabatic taper. The
same design of apodised grating for the FMGC was used in both
cases. The microscope image of the FMGC by linear taper is
shown in Fig. 4(i). The tapered FMGC was measured with the
same experiment setup. The coupling efficiency of TE0 mode
was −7.4 dB at 1525 nm and the coupling efficiency of TE1
mode was −7.8 dB at 1531 nm, which is also shown in Fig. 4(j).
For TE0 mode, the FMGC with Mikaelian lens has 0.2 dB excess
insertion loss, which was measured experimentally for the TE0
mode. For TE1 mode, the excess insertion loss in the FMGC
with Mikaelian lens was measured to be 0.6 dB. Other than the
0.26 dB excess insertion loss from the subwavelength Mikaelian
lens, we estimate there to be 0.34 dB excess loss from fabrication
inaccuracies of the grating couplers. A 7.5 nm width variation
of the grating lines can cause 0.35 dB higher insertion loss and
10 nm center wavelength shift.
The FMGC integrated with the metamaterial Mikaelian lens
mode size converter has comparable experimental coupling ef-
ficiency and 3-dB bandwidth as the FMGC integrated with the
conventional adiabatic taper for both modes, while the chip area
occupied is 15-fold less than the adiabatic taper FMGC. The
2082
coupling efficiency of the FMGC in this work is limited by the
directionality of the grating on this platform. The directionality
of the grating coupler can be improved by engineering the thick-
ness of etching and polysilicon deposition. The metamaterial
Mikaelian lens is compatible with different platforms and can
be used with higher order modes. To convert the mode size
of the higher order modes between the multimode waveguide
and the multimode fiber, wider Mikaelian lens is needed as
the mode field diameter of the multimode fiber is typically
larger than the few mode fiber used in this work. To ensure the
fabricability of the subwavelength structure, the filling factor
used in our experiment varied from 0.4 to 0.7, and the minimum
silicon ridge size was thus about 100 nm. With the minimum
feature size of the subwavelength grating structure unchanged,
i.e., the maximum and minimum effective indices given by the
subwavelength grating structure are fixed, a wider lens will lead
to a slower refractive index gradient from the center of the
subwavelength Mikaelian lens to the edges, which will weaken
the focusing strength of the lens and thus increase the focal
length. If higher resolution fabrication were available for the
subwavelength grating, shorter focal length can be obtained.
The length of the Mikaelian lens can be reduced with higher
fabrication resolution and will enable a more compact mode
size converter for multimode grating couplers.
V. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, an ultracompact mode-independent mode-size
converter was implemented with metamaterial Mikaelian lens by
taking the advantage of the non-spherical-aberration property of
Mikaelian lens. The experimental insertion loss of the mode-size
converter is 0.21 dB for TE0 mode, 0.26 dB for TE1 mode and
0.28 dB for TE2 mode when coupling from a 14 μm wide planar
waveguide to a 1.56 μm wide multimode waveguide within 15
μm × 14 μm chip area. Experimental 1-dB bandwidth is about
60 nm. The mode-independent mode-size converter was applied
to a two-mode FMGC, which worked well for both TE0 mode
and TE1 mode. The 15-fold shorter metamaterial Mikaelian lens
mode size converter has comparable experimental performance
as the long adiabatic taper. The subwavelength Mikaelian lens
mode size converter can find important technological applica-
tions in reducing the footprint of multimode grating couplers to
be used in compact MDM systems.
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ZHANG et al.: NONPARAXIAL MODE-SIZE CONVERTER
Zunyue Zhang received the B.S. degree in physics from Nankai University,
Tianjin, China, in 2017. She is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree
with the Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong. Her current research interests include silicon
photonics, integrated spectrometers, and optical coherence tomography systems.
Yeyu Tong (Student Member, IEEE) received the B.S. degree from the Uni-
versity of Electronic Science of Technology, Chengdu, China, in 2016, and the
Ph.D. degree in electronic engineering from the Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, in 2020. He has authored and coauthored more
than 40 papers in technical journals and international conferences. His current
research interests include silicon photonic integrated circuits, high-speed optical
interconnects, and advanced modulation formats for optical communications.
Authorized licensed use limited to: Universidad Autonoma de Baja California. Downloaded on March 25,2021 at 01:32:22 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
2083
Yi Wang received the B.S. degree from the University of Electronic Science of
Technology, Chengdu, China, in 2014. She is currently working toward the Ph.D.
degree with the Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University
of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong. Her current research interests include silicon
photonics and hybrid integration of 2D materials.
Hon Ki Tsang (Fellow, IEEE) received the Bachelor of Arts (Hons.) degree in
engineering and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
U.K. In 1993, he joined The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong
Kong. He was the Chairman of the Department of Electronic Engineering
from 2010 to 2016 and he is currently the Associate Dean (Research) of the
Faculty of Engineering. He has authored or coauthored about 400 papers in
journals and conference proceedings. His research interests include photonic
integrated circuits, silicon photonics, nonlinear waveguides, hybrid integration
of two-dimensional materials, optical communications, and integrated quantum
photonics. He is currently the Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE JOURNAL OF QUAN-
TUM ELECTRONICS. He is a Fellow of the Optical Society of America.