EE050-4-2-RE1 Final Exam Page 1 of 8

MODULE DESCRIPTOR VERSION: VC1

No. Learning Outcome Assessment
1 Analyse the physical properties of reservoirs including
pressure, temperature, permeability and driving Class Test
mechanisms (PO1, C4)
2 Demonstrate the reservoir rock and fluid fundamentals by Laboratory
conducting laboratory works (PO3, P4) Reports
3 Analyzing the concepts of fundamentals of fluid flow in
Final Exam
porous media, steady flow energy equation with PVT
Q1, Q2 & Q3
studies and fluid properties (PO2, C4)

No. Assessment Question vs. Taxonomy

Question Cognitive Level Psychomotor Affective
Level Level
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5
Q1 (a) (c) (e)
3m 4m 20m
(b) (d)
3m 6m
Q2 (a) (c) (d)(i)
2m 10m 15m
(b) (d)(ii)
LO3
4m 5m
Q3 (a) (d)
2m 10m
(b) (e)
2m 10m
(c)
4m
POM 20% 10% 10% 60%

APU Level 2 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation YYYYMMDD

EE050-4-2-RE1 Final Exam Page 2 of 8

This paper contains 3 questions.

Answer ALL questions.
This paper carries 100 marks.
Formula sheet and/or supporting material are provided at the end of this paper.

1.

a) Name three (3) main classifications of reservoir fluids.

[3 marks]

b) State three (3) types of flow regimes for fluid flow in porous media as a function of time.
[3 marks]

c) Suggest the possible factors contributing to hemispherical or spherical flow during

hydrocarbon extraction.
[4 marks]

d) Describe the fluids flow behavior from each of the pressure derivative given below. Note:
answers must be accompanied with illustration (i.e., a plot of pressure versus time).

Given that:

𝜕𝑝
( ) =0 𝐸𝑞. 1(𝑑)
𝜕𝑡 𝑖

𝜕𝑝
( ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑞. 2(𝑑)
𝜕𝑡 𝑖

[6 marks]

e) PTTEP Sabah Oil Ltd discovered the first deep-water Rotan gas field located in block H
within South China Sea, offshore Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. The gas reservoir in the Rotan
field is observed to have upstream and downstream pressures of 3200 psi and 2250 psi,
respectively. The following data in Table Q1(e) indicates the reservoir properties of the
Rotan gas field. Based on data given, calculate the gas flow rate at surface condition in
scf/day.
[20 marks]

APU Level 2 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation YYYYMMDD

EE050-4-2-RE1 Final Exam Page 3 of 8

Table Q1 (e) Reservoir properties of the Rotan field

Parameter Value (unit)
Gas constant, R 10.73 psi-ft3/lb mole-°R
Gas specific gravity, γg 0.78
Temperature of gas, T 170 °F
Temperature at standard
60 °F
condition, Tsc
Pressure at standard
14.7 psia
condition, Psc
Permeability, k 210 md
Cross sectional area, A 3500 ft2
Total length, L 1800 ft

2.

a) Define Darcy’s law in relation to liquid velocity and pressure gradient.

[2 marks]

b) List down four (4) limitations of Darcy’s law for fluid flow in porous media.
[4 marks]

c) Sketch with label the surface formation matrix and contact angels when reservoir rock is
classified as:

i) Efficient oil transport

ii) Oil-wet system
[10 marks]

d) Table Q2 (d) shows the critical saturation values determined from resistivity well logs by
application of a model relating liquid saturation with porosity. Note that gas saturation is
constant in the reservoir.

i) Analyse the water-oil relative permeability data based on the Wyllie-Gardner’s method
for unconsolidated sand and oolitic limestone.
[15 marks]

ii) Plot the relative permeabilities versus fluid saturation

[5 marks]

APU Level 2 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation YYYYMMDD

EE050-4-2-RE1 Final Exam Page 4 of 8

Table Q2 (d) Critical saturation of connate water, oil, and gas

Critical saturation Value
𝑆𝑤𝑐 0.35
𝑆𝑔𝑐 0.05
𝑆𝑜𝑐 0.20

3.

a) Name the two (2) common methods of fluid sampling.

[2 marks]

b) State the main purpose of separator test in pressure, volume, and temperature (PVT)
analysis.
[2 marks]

c) List down four (4) main pressure, volume, and temperature (PVT) tests.
[4 marks]

d) Analyse the relative permeability (𝜅𝑟𝑜 , 𝜅𝑟𝑤 ) curves shown in Fig. Q3(d) based on their
wetting characteristics.

(i) (ii)

Fig. Q3(d) Relative permeability versus fluid saturation

[10 marks]

APU Level 2 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation YYYYMMDD

EE050-4-2-RE1 Final Exam Page 5 of 8

e) Identify the possible outcomes from both PVT processes as depicted in Fig. Q3(e).

Fig. Q3(e) Flash liberation test versus differential liberation test in PVT study

[10 marks]

END OF FINAL EXAM

APU Level 2 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation YYYYMMDD

EE050-4-2-RE1 Final Exam Page 6 of 8

Formula sheet

𝑘𝐴(𝑝1 − 𝑝2 ) 0.001127 𝑘𝐴(𝑝1 − 𝑝2 )

𝑞=− 𝑞=
𝜇𝐿 𝜇𝐿
𝑞𝜇𝐿 0.00708 𝑘ℎ (𝑝𝑒 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 )
𝑘= 𝑄𝑜 =
𝐴(𝑝1 − 𝑝2 ) 𝜇𝐵𝑜 [ln(𝑟𝑒 ⁄𝑟𝑤 ) − 0.5]
0.007082𝑘ℎ(𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤 ) 0.007082𝑘ℎ(𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤 )
𝑄𝑜 = 𝑞𝑜 =
𝜇𝑜 𝐵𝑜 ln(𝑟𝑒 /𝑟𝑤 ) 𝜇𝑜 ln(𝑟𝑒 /𝑟𝑤 )

43560 𝐴
𝑟𝑒 = √ 0.111924 𝐴𝑘 (𝑝21 − 𝑝22 )
𝜋 𝑄𝑠𝑐 =
𝑇𝐿𝑧𝜇𝑔

𝑄 𝑄
v= v=
𝐴 𝐴𝜙
𝑝12 +𝑝22
𝑘𝑟𝑤 𝜇𝑜 𝐵𝑜 p̅ = √
𝑊𝑂𝑅 = ( )( ) 2
𝑘𝑟𝑜 𝜇𝑤 𝐵𝑤
𝑄𝑜 𝐵𝑜 µ𝑜
𝑄𝑜 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑄𝑔 p = pwf + ⌊ ⌋ ln (𝑟𝑟 )
𝐺𝑂𝑅 = 0.00708𝑘ℎ 𝑤
𝑄𝑜

𝑧𝑇 (𝑃𝑠𝑐 ) 𝑐𝑢 𝑓𝑡
141.5 𝐵𝑔 =
°𝐴𝑃𝐼 = − 131.5 𝑝 (𝑇𝑠𝑐 ) 𝑠𝑐𝑓
𝛾𝑜

Solution gas-oil ratio, 𝑅𝑠𝑜 Pirson’s correlations:

(For water wetting phase)
𝐵𝑜𝑓𝑏
𝑅𝑠𝑜 = 𝑅𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑏 ⌈(𝑅𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑏 − 𝑅𝑠𝑜𝑑 ) ⌉
𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑏

𝑘𝑟𝑜 = 𝑘𝑜 ⁄𝑘 (For non-wetting phase)

𝑘𝑟𝑤 = 𝑘𝑤 ⁄𝑘

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙

𝐵𝑜𝑆𝑏 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘

APU Level 2 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation YYYYMMDD

EE050-4-2-RE1 Final Exam Page 7 of 8

average pressure, p̅ Effective fluid saturations

𝑆𝑤 − 𝑆𝑤𝑐
𝑃12 + 𝑃22 𝑆𝑤∗ =
p̅ = √ 1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑐
2
𝑇𝑝𝑐 = 168 + 325𝛾𝑔 − 12.5𝛾𝑔2 𝑆𝑜
𝑆𝑜∗ =
1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑐
𝑃𝑝𝑐 = 677 + 15𝛾𝑔 − 37.5𝛾𝑔2 𝑆𝑔
𝑆𝑔∗ =
1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑐
𝑇
𝑇𝑝𝑟 =
𝑇𝑝𝑐
𝑃 Corey’s correlations
𝑃𝑝𝑟 =
𝑃𝑝𝑐
𝑀𝑎 = 28.96𝛾𝑔 Gas- oil system:
(9.4 + 0.02𝑀𝑎 )𝑇 1.5
𝐾=
209 + 19𝑀𝑎 + 𝑇
986
𝑋 = 3.5 + + 0.01𝑀𝑎
𝑇 Oil-water system:
𝑌 = 2.4 − 0.2𝑋
𝜌𝑔 𝛾
𝜇𝑔 = 10−4 𝐾 exp [𝑋 ( ) ]
62.4

Wyllie and Gardner Correlations:

APU Level 2 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation YYYYMMDD

EE050-4-2-RE1 Final Exam Page 8 of 8

Appendix I

Graph Paper

Answer for: Question 2(d)(ii)

www.free-printable-paper.com
APU Level 2 Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation YYYYMMDD