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Scopeofcivilengineering 110411110340 Phpapp02
Scopeofcivilengineering 110411110340 Phpapp02
Civil Engineering
Definition:- Civil Engineering is the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man.- Royal Charter of Institute of Civil Engineers London. Civil Engineering is that field of engineering concerned with planning, design and construction for environmental Control, development of natural resources, buildings, transportation facilities and other structures required for health, welfare, safety, employment and pleasure of mankind. Fredrick .S. Merit Hand book for Civil Engineers.
Civil Engineering
The main scope of civil engineering or the task of civil engineering is planning, designing, estimating, supervising construction, managing construction, execution, and maintenance of structures like building, roads, bridges, dams, etc. One who designs and maintains works of public utility is known as civil engineer. Civil engineer should have qualities like scientific attitude, imaginative and intuitive approach, He should have good analysis and decision power. He should be able to solve engineering problems, by using mathematical modeling, scientific principles and laboratory techniques using computer and information technology. He should be able to use operation research techniques for solution of management problems.
Advanced Construction
Construction of dams, bridges, tunnels, ports, requires several advanced techniques of construction. Under water construction requires specific type of equipment. Pile foundations or well foundations are generally provided for foundation of bridges across rivers in alluvial soil. Large scale earthworks in excavation requires equipment's like power shovel, dragline, bulldozers, etc. For massive concrete work in dam concrete mixing plant is required to be erected at the dam site. Construction of power station, off shore oil rigs, ports, tunnels etc., come under category of advanced construction
Advanced Construction
Structural Engineering
This Branch of civil engineering deals with structural analysis and design of structures. Structural analysis is done to calculate stresses in structural components, on the basis of loads, acting on structures. Sections of structural elements like beams, columns, slabs, etc. are designed. Structural analysis requires much calculation, hence advanced computing software's are used to carry out structural analysis and design. It includes design of reinforced cement concrete ( RCC) and steel structures. Design of Multistoried buildings, towers, retaining walls, water tanks, bridges requires skills and knowledge of structural engineering.
Structural Engineering
Geotechnical Engineering
Geotechnical engineering is that field of civil engineering which deals with soil investigation and design of proper foundations of structures. Soil investigation includes collection and testing of soil samples. Geotechnical engineering includes measurement of soil parameters and safe bearing capacity. It also includes construction and design of simple foundations, pile foundations, well foundations, caissons, coffer dams, construction of foundation of dams, construction of tunnels, sub base of road, earthen dams, earth related constructions. Sound knowledge of geology and geotechnical engineering is necessary for construction of earth related structures.
Geotechnical Engineering
Transportation Engineering
Transportation means movement of passengers and goods by means of vehicles on land, ship on water and aircrafts in air. Transportation Engineering is that branch of Civil engineering which deals with planning, designing and construction of roads, bridges, railways, tunnels, harbours, ports, docks, runways, and airports. As for development of any nation good transportation network is of prime importance. Study of various construction materials used in construction of roads, traffic engineering are also considered under transportation Engineering.
Transportation Engineering
Environmental Engineering
Environmental Engineering deals with pollution control and public health engineering. Different types of pollutions are water, air, noise and other pollution. Due to large scale industrialization, population growth, rapid urbanization and several other human activities like construction, mining, transportation, environment gets polluted. Environmental engineering deals with technologies & facilities which are engaged in reducing pollution. Environmental engineering includes design, construction and maintenance of water treatment plant, waste water treatment plant, water distribution network and sewerage system, it also deals with solid waste management in towns and cities. Public health engineering includes water treatment, water distribution network, & solid waste management.
Environmental Engineering
Environmental Engineering
Town planning
Town planning means planned & controlled growth of town by dividing town in to different land use zones and regulating building construction to provide better environment for the people of the town. In the town planning areas of town are divided into residential, commercial, recreational and industrial zones, which is called zoning. Floor space index, and other byelaws are fixed to guide and regulate the building construction. For towns and cities master plan for town planning schemes are prepared to accommodate future growth of town in better way. Planning of very large area covering several towns and villages is known as regional planning.
Town planning
Before Construction
Feasibility study Surveying Site investigation Planning Design and drawing Estimating Planning & Scheduling
Before Construction
In the beginning technical feasibility, environmental impact assessment and economical viability of the project are studied. Surveying includes preparing site plan, contour map and measurement of field dimensions and levels. Soil investigation includes collecting data regarding soil and bearing capacity of soil. Soil investigations is done for the purpose of foundation design. On the basis of the data collected planning, designing, are carried out and drawings are prepared. Estimates are prepared to know the probable cost of completion of work and detailed planning and scheduling are prepared to carry out different activities in time without any delay.
During Construction
Dealing with clients, Consulting engineer and contractors Execution and supervision Quality control Costing
During Construction
Owner, engineer and contractor are the three constituents of a construction team in engineering profession, hence continuous liaison among themselves is a very essential for the speedy progress of the work. Execution of work is actual construction carried out on the site with materials and equipment's, by the skilled and unskilled work force, under the technical guidance and supervision of engineer in charge. During the construction engineer has to supervise the work carried out as per the specifications for quality control. Costing is the accounts procedure of arriving at the actual cost of construction.
After Construction
Maintenance and repairs Valuation After the construction regular maintenance of structures is to be carried out. Valuation is carried out for the purpose of sale, purchase and many others purposes.
Infrastructure Development
Construction Management
Importance of Planning
Planning is the management process which transforms goals or policies into a method of reaching the objectives. Planning is setting up of order to complete the project. The following aspects are to be considered in planning of a construction project. Selection of proper site, topography, soil and cost of land. Surveying, designing, drafting and estimation are basic planning exercise for civil works. To estimate cost of completion and time of completion of work. Planning source of finance for the project. Planning of resources includes calculating man power needs, requirements of skilled and unskilled labours. To plan the purchase of materials by finding out when and what quality of material are to be purchased. To arrange for the equipment's either to be purchased or hired. Establish stores for material and workshop for machinery.
Construction Planning
Scheduling
For the planning of future course of action of the project, entire project is divided into different activities of work. Say for example, in building work excavation, laying base concrete in foundation, masonry work in substructures etc. are different activities. Now each activity has some time required for its completion that is known as its duration. For civil engineering planning, most common period for duration considered is in the days or weeks. Scheduling is carried out to arrange the proper sequence of different activities to be carried out for the project considering dependence and duration of different activities. Scheduling gives direction regarding order in which different activities can be started, it also gives details of completion time required for the project. Scheduling gives us detail regarding the most optimum time of start and completion of project.
Scheduling
Importance of scheduling
Scheduling is very important looking to its following advantages: Well defined order of the execution of different activities can be known. Thus empowering decision making process and gives clear guide line for progress of work. Labour requirement at different time period is known, hence phased purchase of material can be made, which reduces the problem of storing the material on the site and hence reduces problem of material handling on site. Material requirement at different time period is known, hence phased purchase of material can be made. Proper time of hiring or purchasing of the equipment and machinery can be known.
Importance of scheduling
Proper control over finance can be made. Well before the need, arrangement for the funds can be made. It also helps in controlling the expenditure.
Scheduling Techniques
The common techniques for scheduling any project are mentioned as below: Bar Chart Critical Path Method (CPM) Project Evaluation & Review Technique.(PERT)
Bar Chart
Bar char is a graphical representation of different activities. Each activity is represented by a thick line known as bar. Time is mentioned on X-axis and activities on Y-axis. Bar spreads horizontally across the duration. Beginning and end of activity is clearly represented by beginning and end of a bar. The part of activity which is completed is shown by a dark shade on the bar.
Bar Chart
Network Techniques
In this method entire project planning is done with the help of network drawing Critical Path Method ( CPM) Project Evaluation and review Technique ( PERT)
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