REVISION UNIT III

DESIGN OF INFINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTERS

TOPICS

• BUTTERWORTH FILTER APPROXIMATION

• CHEBYSHEV FILTER APPROXIMATION
• FREQUENCY TRANSFORMATION
• BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION WITH PREWARPING
• IMPULSE INVARIANT TRANSFORM
BUTTERWORTH FILTER APPROXIMATION FOR IIR FILTER DESIGN
Butterworth Approximation – In low-pass filter design, we have to assume that all
transmission zeros of the system function are at infinity. Then the magnitude function in
general form can be written as,

The DETAILS OF THE CHARACTERISTICS GRAPH

• The Butterworth magnitude response asymptotic behaviour decreases by -20n
dB/decade
• The Butterworth magnitude response asymptotic behaviour decreases by -6n
dB/Octave
1
• The Magnitude at 3dB is 𝐻(𝜔) = = 0.707
√2
• Where ‘n’ is the order. If ‘n’ is increased then the Magnitude is lesser comparative
to the lower order.
• Increasing the order ‘n’ also gives the sharp transition of the magnitude response
causing increased roll off.
• Magnitude at zero frequency, at ω=0 is always One. 𝐻(𝜔) = 1 𝑎𝑡 𝜔 = 0
TO FIND THE POLES IN A BUTTERWORTH FUNCTION.
Example:
1
Butterworth Filter Transfer function, 𝐻(𝑠) = (𝑠+1)(𝑠2 +𝑠+1)

• Order of the given H(s) is the highest power in the denominator, here
Order=3
1
• If ‘s’ is changed as 𝑠 then the poles become the zeroes and zeroes becomes
the poles that gives the filter characteristics as passband becomes the
stopband and stopband becomes the passband.
• To find the poles, roots are computed by equating the denominator to
zero.
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 2 + 𝑠 + 1) = 0
Solving the quadratic equation (𝑠 2 + 𝑠 + 1) = 0, we get the roots of the
polynomial as,
1 √3 1 √3
𝑠 = −2 + 𝑗 and − 2 − 𝑗
2 2
1 √3 1 √3
• Therefore, the three poles are at 𝑆 = −1, − 2 + 𝑗, − 2 − 𝑗
2 2
• Relation between the poles are,
If the Order is even number then the poles are complex conjugate pairs
As the Order in this example is odd number, one pole is real and other two
poles are complex conjugate pairs.

POLE LOCATION IN THE DIAGRAM FOR ORDER =3 AND ORDER=4

• The Asymptotic behaviour of the filter with Order 3 will be

-20N dB/decade or -6N dB/Octave = -20*3 = -60dB/decade or -
18dB/Octave
 • The Asymptotic behaviour of the filter with Order 4 will be
= -20*4 = -80 dB/decade or -24dB/Octave

CHEBYSHEV FILTER APPROXIMATION

Chebyshev Filter
Chebyshev filters are used for distinct frequencies of one band from another. They
cannot match the windows-sink filter’s performance and they are suitable for many
applications. The main feature of Chebyshev filter is their speed, normally faster than
the windowed-sinc. Because these filters are carried out by recursion rather than
convolution. The designing of the Chebyshev and Windowed-Sinc filters depends on a
mathematical technique called as the Z-transform.
Chebyshev Filter
Magnitude Response is given by,

Where T is the Chebyshev polynomial.

• Poles of Chebyshev Filters are located in Elliptical fashion as below.

• Below Shows the Chebyshev Polynomials for different Order of the Filter.

• Increasing the Order of the Filter→ Increases the Chebyshev

polynomial→ Increases the number of Ripples
• Magnitude of Chebyshev polynomial cannot be greater than one.
• Poles always lie in an ellipse
• Even Order filter starts the Chebyshev polynomial at 1

• Odd Order filter starts the ripple at

• Increasing the Order of the Filter increases the Roll off Factor
• Increase in Order of the filter also increases the number of ripples
FREQUENCY TRANSFORMATION
LOW PASS FILTER

HIGH PASS

BANDPASS

BANDSTOP
Another method of Frequency Transformation

• X[n]→ 𝛿[𝑛] − ℎ[𝑛]→ y[n]

• 𝛿[𝑛] + ℎ[𝑛]→ + =

• If h[n] is chosen as bandpass filter then → Bandstop filter is the

y[n]
• The y[n] can be obtained by complex conjugate of h[n]
1. Interchanging x[n] and y[n]
2. Changing 𝛿[𝑛] − ℎ[𝑛] 𝑎𝑠 𝛿[𝑛] + ℎ∗ [𝑛]

ANALOG TO DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

IMPULSE INVARIANT TRANSFORM

BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION

Mapping of Poles S plane to Z plane:

• Low pass can be converted into High pass by changing poles into zeroes
and zeroes into poles
• DIFFERENCE - IMPULSE INVARIANCE Vs BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION

PARALLEL FORM IIR STRUCTURE

 DIRECT FORM II STRUCTURE

DIRECT FORM I STRUCTURE

The transfer function of the IIR filter is given as

• ‘B’ coefficients are zeroes

• ‘A’ coefficients are poles
• IIR filter has both poles and zeroes
• FIR filters have zeroes and hence has ‘b’ coefficients
2 1−𝑧 −1
• Bilinear transformation is given by 𝑆 = 𝑇 [1+𝑧 −1 ]
• Left half of the plane is mapped inside the circle in Bilinear transformation
• For radius less than 1, then σ<0
• Bilinear transformation mapping is one to one