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1.0 EXPERIMENT NO.: ES-ME192/05

2.0 NAME OF EXPERIMENT: Machine shop-Lathe.
3.0 OBJECTIVE: To perform facing turning operations on the given work pieces.
4.0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION:.

4.1 INTRODUCTION
It is probably the oldest machine tool, stemming from the early tree lathe, which was
turned by a rope passed around the work a few times and attached to a springly
branch overhead. The work was supported by two dowels struck in adjacent trees.
The operator’s foot supplied the motion, which was intermittent and fluctuating. The
tool was held in the operator’s hand. Later a strip of wood called a “lath” was used to
support the rope and hence named as lathe. Lathe was actually the first machine
tool which came into being as a useful machine for metal cutting, because it permits
a large variety of operations to be performed on it.

4.2 PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A LATHE

Amongst the various types of lathes, centre lathes are the most versatile and
commonly used.

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Figure shows a centre lathe, indicating the main parts. The name is due to the fact
that work pieces are held by the centres.

4.2.1 Bed
It is an essential part of a lathe, which must be strong and rigid. It carries all parts of
the machine and resists the cutting forces. The carriage and the tail stock move
along the guide ways provided on the bed. It is usually made of cast iron.
4.2.2 Head stock
It contains either a cone pulley or gearings to provide the necessary range of speeds
and feeds. It contains the main spindle, to which the work is held and rotated.
4.2.3 Tail stock
It is used to support the right hand end of a long work piece. It may be clamped in
any position along the lathe bed. The tail stock spindle has an internal Morse taper to
receive the dead centre that supports the work. Drills, reamers, taps may also be
fitted into the spindle, for performing operations such as drilling, reaming and
tapping.
4.2.4 Carriage It is supported on the lathe bed-ways and can move in a direction
parallel to the lathe axis. The carriage is used for giving various movements to the
tool by hand and by power. It carries saddle, cross-slide, compound rest, tool post
and apron.
Saddle It carries the cross slide, compound rest and tool post. It is an H-shaped
casting fitted over the bed. It moves alone to guide ways.
Cross-slide It carries the compound rest and tool post. It is mounted on the top of
the saddle. It can be moved by hand or may be given power feed through apron
mechanism.
4.2.5 Compound Rest
It supports the tool post. By swivelling the compound rest on the cross slide, short
tapers may be turned to any desired angles.
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4.2.6 Tool Post

The tool post holds the tool holder or the tool, which may be adjusted to any working
position.
4.2.7 Lead Screw
It is a long threaded shaft, located in front of the carriage, running from the
head-stock to the tail stock. It is geared to the spindle and controls the movement of
the tool, either for automatic feeding or for cutting threads.
4.2.8 Centres
There are two centres known as dead centre and live centre. The dead centre is
positioned in the tail stock spindle and the live centre, in the head-stock spindle.
While turning between centres, the dead centre does not revolve with the work while
the live centre revolves with the work.
4.2.9 Apron Lower part of the carriage is termed as the apron. It is attached to the
saddle and hangs in front of the bed. It contains gears, clutches and levers for
moving the carriage by a hand wheel or power feed.
4.2.10 Feed mechanism
The movement of the tool relative to the work piece is termed as “feed”. The lathe
tool can be given three types of feed, namely, longitudinal, cross and angular.
 When the tool moves parallel to the axis of the lathe, the movement is called
longitudinal feed. This is achieved by moving the carriage.
 When the tool moves perpendicular to the axis of the lathe, the movement is
called cross feed. This is achieved by moving the cross slide.
 When the tool moves at an angle to the axis of the lathe, the movement is
called angular feed. This is achieved by moving the compound slide, after
swiveling it at an angle to the lathe axis.
Feed rod
The feed rod is a long shaft, used to move the carriage or cross-slide for turning,
facing, boring and all other operations except thread cutting. Power is transmitted
from the lathe spindle to the apron gears through the feed rod via a large number
of gears.
Lead screw
The lead screw is long threaded shaft used as a master screw and brought into
operation only when threads have to cut. In all other times the lead screw is
disengaged from the gear box and remains stationary. The rotation of the lead
screw is used to traverse the tool along the work to produce screw. The half nut
makes the carriage to engage or disengage the lead screw.
4.3 WORK‐HOLDING DEVICES
4.3.1 Three jaw chuck
It is a work holding device having three jaws (self-centring) which will close or open
with respect to the chuck centre or the spindle centre, as shown in figure. It is used
for holding regular objects like round bars, hexagonal rods, etc.

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4.3.2 Face plate

It is a plate of large diameter, used for turning operations. Certain types of work that
cannot be held in chucks are held on the face plate with the help of various
accessories.

4.4 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

4.4.1 Outside and inside Calipers
Firm joint or spring calipers are used for transfer of dimensions with the help of a
steel rule.

4.5.2 Vernier Calipers

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Vernier caliper is a versatile instrument with which both outside and inside
measurements may be made accurately. These instruments may have provision for
depth measurement also.

4.4.3 Micrometers
Outside and inside micrometers are used for measuring components where greater
accuracy is required.
4.5 CUTTING PARAMETERS
4.5.1 Cutting Speed: The cutting speed is the velocity of the tool over the surface of
the job and is expressed in feet or meter per minute. When the work is rotating and
the tool is fixed as in case of lathe machine the cutting speed varies directly as per
the revolution of the work. When the tool is rotating and the work is fixed as in case
of milling machine the cutting speed varies directly with the revolution of the tool. The
same principle is applied for drilling as well as grinding operations. Mathematically it
is expressed as,

4.5.2 Feed: It refers to the amount of tool advancement per revolution of the job
parallel to the surface of the job to be machined. The feed of a tool depends upon
many factors, such as the depth of cut, surface finish required the characteristics of
the tool and work piece, and the rigidity of the machine tool. Feeds are classified as
follows: -

(a) Longitudinal Feed - It is the feed parallel with the axis of rotation as in case of
turning.

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(b) Cross Feed - When the fed is given at right angle to the axis of rotation as in
case of facing

(c) Angular Feed - It is the feed directed at an angle to the axis of rotation as in case
of taper turning.
4.5.3 Depth of Cut (DOC): The measurement (normally in inches or millimetres) of
how wide and deep the tool cuts into the work piece.
The depth of cut of job, which has its diameter before cut as ‘D’ mm and is reduced
to the diameter ‘d’ mm after cut in one pass of the tool, will be equal to one half the
difference in diameters. It can be calculated by the following formulae:

4.6 TOOL MATERIALS

General purpose hand cutting tools are usually made from carbon steel or tool steel.
The single point lathe cutting tools are made of high speed steel (HSS).the main
alloying elements in 18-4-1 HSS tools are 18 percent tungsten, 4 percent chromium
and 1 percent vanadium.5 to 10 percent cobalt is also added to improve the heat
resisting properties of the tool.
Carbide tipped tools fixed in tool holders, are mostly used in production shops.

4.7 TOOL GEOMETRY

A single point cutting tool used on lathe may be considered as a simple wedge.
Figure shows the common turning tools used for different operations. Figure. shows
the basic angles of a simple turning tool.

4.8 LATHE OPERATIONS

Working principle of Lathe

Lathe removes undesired material from a rotating work piece in the form of chips with the
help of a tool which is traversed across the work and can be fed deep in work. Lathe machine
holds the work piece between two rigid and strong supports called Centers, or in a chuck or
Face plate while the latter revolves. The chuck or the face plate is mounted on the projected
end of the machine spindle. The cutting tool is rigidly held and supported in a tool post and is
fed against the revolving work. While the work revolves about its own axis the tool is made
to move either parallel to or at an inclination with this axis to cut the desired material. In

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doing so it produces a cylindrical surface, if it is fed parallel to the axis or will produced a
Tapered surface if it is fed at an inclination.

Machining operations that can be performed on a lathe:

4.8.1 Turning

Cylindrical shapes, both external and internal, are produced by turning operation.
Turning is the process in which the material is removed by a traversing cutting tool,
from the surface of a rotating work piece. The operation used for machining internal
surfaces is often called the boring operation in which a hole previously drilled is
enlarged. For turning long work, first it should be faced and centre drilled at one end
and then supported by means of the tail-stock centre.
4.8.2 Boring
Boring is enlarging a hole and is used when correct size drill is not available.
However, it should be noted that boring cannot make a hole.
4.8.3 Facing
Facing is a machining operation, performed to make the end surface of the work
piece, flat and perpendicular to the axis of rotation. For this, the work piece may be
held in a chuck and rotated about the lathe axis. A facing tool is fed perpendicular to
the axis of the lathe. The tool is slightly inclined towards the end of the work piece.
4.8.4 Taper Turning
A taper is defined as the uniform change in the diameter of a work piece, measured
along its length. It is expressed as a ratio of the difference in diameters to the length.
It is also expressed in degrees of half the included (taper) angle. Taper turning refers
to the production of a conical surface, on the work piece on a lathe. Short steep
tapers may be cut on a lathe by swivelling the compound rest to the required angle.
Here, the cutting tool is fed by means of the compound slide feed handle. The work
piece is rotated in a chuck or face plate or between centres.
4.8.5 Drilling
Holes that are axially located in cylindrical parts are produced by drilling operation,
using a twist drill. For this, the work piece is rotated in a chuck or face plate. The tail

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stock spindle has a standard taper. The drill bit is fitted into the tail stock spindle
directly or through drill chuck. The tail stock is then moved over the bed and clamped
on it near the work. When the job rotates, the drill bit is fed into the work by turning
the tail stock hand wheel.
4.8.6 Knurling
It is the process of embossing a diamond shaped regular pattern on the surface of a
work piece using a special knurling tool. This tool consists of a set of hardened steel
rollers in a holder with the teeth cut on their surface in a definite pattern. The tool is
held rigidly on the tool post and the rollers are pressed against the revolving work
piece to squeeze the metal against the multiple cutting edges. The purpose of
knurling is to provide an effective gripping surface on a work piece to prevent it from
slipping when operated by hand.
4.9.7 Chamfering
It is the operation of bevelling the extreme end of a work piece. Chamfer is provided
for better look, to enable nut to pass freely on threaded work piece, to remove burrs
and protect the end of the work piece from being damaged.
4.8.8 Threading
Threading is nothing but cutting helical groove on a work piece. Threads may be cut
either on the internal or external cylindrical surfaces. A specially shaped cutting tool,
known as thread cutting tool, is used for this purpose. Thread cutting in a lathe is
performed by traversing the cutting tool at a definite rate, in proportion to the rate at
which the work revolves.

4.9 SPECIFICATIONS OF A LATHE

 Height of the centre : “C”
 Vertical distance between the lathe bed &the centre line of the lathe spindle.
 Swing diameter over bed :
 Largest diameter of the work that can be revolved without touching bed.
 Equal to 2C.
 Length between centre : “A”
 Max. length of work piece that can be set between centers.
 Swing dia. Over carriage : “D”
 Largest dia. of work piece that can be revolved over the lathe saddle.
 Max. bar dia. :
 Max. dia. Of bar stock that pass through the hole of head stock
 Length of bed :
Total length of guide ways provided on the bed.

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4.12 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

1. Always wear eye protection - preferably industrial quality safety glasses with
side-shields. The lathe can throw off sharp, hot metal chips at considerable speed as
well as spin off spirals of metal that can be quite hazardous. Don't take chances with
your eyes.
2. Wear short sleeve shirts, loose sleeves can catch on rotating work and quickly pull
your hand or arm into harm's way.
3. Wear shoes - preferably leather work shoes - to protect your feet from sharp metal
chips on the shop floor and from tools and chunks of metal that may get dropped.
4. Remove wrist watches, necklaces, chains and other jewellery. Tie back long hair
so it can't get caught in the rotating work. Think about what happens to your face if
your hair gets entangled.
5. Always double check to make sure your work is securely clamped in the chuck or
between centres before starting the lathe. Start the lathe at low speed and increase
the speed gradually.
6. Get in the habit of removing the chuck key immediately after use. Some users
recommend never removing your hand from the chuck key when it is in the chuck.
The chuck key can be a lethal projectile if the lathe is started with the chuck key in
the chuck.
7. Keep your fingers clear of the rotating work and cutting tools. This sounds
obvious, but I am often tempted to break away metal spirals as they form at the
cutting tool.
8. Avoid reaching over the spinning chuck. For filing operations, hold the tang end of
the file in your left hand so that your hand and arm are not above the spinning chuck.
9. Never use a file with a bare tang - the tang could be forced back into your wrist or
palm.

5.0 REPORT WRITING: PREPARE A REPORT THE JOB

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Report sheet must contain the following article in order.

 Experiment No
 Name of Experiment
 Objective of the Experiment
 Principle
 Apparatus used
 Procedure
 Results & Discussion

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS:
1. Define lathe as a machine tool.
2. What operations can be done on lathe?
3. What are the specifications of the lathe write with proper sketch?
4. What is the specification of cutting tool materials used in turning?
5. Write short notes on the following lathe accessories:
a. Centre’s ; b. Chucks ; d.Tailstock
6. Define cutting speed, feed and depth of cut in case of lathe machining. What
purpose served by back geared mechanism in lathe?

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