I Supply The Missing Forms of The Following Words (If The Form Exists)

Remembering the Past | 15
from which Dr Kitson Clark has gallantly attempted to rescue it. What
will decide which of these two things will happen? It will depend, I
think, on whether the thesis or interpretation in support of which Dr
Kitson Clark cited this incident is accepted by other historians as valid
and significant. Its status as a historical fact will turn on a question of
interpretation. This element of interpretation enters into every fact of
history.
Carr, E. H. (1961). What is History. Cambridge: University of Cambridge and
Penguin Books.
I Supply the missing forms of the following words (if the form exists):
noun verb adjective
broad
compare
presence
absence
alien
diverse
escape
inventiveness
respond
tolerance
II Match the words on the left to the synonymous words on the right.
crucial subsidiary
virtuous eliminate
preposterous unimportant
to cite gentlemanly
to eradicate misconception
fallacy quote
auxiliary essential
petty moral
gallantly absurd
III Use each of the easily confusable words in a sentence to illustrate

the difference between them.
to wait / to await
1.
2.
16 | ENGLISH  A QUEST THROUGH HISTORY AND ANTHROPOLOGY
to rise / to arise / to raise

1.
2.
3.
IV Supply the appropriate preposition.

He needs to be constantly reminded the fact that he is not entitled
a higher salary. Facts speak themselves. Therefore, he should
rely his common sense and bear mind that his future will
entirely depend the report support which I spoke the
other day. He knows that he has transformed himself a conformist.
V Explain the meaning of the following related words:
dispute, argument, skirmish, fight, struggle, row, quarrel, clash,
disagreement, squabble, bicker, feud.
VI Find the antonyms of the following words:

virtue –
major –
petty –
valid –
effective –
VII Match words from columns A and B to form collocations.
A B
to look event
raw closely
major material
hard dispute
mere core
petty fact
VIII Phrasal Verbs. Use the correct prepositions with the following
verbs: to call, to take, to turn.
1. The situation calls patience and tolerance.
2. We call all citizens to remain calm.
3. Let’s call the deal .
4. We called Pete’s bar last night on the way home.
5. I tried to call you this morning.

6. She takes her mother.
7. We will take everything you say.
8. She could not take everything she was told.
9. He took too much work.
10. My friend has taken his father’s firm.
11. This table takes half of this room.
12. We are worried because David took drinking.
13. Their offer has been turned .
14. The general has turned himself .
15. He keeps turning his radio and .
16. As it turned I shouldn’t have mentioned it.
17. He turned the other day looking tired.
18. Please, turn the sound .
IX Say the following numbers (dates):
1. 12, 17, 70, 831, 5,793
2. 4.5, 13.78
3. ¾, 2/3, 1/17, 1711/2
4. 1063, 2001, 1/06/1978, 23/12/2020, 17/02/1900
5. c.5 B.C. (BC), 64 B.C., A.D. (AD) 725
6. 80s, 1830s
7. 19th century, XX century
8. Henry VIII
X Choose the best answer (A, B, C or D).

Historians and Their Facts
What is a historical fact? Sir Geoffrey Elton, for one, had no doubts
1) the matter (there were indeed 2) things
about which he had doubts). A historical fact was something that
happened in the past, which had left traces in documents which could
be used by the historian to reconstruct 3) in the present. In
order to perform this operation 4) , the historian had in the first
place to 5) all prejudices and preconceptions and approach
the documents with a completely 6) . ‘Ideological
theory,’ Elton declared, ‘threatens the work of the historian by 7)
him to predetermined explanatory
schemes and 8) forcing him to 9) his evidence so that
it fits the so-called paradigm
10) from outside.’ He argued instead that the material left
as laws of behavior, obtained by a combination of observation,

abstraction, and theoretical inference. Conceptually at least, the
ethnographer belongs to another world, and it is the logic of that world
which imposes questions and methods for which the field experience is to
provide answers. If, however, the interpretive premise is accepted, then
there is no Archimedean point, no position from which an autonomous
observer can encounter an alien reality uninfluenced by his or her own
historical and cultural situation. Proponents of this view thus assume
that culture is “composed of seriously contested codes and
representations . . . that the poetic and the political are inseparable, that
science is in, not above, historical and linguistic processes” (Clifford
1986:2). Particularly because of its radically relativist implications, the
interpretive perspective is, and is likely to remain, controversial.
Winthrop, R.H. (1991). Dictionary of Concepts in Cultural Anthropology. New
York: Greenwood Press.
noun verb adjective

derive
obscure
scriptural
clarify
expand
anticipate
inevitable
exhaustion
inference
mediator
distortion
II Use the following words in the sentences below. Change the word
form if necessary.
recourse, propound, overly, depict, encounter, proponent, go-between
1. He a general theory of the vocal sounds
that animals make.
2. They managed to settle their differences without
to war.
3. His latest novel a gloomy, futuristic city.
4. They have become cautious about taking

on new staff.
5. James was the leading of the values of
progressive education.
6. We a minor problem during the trial run.
7. I am not actively participating in this deal. I am just acting as a
.
III Use each word of the easily confusable pairs in a sentence to

illustrate the difference between them.
distinct / distinctive
1.
2.
to expand / to expend
1.
2.
exhaustive / exhausting
1.
2.
IV Find the antonyms of the following words:

internal –
fallible –
adequacy –
intelligible –
controllable –
separable –
biased –
V Match words from columns A and B to form collocations.
A B
pose answers
field frame
provide distance
holistic a barrier
historical experience
VI Use the following verbs and phrases to define the areas of

study below:
to be concerned with, to deal with, to be related to, to involve, to
be defined as, to describe, to examine, to be (the study/science
of/ the branch of science).
• Ancient history
• Contemporary history
• Counterfactual history
• Intellectual history
• Paleography
• Social History
• Cultural Anthropology
• Linguistic Anthropology
• Classics (Classical Studies)
1. cultural and political
events from the beginning of human history until the Early
Middle Ages.
2. historical events that are
immediately relevant to the present time.
3. historical events as they
might have happened in different causal circumstances.
4. ideas in the context of
the cultures that produced them and their development over
time.
5. ancient texts.
6. the records and
narrative descriptions of past knowledge, customs, and arts of a
group of people.
7. of the Humanities; it
comprises the language, literature, history, art, and other aspects
of Greek and Roman culture during the time frame known as
classical antiquity.
8. of anthropology that
culture as a
meaningful scientific concept.
9. the interdisciplinary
of the role of
languages in the social lives of individuals and communities.
1. He his experience as an actor to direct a film.

2. She has become in her work.
3. Seemingly details can sometimes contain
significant clues.
4. You are with good health and a lively intellect.
5. Most primary school pupils now have
experience of computers.
6. The team is trying to missing details.
IV Match words from columns A and B to form collocations.

A B
primary script
raw a role
play source
take material
determine narrative
draw identity
construct conclusions
V Fill the blanks with the following words:

saga(s), memoirs, archive(s), account, annals, chronicle, narrative .
1. The signing of the Treaty of Rome was the greatest event in the
of European integration.
2. He has become a legend in the of military history.
3. is a collection of historical records relating to a
place, organization or family.
4. Once the are open to public, many historical
riddles will be solved.
5. This vast of the Napoleonic times and
of the French Revolution are incomparable.
6. Only one historical now survives for each period,
and these give a relatively continuous narrative
history of the ancient world.
7. History, for the most part, is a detailed of things
that never occurred.
8. It’s a moving of wartime adventure.
9. History is the of great actions with praise or
blame.
priestly chronicles, biographies); it is prone to quote proofs and evidence

such as documents. The source material used by Greek historians is
initially far simpler and more rudimentary, and the Greeks were always
more concerned with the literary, rather than the evidential aspects of
history; they therefore seldom quote documents. Paradoxically the Greek
tradition remains superior to the Jewish in its ability to distinguish fact
from fiction: Godcan falsify history far more effectively than the individual
historian with his mere mortal bias. The Greeks indeed taught the West
how to create and write history without God.
Boardman, J. et al. (1988). The Oxford History of Greece and the Hellenistic World.
Oxford: OUP.
I How would you pronounce the following names?

Thucydides / /
Herodotus of Halicarnassus / /
Tacitus / /
Livy / /
Hecateus of Miletus / /
Xenophon / /
II Supply the missing forms of the following words (if the

form exists):
noun verb adjective
peculiarity
narrative
sustain
falsify
contain
III Find synonyms or explain the meaning of the following

words and use them in the following sentences:
to placate, deed, prone, bias, allegedly, due.
1. After consideration it was decided to
relocate the school.

2. He has committed a murder.
3. I am to indigestion after rich meals.
4. There was nothing that could the public.
5. There is an intense against women candidates.
6. We do not want words but .
IV Use each of the easily confusable words in a sentence to illustrate

indigent/ indignant/ indigenous (to)
1.
2.
3.
V Find the antonyms of the following words:

distinct –
characteristic –
rational –
accurate –
VI Use the correct preposition.
• to be independent something
• to be capable doing something
• response the same pressures
• the face something
• an exception the rule
• to do credit a modern historian
• to be characteristic something
• my opinion
• the one hand (...), the other hand (...)
VII Match words from columns A and B to form collocations.
A B
rare justification
vast affairs
human evidence
national influenced
promised world
ultimate account
shaky land
mistaken identity
strongly empire
ancient belief
continuous phenomenon
of reminiscence. The Vietnam War, for example, subjected to intense

coverage by the media, particularly television, survives in the public
imagination in the form of highly selective and distilled images that, once
“captured,” are manipulated and repeated. Kaes makes a similar analysis
of the “memory” of the Third Reich:
It is a memory consisting largely of images that have by now
become so conventionalized that they determine what is a
“correct” representation of the period and what is not. Images of
Hitler or of the war have engraved themselves so indelibly on
the public consciousness that new images are hard to imagine.
It would be a mistake to overemphasize the negative impact of
the media. If media-packaged events tend to undermine the human
responsibility to remember, the media are also, potentially and in reality,
capable of stimulating enormous public discussion of collective concerns.
In the sphere of history, we could cite the many films or television
programs that have served as catalysts to remembering and have brought
about a public reflection on the realities of the past and their meaning.
One need only think of the social impact of historical documentaries like
Alain Resnais’s Night and Fog or Marcel Ophuls’s Le Chagrin et la Pitié
or “fictions” like Fassbinder’s ambitious filmic retelling of the history of
Germany in the twentieth century.
Guynn, W. (2006). Writing History in Film. London and New York: Routledge.
I Underline key words in the text above.
II Use the following words in the sentences below:

remembrance, reminiscence, memory, recollection.
1. The novel contains endless of/about the
author’s youth.
2. A church service was held in of the victims.
3. To the best of my I have never seen her
before.
4. His powers of are extraordinary.
5. Day is the day on which people honour
those who were killed in wars, especially the two World Wars.
6. After the accident he suffered from loss of
/ loss.
7. She has an excellent for names.
III Find synonyms or explanations of the words from column A

in column B.
A B
tendentious impossible to remove / lasting /
unforgettable ceaseless effort / attempt
to undermine confused / stuck
indelible with personal bias
detriment harm / disadvantage
endeavour continual / endless
to be at a loss to weaken
distilled obsession / fixation
fetish refined / purified
IV Make at least one word with each base word using either a
suffix or a prefix. If necessary, change the spelling.
prefix base word suffix
possible
ir thought
similar ible
moral
un relevant
move
visible ful
in inventive
exhaust
agree less
im care
conscious able
il human
success
polite ness
dis help
understand
taste ment
legal
mis logical
stress ity
use
like
V Add more verbs containing the prefixes over– and under– to

the following: to overshadow, to overemphasize, to undermine ...
VI Use each of the easily confusable words in a sentence to illustrate

consciousness / conscience / conscientiousness
1.
2.
3.
to cease / to seize
1.
2.
VII Use the appropriate relative pronouns in the following text.
Does History Repeat Itself?

The truth history never repeats itself also limits the
confidence with historians can predict. However probable it
may seem that the recurrence of this or that factor will result in a familiar
outcome, the constant process of historical change means that the future
will always be partly shaped by additional factors we cannot
predict and bearing on the problem in hand no one could
have suspected. Moreover, when people do perceive their situation as
‘history repeating itself ’, their actions will be affected by their knowledge of
happened the first time. As E.H. Carr pointed out, historical
precedent gives us some insight into what kind of conditions make for
a revolution, but whether or when a revolution breaks out in a specific
instance will depend on ‘the occurrence of unique events,
cannot themselves be predicted’. The dismal record of well-informed
intelligent people have made false predictions, or have failed
to predict with hindsight seems obvious, does however
suggest one lesson of history: that control of the future is an illusion, and
that living with uncertainty is part of the human condition.
Tosh, J./Lang, S. (2006). The pursuit of history. Great Britain: Pearson
Education limited.
VIII Find words in the text meaning the following:

• result / effect –
• influence –
• to start –
• sad / gloomy –
• wrong / incorrect / erroneous / mistaken –
• retrospection –
IX Phrasal verb. Combine the verb to break with the

appropriate preposition.
1. In the 1990s some members of the ruling party broke to
form new parties.
2. His car broke and had to be towed away to the nearest car
mechanic.
3. Unable to control her feelings, she broke .
4. It seems that someone has broken the house through the
window.
5. Our government has broken diplomatic relations with a
number of European countries.
6. Riots broke all over the city.
7. I am afraid he has broken with his girlfriend.
8. The country’s leadership is determined to break with past
practices in order to solve the current economic crisis.
X Agreeing and disagreeing.

Which of the statements from the above paragraph (exercise VII) do
you agree/disagree with?
a) (Totally) agree
e.g. I (completely) agree with the author when he says that...; the
author is certainly correct when he says that...
b) Partly agree
e.g. I partly agree; I agree up to a point but...; ... however...; on
the other hand...; the author may be correct when he says that/in
saying that...
c) (Entirely) disagree
e.g. I (entirely) disagree with the author when he says...
information about cultures other than our own? Knowing about

these curious customs may be entertaining; they may even teach us
something about human nature in general. But if we are not professional
anthropologists ourselves, what difference can it make to us whether
these simple cultures vanish before the onslaughts of our conquering
civilization without leaving a record of what they were like, as so many
have done before them?
The practical importance of any young science is almost never
obvious. It is usually considered irrelevant by the scientists themselves.
Yet any scientific knowledge about the nature of the world eventually
brings us some useful power. Who could have guessed a hundred years
ago that oil would bring about a new industrial revolution and that the
finding of oil would depend on the new science of geology? Now we
must be grateful to the founders of that science for searching out their
“useless” information, sustained only by the passion for pure knowledge.
Anthropology may never bring benefits as obviously practical as oil
or uranium. (It has some value even now for government administrators
of native tribes in reservations and colonies, but this does not affect very
many of us.) But some day it may just possibly save all our lives, or at
least the human way of life.
Lisitzky, G. (1973). Four Ways of Being Human – An Introduction to Anthropology.
London: Penguin paperbacks.
I Identify key ideas in the introductory text.

form exists):
noun verb adjective

broad
compare
presence
absence
alien
diverse
escape
inventiveness
respond
tolerance
On Anthropology | 53
III Find synonyms or explain the meaning of the following

words and use them in the sentences below:
to evolve, to blur, eventually, likely, onslaught, bound to, peculiar.
1. The war of nerves seems to continue.
2. The attackers launched another on their victim.
3. If you move your eyes and your head, the picture will
.
4. Popular music from folk songs.
5. your child will leave home to lead his own life.
6. It’s to happen, sooner or later.
7. She has a sense of humor.
IV Use each word of the easily confusable pairs in a sentence to

to adopt / to adapt
1.
2.
to pursue / to persuade
1.
2.
ingenuous / ingenious
1.
2.
V Use the correct preposition.

to select something random
to describe something terms something else
to be alien one another
to have something common
an answer the problem
to impose force the customs of one culture another
it makes no difference us
to be grateful somebody something
formulated) in different guises since antiquity. (To be) the

differences between people inborn or learned? Why (to be)
there so many languages, and how different (to be) they
really? all religions (to have) something in common?
Which forms of government (to exist), and how . they
(to work)? (To be) it possible to rank societies on a
ladder according to their level of development? What (to
be) it that all humans (to have) in common? And, perhaps
most importantly: What kind of creatures (to be) humans,
aggressive animals, social animals, religious animals or are they, perhaps,
the only self-defining animals on the planet?
Every thinking person (to have) an opinion on these
matters. Some of them can hardly be answered once and for all, but they
can at least be asked in an accurate and informed way. It (to be)
the goal of anthropology to establish as detailed a knowledge about
varied forms of human life, and to develop a conceptual apparatus making
it possible to compare them. This in turn (to
enable) us to understand both differences and similarities between the
many different ways of being human. In spite of the enormous variations
anthropologists (to
document), the very existence of the discipline (to prove)
beyond doubt that it (to be) possible to communicate
fruitfully and intelligibly between different forms of human life. [...]
The great enigma of anthropology can be phrased like this: All over
the world, humans (to be born) with the same cognitive
and physical apparatus, and yet they (to grow) into
distinctly different persons and groups, with different societal types,
beliefs, technologies, languages and notions about the good life [...]
Put differently, and paraphrasing the anthropologist Clifford Geertz,
all humans (to be born) with the potential to live thousands
of different lives, yet we (to end up) having lived only one.
One of the central tasks of anthropology (to consist) of
giving accounts of some of the other lives we could have led.
Eriksen, T. H. (2004). What is Anthropology? London: Pluto Press.
II Use the following words and phrases from the text (exercise I)
in the sentences below:
in common, according to, at least, in turn, hardly, in spite of,
beyond doubt, both... and..., once and for all.
1. We have to resolve this matter .
2. One of the team members leaked the story to a friend who,
confided in a reporter.
3. I know him.
On Anthropology | 57
4. Rocks can be classified their mode of origin.

5. The peace agreement has, , temporarily halted the war.
6. He has proved he has the personality to
lead the country.
7. great peril, I have survived.
8. King Gandhi were
tremendously brave men.
9. We have never had anything .
III Which of the following nouns can be used with the verb to
raise and/or the verb to rise (as a subject or an object)?
money, child, family, consciousness, doubt, unemployment,

confidence, fear, glass, fund, morale, objection, problem,
rebellion, price, risk, temperature, topic, voice, question
anger, crime, curtain, inflation, mountain, pressure, number,

level, production, salary, sun, temperature, value
Beginnings (from A History of Anthropology)

I Read the text below and decide which answer (A,B,C or D) best fits
each space.
... It was in 1) community that Herodotus of
Halicarnassus (c. 484-425 BC) lived. Born in a Greek colonial town on
the south-west coast of present-day Turkey, Herodotus began to travel as
a young man and gained an intimate knowledge of the many foreign
peoples that the Greeks maintained contacts with. Today, Herodotus is
mainly remembered for his history of the Persian Wars, 2)
he also wrote
detailed travel narratives from various parts of western Asia and Egypt,
and from as far away as the land of the Scythians on the northern coast of
the Black Sea. In these narratives, 3) as
they are from our present world, we recognize a problem that has
followed anthropology, in various 4) , up to this very day:
how should we relate to ‘the others’? Are they basically like ourselves, or
are they basically different? Much anthropological theory has tried to 5)
a balance between these positions, and this is exactly 6)
Herodotus did too. Sometimes he is simply a prejudiced
and ethnocentric ‘civilized man’, who disdains everything foreign. 7)
he acknowledges that different people have different
Historical figures | 67
and Pheidias, Antiphon and Aristophanes, Democritus and Hippocrates,

Herodotus and Thucydides. They all lived in or came to Athens in the
Age of Pericles, and many were his friends.
Mooney, B. (2004). Shaping History – 100 Great Leaders from Antiquity to the
Present. London: Arcturus Publishing Limited.

Pericles / /
Xanthippus / /
Dionysus / /
Ephialtes / /
Socrates / /
Areopagus / /
Aspasia / /
Anaxagoras / /
Euripides / /
Aeschylus / /
Pheidias / /
Antiphon / /
Aristophanes / /
Democritus / /
Hippocrates / /
II Find synonyms for the following words and use them in

the sentences below:
to shun, to be dogged (by), to be deposed (from), to nurture,
disparate, sham, to bar, henceforth, to deprive (of).
• to overthrow / remove –
• to leave without / rob –
• to ban / prohibit –
• from now on/ hereafter –
• different / contrasting –
• to afflict / trouble / bother –
• to avoid / ignore / reject –
• fake / mock –
• to cherish / cultivate / raise / rear –
1. A number of world leaders have already denounced these

elections as a .
2. He has always publicity.
3. She great ambitions for his children.
4. His career has been bad luck.
5. Their president was in a coup.
6. It was the collision of ideas.
7. this building will be the property of the royal
family.
8. Amnesty workers have been their country since
2000.
9. They have been of fuel necessary to heat their homes.
III Match words from columns A and B to form collocations.

A B
make (a) law
soundly peace
public oratory
negotiate defeated
introduce (a) bid
take sweep(s)
superb prominence
plague part
remain confidence
shatter aloof
spark backlash
IV Use data from the introductory text (Pericles) and supply

the missing years.
Chronology
• BC – Born in Athens
• BC – Produces The Persians
• BC – Leads vote against the Areopagus
• BC – New citizenship law
• BC – Peloponnesian War
• BC – Death of Pericles
I In the text above find words meaning the following and use them
in the sentences below (change the word form if necessary):
• quickly / fast – s
• to suppress / put down – to c
• to stop – to h
• to achieve / score – to n
• period / spell – b
• to conquer /subjugate – to s
1. The government forces have not been able to the rebel
forces.
2. She ran over the lawn to the gate.
3. Yesterday factory workers production.
4. Their plan the uprising failed.
5. He has recently his third win at a major tennis
tournament.
6. I had a of flu over Christmas.
II Fill in the missing data in the chronology below.

• 356 BC –
• 336 BC –
• 334 BC –
• 333 BC –
• 331 BC –
• 326 BC –
• 323 BC –
Augustus
Gaius Octavius (63 BC-AD 14), as he was born, was an unknown
twenty-year-old soldier, scholar and religious official when he received
the alarming news that his great-uncle Julius Caesar had been
assassinated, and the even more disturbing news that Caesar had
nominated him as his successor (44 BC). It would take seventeen years of
fighting and intrigue to consolidate his power.
He changed his name to Julius Caesar Octavianus, to draw on
popular support for his great-uncle and adoptive father, became Consul
I Match the adjectives on the left with the nouns on the right to form
collocations.
disturbing / breaking / disappointing peace
adoptive / single / biological news
brutal / extreme / random challenge
fractured / fragile / lasting father
ultimate / enormous / constant violence
II Match verbs on the left with the groups of nouns on the right
to form collocations.
to pose assumption / philosophy / system
to shift apparatus / system / piece of equipment
to overhaul event / laws / riot
to instigate focus / balance / responsibility
to underpin challenge / danger / question
III The adjectives in column A have been used in the text.

Find adjectives with similar meanings in column B.
A B
ruthless generous / noble / fair
harsh cruel / unkind / insensitive
magnanimous brutal / merciless / cold-blooded
tolerant broadminded / understanding / liberal
tactful diplomatic / sensitive / thoughtful
approachable calculating / controlling / cunning
upright industrious / assiduous
hard-working descent / honest / moral
manipulative friendly / easy to talk to / amicable
IV Use the underlined parts of the text and the chronology below
to write a short biography of August.
• 63 BC Born in Rome
• 44 BC Nominated heir to Caesar
• 43 BC Second Triumvirate
• 31 BC Battle of Actium
• 27 BC Senate confers on him title Caesar Augustus
• AD14 Dies at Nola, Italy, 19 August
forces led by Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone. Essex returned from Ireland
against the queen's orders insulted her in her presence, and then made
a desperate, foolhardy attempt to raise an insurrection. He was tried for
treason and executed on Feb. 25, 1601.
Elizabeth continued to make brilliant speeches, to exercise her
authority, and to receive the extravagant compliments of her admirers,
but she was as Sir Walter Raleigh remarked, "a lady surprised by time,"
and her long reign was drawing to a close. She suffered from bouts of
melancholy and ill health and showed signs of increasing debility. Her
more astute advisers – among them Lord Burghley's son, Sir Robert
Cecil, who had succeeded his father as her principal counsellor – secretly
entered into correspondence with the likeliest claimant to the throne,
James VI of Scotland. On March 24, 1603, having reportedly indicated
James as her successor, Elizabeth died quietly. The nation
enthusiastically welcomed its new king. But in a very few years the
English began to express nostalgia for the rule of "Good Queen Bess."
Long before her death she had transformed herself into a powerful image
of female authority, regal magnificence, and national pride, and that
image has endured to the present.
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Macropaedia. (1994). Encyclopaedia Britannica. Inc.
noun verb adjective
adulation
perseverance
veneration
succession
defy
augment
recede
undeterred
vehement
II Match the words on the left with the synonymous words or

groups of words on the right.
1. ardent absorb / accept
2. tenacious profitable
3. auspicious calm / soothe
4. instigation trademarks
5. gravity expressionless / not showing emotions
6. to imbibe principles
7. tenets seriousness
8. staunchly stimulation / arousal / provocation
9. impassive burning / hot / fervent / vehement
10. to veer away faithful / very loyal
11. unsolicited obstinate / bold / persevering / resolute
12. to allay successful
13. hallmarks fit
14. magniloquence unwarranted / not asked for
15. parsimony to court / attract
16. to woo stinginess
17. lucrative grandiloquence / bombastic style of speech
18. bout change direction

precocious / precautious
1.
2.
imminent / immanent
1.
2.
divert / diverge
1.
2.
IV Use the correct preposition.

• to be common
• no means
• key stable succession
• to be beheaded charges of adultery
• to be the third line the throne
• to be fluent French
• to burst tears
• to be wedded her kingdom
• to be skilled manipulating
• to avail oneself somebody’ s hospitality
• to draw a close

A B
advantageous monopolies
dazzling web
tangled strains
bitter marriage
lucrative disappointment
enthusiastic display
desperate welcome
severe attempt
VI Describe Elizabeth I by portraying her psychological traits

and physical appearance (character sketch). In order to do it,
first ask yourself the following questions:
• What can I say about her physical appearance (height, hair
colour, face, clothing, the way she spoke and moved)?
• What can I say about the way she behaved toward other people
and the way other people treated her?
• What can I say about her character traits, likes, dislikes,
strengths, and problems?
• What specific examples or anecdotes can I offer to show these
character traits in action?
• What overall impression of her physical appearance and
personality do I want to convey? Can I focus on one basic
quality as a key to understanding her personality?
The Trial and Execution of Charles I, January, 1649

Read the text and answer the following questions:
• What kind of resolution was passed by the Rump Parliament in
1649?
• What ideals did Charles proclaim from the scaffold?
• What was the reaction of political parties and the people at large
to the execution of Charles I?
(After the end of the Civil War in England between King Charles I
and Parliament (l642-l646) various unsuccessful attempts were made to
reach an agreement between the King, Parliament, and the
Parliamentary Army
side of this objection, the charge that they acted ‘by no law’ shrinks to
insignificance. They were striving to make a law of democracy, and could
not be expected to effect this by observing the old laws. But their fault
lay in this, that the new law by which they condemned Charles, while it
claimed to derive from the people of England, did not, save in theory,
derive from that source at all. When the bleeding head was held up, the
shout of the soldiers was drowned in the groans of the vast multitude.
If there was any chance that the establishment of a more democratic
form of government could gradually win the support of the people at
large, that chance was thrown away by the execution of the King. The
deed was done against the wish of many even of the Independents and
Republicans; it outraged beyond hope of reconciliation the two parties in
the state who were strong in numbers and conservative tradition, the
Presbyterians and the Cavaliers; and it alienated the great mass of men
who had no party at all. Thus the Republicans, at the outset of their
career, made it impossible for themselves ever to appeal in free election
to the people whom they had called to sovereignty.
It is much easier to show that the execution was a mistake and a
crime (and it certainly was both) than to show what else should have been
done. Any other course, if considered in the light of the actual
circumstances, seems open to the gravest objection. The situation at
the end of 1648 was this – that any sort of government by consent had
been rendered impossible for years to come, mainly by the untrustworthy
character of the King, and by the intolerant action of Parliament after the
victory won for it by the Army. Cromwell had advocated a real settlement
by consent, only to have it rejected by King, Parliament, and Army alike.
The situation had thereby been rendered impossible, through no fault of
his.
Trevelyan G.M. (2002). England under Stuarts. London and New York: Routledge
noun verb adjective
violence
negotiations
omnipotence
pity
insignificance
execution
abatement
exclude
desire
exasperate
obstinate
II Match the words on the left with the synonymous words on the
right and use them in the sentences below (change the word form
if necessary).
to desecrate to surrender / renounce / give up
impertinent edge / brim
brink breach / violation
cunning hateful / detestable / intolerable
obnoxious disrespectful / impolite
to relinquish to defile / vandalize / insult
infringement sly / calculating / canny
1. The two nations were on the of war.

2. Although they look so sweet, these kids can be very
.
3. There may have been an of the rules.
4. They should not have the picture of a
religious leader.
5. I thought that her questions was and rude.
6. No one liked him. He was a most character.
7. The President does not intend power.
III Match words from columns A and B to form collocations.

A B
fierce law
to commit resolution
to pass violence
to declare mood
supreme act
symbolic power
beyond hope
to do (a) deed
grave impossible
to render objection
IV Supply the appropriate preposition.

1. You have declared war______my own people and I declare war
____ you.
2. He is to be kept close guard.
3. I could impose government this nation.

4. It is not the survival of King issue here.
5. I tremble not fear but cold.
6. We shall put the tactics test.
8. Our swords are our hands, and our faith is God.
9. Unless Parliament supports this war the full, I am bound to
say all conscience that I will lay my sword and let this
house make its peace the king, be that peace ever so base.
10. Thus you will expose the city the immediate attack.
11. Tell him that he stands great peril.
12. They gradually won the support of people large.
13. the outset of their career they had to seek help.
14. You should act accordance these new principles.
V Quiz about British History (fill in the blanks).
e.g. The Act of Supremacy – the Act of 1534 that declared the
sovereign to be the secular head of the Church of England.
1. – the act of 1707 that declared the union of
England, Wales and Scotland as a single kingdom under the
name of Great Britain.
2. – the name of the Spanish fleet sent by Philip II,
King of Spain, in , against England but defeated
by the English navy.
3. – 11 November 1918, the final day of the First
World War (Remembrance Sunday – the Sunday nearest to 11
November).
4. – the battle between British and German aircraft
over London and the south of England in the early years of the
Second World War, in particular 1940. The Battle was to have
been the start of the German invasion of Britain.
5. – the bombing of Britain, and especially London,
by the German air force in the Second World War, in particular
1940-1
(from German , ‘lightning war’).
6. – the formal giving up of the throne in 1936 by
, so that he could marry an American divorcee,
.
7. – a nickname of Queen Mary Tudor (1516-58),
given her by the Protestants whom she persecuted cruelly.
8. – a tower in the Tower of London built in 14th
century and supposedly where the Princes on the Tower were
murdered.
the same again, even though the pace was too hot and there was regress
after his death. He declared himself to be ‘an absolute monarch who does
not have to answer for any of his actions to anyone in the world; but he
has power and authority for the purpose of governing his states and lands
according to his will and wise decision as a Christian sovereign’. This
version of enlightened despotism, typically enough, appeared in Peter’s
new code for the army (1716). The creation of a national standing army
on Western models was one of the most fundamental of his legacies,
and the links of tsarism with military power and the military spirit were
henceforth knitted even more closely than before. One external sign in
significant. Peter himself almost always appeared as a soldier or sailor
(when not dressed as a mechanic) and all succeeding emperors did
likewise; his predecessors (when not hunting) had usually appeared in
hieratic pomp, half tsar, half high-priest.
No tsar has made such a lasting impression on Russia as Peter,
whether in his works or his personality. He was an unheard-of tsar for
some no tsar at all, but Antichrist. He brought the tsar to earth and
entwined himself in the hopes and fears and groans of his subjects as a
dark and terrible force, rooting up the past, putting to rout the Swedes; as
a ruler such as they had never conceived before, to be seen throughout the
length and breadth of the land, immense in stature, with his tireless
stride that was more of a run and his huge calloused hands of which he
was so proud; a ruler who went into battle as a bombardier, who
wielded an axe as well as any of his subjects, who could kill a man with
a single blow of his fist – and on occasion did. He made Russia conscious
of great destiny, and ever since Europe and Asia have had to reckon with
her.
Sumner, B.H. (1943). A Short History of Russia. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock.
noun verb adjective
justification
utilization
veneration
convert
conceive
repellent
propellant
insatiable
immense

groups of words on the right.
1. henceforward defeat completely
2. piecemeal bequest
3. to coalesce gradually
4. to scrap decree
5. coarseness discard / get rid of
6. onerous to exert (power)
7. curiosity respected / sacred
8. peremptory raw
9. crude subsequent / following / successive
10. edict to merge
11. consecutive henceforth / from now on
12. to remold to fix in / to drum in
13. to inculcate principle
14. to flout inviolable / divine / untouchable / spiritual
15. precept inquisitiveness
16. legacy crudeness / vulgarity
17. sacrosanct authoritative
18. to rout burdensome
19. hallowed to disobey / disregard
20. to wield to reshape

to ensure / to insure
1.
2.
fertile / futile
1.
2.
effective /efficient
1.
2.

A B
permanent extent
utter curiosity
insatiable mark
considerable disregard
immense monarchy
brutal scale
absolute violence
fertile army
wise impression
lasting ground
standing decision

His deeds, all their importance, did not lead to the well-
being of the state. His ideas were, a large extent the energetic
extension of practices to be found the generations before him.
He just pushed them extremes.
Repellent his brutality, he converted his subjects
children adults, claiming to be doing it
devotion Russia. He also aimed transforming tsarism
a European kind of absolute monarchy, so that “as an absolute
monarch he does not have to answer anyone”, and the
purpose of governing his states according his will.
a number of occasions he had to crush blood a
series of risings, putting the entire armies rout.
He condemned his own son death, the ground of
being the ringleader of the rising in 1718.
He made Russia conscious her great destiny and ever since
Europe and Asia have had to reckon her.
VI Describe Peter the Great by portraying his psychological traits

and physical appearance (character sketch).
Culture, Society, Civilization | 99
possibility, and indeed desirability, of evaluating diverse forms of human

activity and human goals in the light of universal values which, they
insist, are objectively ascertainable. Although there is agreement on the
need to distinguish the cultural from the biological in human and social
life, the fulcrum of opinion as to what is crucial and problematic differs
between these two conceptions.
The Dictionary of the History of Ideas
etext.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-73 (retrieved 23/03/2010)
noun verb adjective
proliferation
indeterminate
elusive
abundant
tendency
cumulative
applicable
judgment
ascertainable

groups of words on the right and use them in the sentences below.
1. to linger vulnerable / prone / liable
2. to enhance to label / name / refer (to)
3. to encompass to yield / surrender
4. to reinforce ascription / credit
5. susceptible (to) to strengthen / support
6. to warrant to include / incorporate / embrace
7. attribution to improve / increase / develop
8. to designate to avoid / shun
9. to eschew to remain / loiter / stay behind
10. to succumb (to) pivot / hinge / support
11. fulcrum (of) to permit
1. No matter was too small to his attention.

2. The Minister said his country would pressure.
never
3. Young people are particularly advertisements.
4. They wanted to the idea that human rights are
never to be violated.
5. The scent of her perfume on in the room.

6. They are keen to their reputation abroad.
7. His repertoire a wide range of composers.
8. He publicity and avoided nightclubs.
9. There is a lot of of evil intent to those who have
different views.
10. We shall this man as X.
11. He will shortly become the The England team.

literally / literary
1.
2.
IV Find the antonyms of the following words:

superiority –
true –
external –
moral –
synonym –
applicable –
associated –
conceptions –
selective –
desirability –
activity –

• to derive something something else
• to refer something
• superiority something / someone
• one’s grasp
• to bring something light
• control something / someone
• to be confined (the cultures of a city)
• terms (modes of development)
• to be susceptible something
• the one hand; the other hand
• to be synonymous
• to separate something something (else)
• to succumb something
• fear doing something
Greaco-Roman Culture
Read the text and answer the following questions:
• How was the share of Greek and Roman culture assessed in
different times?
• What talents were the Greeks and Romans endowed with?
• How strong was the influence of Greece in the different strata of
the Roman society?
The blending of Greek and Roman culture was the result of a long
process. Some five hundred years earlier Rome had first encountered
Greek influences in her contacts with the Etruscans and with the Greek
cities in Italy. Then in the third century her contacts became more
personal: Roman soldiers, administrators and traders began to visit Greek
lands, and under the stimulus of Greece Latin literature was born. The
full impact came in the second century, when Greece itself and part of
the Hellenistic East were included in Rome’s empire, and we have
already seen how Rome assimilated much without being overwhelmed
and gave to what she received a Latin appearance. In the next century
Greek culture at Rome was no longer merely a foreign importation but
had become ‘naturalized’ and civilization in the late Republic represented
essentially the harmonious blending of the two backgrounds, a synthesis
to which both traditions contributed, each enriching without destroying
the other.
The share of each culture has been differently assessed at different
times. In the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, with the romantic
revival and the ‘discovery’ of Greek culture and art, many were dazzled
by the glories of Greece, and tended to regard the Romans as mere
borrowers and to attribute most of what was good in Graeco-Roman
culture to the Greek side. But a more balanced appreciation suggests that
whereas the technical forms which art and literature assumed in the late
Republic were Greek, the spirit within was new. It is true that there were
certain main differences between the natural endowments of Greek and
Roman.
cultural life, the cities of the Hellenistic world. On the other hand many
of the more remote country towns of central Italy must have retained a
more untouched Italian way of life, and it was from this healthier source,
rather than from the older Hellenized aristocracy or urban mob in Rome
that Augustus was to seek regenerative powers for Roman society. How
this fusion of cultures was effected in art, literature and other cultural
activities must now be briefly examined.
Scullard, H.H. (1982). From the Gracchi to Nero – A History of Rome from 133
B.C. to A.D. 68. London and New York: Routledge.

Etruscans / /
Cicero / /
Posidonius / /
Catullus / /
Pheidias / /
Ictinus / /
Augustus / /

form exists):
noun verb adjective

appearance
glory
appreciation
endowment
inspiration
debt
belief
intensity
enrich
tend
assume
fail
preserve
harmonious
regenerative
complementary
tranquil
III Match the words on the left with the synonymous words or
groups of words on the right and use them in the sentences
below.
impact to fight/push / struggle
impetus to pervade / fill
hectic influence / effect / impression
to dazzle stimulus / motivation / drive
to flourish chaotic / wild / frantic
to campaign to amaze / impress / stun
bent to blossom / prosper / grow
to convey inclination
to permeate to express / get across / take
1. Racism and crime still in the ghetto.

2. The two days we spent there were enjoyable but .
3. The major of this epidemic is yet to come.
4. She needed a new for her talent.
5. John us with his knowledge of the world.
6. We for law reform.
7. In her works she always a sense of immediacy.
8. He had a clear for natural history.
9. Bias against women every level of this society.
to borrow / to lend
1.
2.
to own / to owe
1.
2.
V Supply the appropriate preposition.
• to contribute something
• talent something
• to excel something
• to derive something something (else)
• to vary (intensity)
• the whole
VI Find the antonyms of the following words:

thinkable –
partial –
approve –
similar –
belief –
VII Phrasal Verb. Use the correct preposition with the verb to look.
1. The manual workers in this company used to be looked
.
2. We were all looking to coming here.
3. No decision should be reached before we look the problem.
4. Look the meaning of the word ‘kosher’.
5. Look me when you come to London next time.
6. They look restaurants as investments.
7. I look my mother. She is wonderful!
VIII Match the following verbs related to the ways of looking
with their meanings, and use them in the sentences below:
to gape, to peep, to peer, to glare, to glance, to stare, to gaze.
a) To look at someone or something for a long time (shocked,
angry, interested) –
b) To look at someone or something beautiful or interesting for a
long time –
c) To look at someone or something for a long time, especially
with your mouth open (surprised or shocked) –
d) To look angrily at someone for a long time without moving your
eyes –
e) To look at someone or something quickly (by raising your eyes
and then lowering them) –
f) To look at someone or something with difficulty (because you
cannot see well or there is not enough light) –
g) To look quickly at someone or something, especially secretly or
through a small hole –
1. He at the writing under the picture.

2. Don’t at people. It’s very rude.
3. She at her favourite singer.
4. She , open-mouthed, trying to say something.
5. They kept at the door, as if expecting someone.

6. No !
7. She sat down and at me fiercely.
IX Fill in the gaps with the following words:

observable, generate, abstract, distinguish, proliferated,
capabilities, whole, set, comprehensive, behind, acceptable,
upon, variance, proper.
The Concept of Culture was first developed by anthropologists
toward the end of the nineteenth century. The first clear and
definition was that of the British anthropologist Sir Edward Burnett
Tylor. Writing in 1871, Tylor defined culture as “that complex
which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom and any other
and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
Since Tylor’s time, definitions of culture have , so that
by the early 1950s, North American anthropologist A.L. Kroeber and
Clyde Kluckhohn were able to collect over a hundred definitions of
culture from the literature. Recent definitions of culture tend to more
clearly between actual behaviour on the one hand and the
values, beliefs, and perceptions of the world that lie
that behaviour on the other. To put it another way, culture is not
behaviour, but rather the shared ideals, values, and
beliefs that people use to interpret experience and behaviour
and which are reflected in their behaviour. An modern
definition of culture, then, runs as follows; culture is a of
rules or standards that, when acted by the members of
a society, produce behaviour that falls within a range of
the members consider and acceptable.
Haviland, W.A. / Prince, E.L. / Walrath, D / McBride, B. (2005). Cultural
Antropology – The Human Challenge. Wadsworth: USA.
X Translate the following text.

Was There a Cultural Revolution c.1958-c.1974?
Nostalgia, Prejudice, and Debate
Mention of ‘the sixties’ rouses strong emotions even in those

who were already old when the sixties began and those who were not
even born when the sixties ended. For some it is a golden age, for
others a time when the old secure framework of morality, authority,
and discipline disintegrated. In the eyes of the far left, it is the era

Aegean / /
Aristotle / /
Plato / /
Piraeus / /
Crete / /
Calcutta / /
Parthenon / /
II Supply the missing forms of the following words (if the form exists):
noun verb adjective

conversation
focus
slavery
obedience
evidence
absence
execution
prison
vision
seclusion
attribute
recognize
reconstruct
resemble
portray
exaggerate
similar
enormous
typical
satisfactory
sufficient
opposite
massive
rational
poor
available
III Match the words on the left with the synonymous words or
groups of words on the right and use them in the sentences
below.
multifarious accidental / coincidental

boundary to authorize / permit / allow
fundamentally vulgarity / rudeness / indecency
obscenity to pronounce indistinctly
chance (adj.) basically / essentially
to sanction border / frontier
to slur diverse / various / mixed
1. He repeated himself and his words more than usual.

2. He now may be ready the use of force.
3. This is not art but .
4. Spain is a composite of traditions and people.
5. We met accidentally. It was a meeting.
6. Drug traffickers operate across national .
7. He disagreed with the decision of the Board.

to wonder / to wander
1.
2.
human / humane
1.
2.
V Supply the appropriate preposition, where necessary.

• contrast (something)
• the knowledge (that)
• least;
• similar (something)
• skilled (something)
• discuss (something)
• died (a disease)
• typical something or somebody
• reference something
• central something
• principle
• to divide something something (else)
• to participate
VI Match the following verbs related to the ways of walking

with their meanings, and use them in the sentences below:
to stride, to pace, to stroll, to trudge, to limp, to stagger, to
stumble, to tiptoe, to sneak, to wander.
a) To walk slowly with heavy steps (tired or after a long walk) –
b) To walk slowly, with difficulty, putting more weight on one leg
because the other one is painful or injured –
c) To walk unsteadily, with the body moving from side to side,
almost falling (being injured, tired, drunk) –
d) To walk unsteadily, often hitting things with your feet (because
it is dark or the ground is uneven) –
e) To walk on the front part of your feet but not on your heels (to
avoid making any noise) –
f) To walk quietly trying to hide from someone –
g) To walk around with no particular aim or in no particular
direction (lost or in an unknown place) –
h) To walk quickly, taking large steps (feeling confident, angry,
determined) –
i) To walk backwards and forwards within a small area (being
nervous, bored, angry) –
j) To walk for pleasure in a slow and relaxed way –
1. For an hour we around the old city, totally lost.
2. The thieves in during the night.
3. Peter past his son’s room, so as not to wake him up.
4. I was hit on the head and just managed to out of
the room.
5. He on the bottom step, because he was drunk.
6. I still , even though the accident was three years ago.
7. He confidently towards me and shook my hand.
8. through the marshes was exhausting.
9. The lion up and down the cage.
10. I along the beach at dawn.
noun verb adjective
costliness
abundance
conduce
obey
endure
attain
perceive
discreet
virtuous
prosperity
adversity
awe
restraint
reverence
attach
fail
mortal
II Find synonyms or explain the meaning of the following

words and use them in the sentences below:
renown, slighted, random, raiment, assiduously, to hearken,
specious.
1. They worked to see their careers achieved.
2. I won’t be convinced by such arguments.
3. I want nothing but and daily bread.
4. They felt by not being adequately consulted.
5. This book was a choice.
6. She used to be an actress of some .
7. You should just to your wife.
III Explain and illustrate the different meanings of the following words:
rear (n.) / to rear
1.
2.
to observe
1.
2.

• to refrain doing something
• to bestow something somebody
• to spend money something
• to give no heed public affairs
• to receive marriage sons or daughters
• to be agreement somebody
• to attribute something something else
• to spring a good stock
• to be faithful somebody
• to be robbed (one’s honor)
• to attach shame somebody

A B
to offer gods
to bear will
to render an example
sound the rule
divine service
common supporter
loyal an excuse
to follow the name
to observe interest
ancestral mind
VI Translate the following text.

Religious Prostitution
In its earlier phases prostitution was always associated with religion;
and there seems strong ground for the assumption that the first brothels
were run by priests. But instead of being called brothels they were
described as temples, and their inmates, instead of being dubbed
prostitutes, were referred to as daughters of the temple, priestesses of
Venus, or in other euphemistic terms.
The origin of religious prostitution has been the subject of much
speculation and various hypotheses have been formulated to account for
it. Many early anthropologists looked upon it as a form of fertility cult,
arguing
noun verb adjective

esteem
distinguishable
torment
perversions
divine
successive
verification
hypothetical
anticipate
meditation
multiple
blessing
exemplar
II Find synonyms or explain the meaning of the following words

and use them in the sentences below:
liaison, to relish, prompt, chimera, to yearn, wilfully, to convey,
enunciation, sole, to ennoble, voluptuous, accomplishments, a
cluster (of), strands (of), deleterious, to be beset (by), toil.
1. He is trying to bring together various philosophic
thought.
2. One could see men in formal clothes standing in
the street.
3. The of the past year are really remarkable.
4. I have nothing to offer but blood, tears, and sweat.
5. The country is severe economic problems.
6. The fear of crime is having a effect on community
life.
7. Teachers should work in close with parents.
8. I the idea of getting a new house.
9. action is needed.
10. It sounds to me like chasing a .
11. The judges were blind to the abuse that took place.
12. We freedom.
13. She was a , well-rounded lady with glossy black hair.
14. How can we mankind, make it more moral?

15. He was ever ready to his ideas to those who
would listen.
16. The painters a sense of immediacy in their
pictures.
17. Their aim was to destabilize the government.
III Find the antonyms of the following words:

estimable –
benevolent –
doubtful –
adequate –
heterogeneous –
appropriate –
passionate –
mature –
natural –
sufficient –
satisfied –
• to be devoid (esteem)
• attachment and yearning (someone or something)
• the sake someone / something
• to range (the divine) (the sexual)
• different something
• representative (his time)
• relevant (our topic)
• similar something
• so much it
• (the abbreviation) stands something
• addiction something
• to be gifted something
• to be burdened something
• to get something birth
• to be characteristic (the islands)
V Think of your own definitions of love and

primitivism. VI Discussion / debate prompts
• When love is not madness, it is not love. (P. Calderon de la Barca)
• Love is a sweet tyranny, because the lover endureth his torments
willingly. (Proverb)
• Love one another and you will be happy. It’s as simple and as
difficult as that. (M. Leunig)
• Who, being loved, is poor? (O. Wilde)
• Love is the condition in which the happiness of another person is
essential to your own. (R. Heinlein)
• People who are sensible about love are incapable of it. (D.Yates)
• Take away love and our earth is a tomb. (R. Browning)
• Love is not love which alters when it alteration finds. (W.
Shakespeare, Sonnet CXVI)
• At the touch of love, everyone becomes a poet. (Plato)
The History of Everyday Life

Read the text and answer the following question:
• What does the study of everyday life focus on?
• What is the history of everyday life and who are its practitioners?
Introduction
What Alltagsgeschichte – the history of everyday life – is and the
uses it serves remains a matter of spirited debate, not just among
historians. But the controversy itself has evidently helped to spark
further interest in the field. Recent years have witnessed a flood of new
articles, books, glossy coffee-table volumes, films, and television series
all dealing with “historical everyday life”– publications and productions
that have found a welcome market, and often stirred considerable
attention.
It is not just the topic that is controversial – even the term
Alltagsgeschichte has been subject to criticism, and the label is indeed
something of a less-than-ideal solution, employed for want of a better
name. Nonetheless, the designation retains its utility as a brief and
succinct formulation, targeted polemically against a tradition of
historiography that has largely excluded “everyday life” from its purview.
people stayed there not through fear but out of social habit, and the search
for companionship and community.
[...] It is only when we start to notice our daily lives a little more that
we realise they take place in historical time, not in an eternal present of
endlessly recycled routines. One of my favourite true stories is about the
East German man who borrowed three books from the American
Memorial Library in West Berlin in August 1961, and failed to return
them on time. He did have a cast-iron excuse for this very unGermanic
dereliction of civic duty: a few days after he had checked the books out,
the Berlin wall went up and blocked his route to the library. But the man
kept hold of the books, hoping he would be able to return them one day.
And so he did, in pristine condition, on 10 November 1989, the day after
the wall came down. It is a story that encapsulates the capacity of
everyday routines to survive the most dramatic interruptions, the loyalty
of people to communal rules – and the way that habits collide
unpredictably with history and politics.
But the history of taking back our library books remains an oddly
neglected area of study. What Tom Harrisson and Charles Madge argued
in 1937 is still true. ‘How little we know of our next door neighbour and his
habits; how little we know of ourselves’, they wrote. ‘Of conditions of life
and thought in another class or district our ignorance is complete. The
anthropology of ourselves is still only a dream.’ Fortunately, it is an
anthropology that everyone can undertake. We can all be quotidian
detectives, excavating the buried meanings of the mundane. So I wish you
well in your ongoing investigations of the seemingly boring, banal, trivial
and obvious.
Lüdtke, A. (ed.). (1995). The History of Everyday Life. Princeton: Princeton
University Press.
I Match the words on the left with the explanations or synonymous

words on the right and use them in the sentences below.
1. utility ordinary, dull, routine, humdrum
2. succinct usefulness
3. to profess concise / brief/ to the point
4. awkwardness boring / dull / dreary / monotonous / tiresome
5. tedious to declare /state
6. to encapsulate nervousness / uneasiness / anxiety
7. mundane able to withstand criticism
8. quotidian test of one’s patience or endurance
9. thick skin everyday
10. purview to accent / emphasize / stress
11. to foreground the limit of one’s responsibility/ activity
12. bleeding obvious to summarize / capture
13. trials and tribulations extent / range of (function, power, competence)
1. She went through all the of

being admitted to law school only to find she couldn’t afford to
go.
2. His book three major events in their
relations with the media.
3. You need a
to become a headmaster.
4. Sometimes stating the
is the most difficult thing to do.
5. While most of the jobs they perform are routine and
, our workers are increasingly
participating in out-of-the-ordinary projects in the area.
6. Television has become part of our existence.
7. It was difficult to the story of the
revolution in a single one-hour documentary.
8. His lectures were very dry and .
9. He displayed all the of adolescence.
10. She ignorance of the whole affair, though
I am not sure I believe her.
11. Keep your letter and to the point.
12. The of this substance has been proved in
a series of tests.
13. This case is outside the of this particular court.
III Use one of the following words in the sentences below:

up-to-date, modern, contemporary, contemporaneous, pristine,
fashionable, in vogue, obsolete, out-of-date, ancient, archaic,
old- fashioned.
1. The two events were more or less with
only months between them.
2. Although it was written two hundred years ago it still has a
/ feel to it.
3. Old buildings in the city have been demolished and replaced
with tower blocks.
4. They left their offices in condition.
5. It is important to keep with the
literature in your field.
6. That word is not any longer.
7. They spend most of their summers jet-setting around the

European resorts.
8. Gas lamps became when electric
lighting was
invented.
9. That radio is .
10. Call me , but I like handwritten letters.
11. History and modern, has taught these
people an intense distrust of their neighbours.
12. practices such as these are often put
forward by people of limited outlook.

• to be subject (criticism)
• want of something
• a certain extent
• to be struck something
• to do . social habit
something
• to collide something

A B
to stir excuse
to spark condition
spirited attention
sketch debate
benevolent duty
civic / dereliction of bemusement
buried interest
pristine contour
cast-iron meaning
VI Think of a habit, a daily routine, or an aspect of everyday

life and do a presentation on it.
Religion, customs, tradition | 139
Apollo / /
Euripides / /
Hyppolytus / /
Artemis / /
Athena / /
noun verb adjective

piety
behaviour
respect
dependence
affection
presumption
endeavor
redemption
annihilation
purify
sacrifice
emphasize
escape
substitute
solemnize
perpetual
convenient
penitential
III Match the words on the left with the explanations or

synonymous words on the right and use them in the sentences
below.
inevitably horrible / bloody / violent

inadvertently weird / strange / mysterious / creepy
to abhor intentionally / on purpose
deliberately unavoidably / inescapably
inedible unintentionally / accidentally
uncanny to detest / loathe / despise
gory cannot be eaten
1. I had this feeling that Sam was warning me.

2. He tried to deceive us.
3. He violence and was deeply committed to
negotiations.
4. The conflict led to a civil war.
5. You may have pressed the wrong button.
6. The food they were given in prison was .
7. They were confronted with the death scenes.
IV Use each of the easily confusable words in a sentence to illustrate

moral – morale
1.
2.
V Phrasal Verbs. Use the correct prepositions with the following

verbs: to put, to make, to give.
1. All right. I give . Where did you hide the keys?
2. Natural gas gives / less carbon dioxide than coal.
3. The rescue team has given all hope of finding the
mountaineers alive.
4. The thief gave himself and will appear in court today.
5. My teachers gave me long ago.
6. Well, what do you make our new colleague?
7. I heard them say something but couldn’t make what they
were saying.
8. Women make 13 percent of police force.
9. She spends too much time making herself .
10. He makes all sorts of unbelievable stories.
11. Let’s kiss and make .
12. I promise I will make it you when I finish my project.
13. Someone will have to make for the stress that has been
caused to you.
14. I have put everything I wanted to tell them.
15. You can’t always put it his ignorance.
16. We had to put the event until September next year.
17. We tried to visit the Abbey but long queues put us .
noun verb adjective

amazing
seductive
strength
summary
acquire
resist
restrain
reside
divine
describe
appreciate
adopt
III Match the words on the left with the synonymous words on
the right and use them in the sentences below (change the word
form if necessary).
1. to coin undertake / deal with / engage in

2. outlook atonement / repentance
3. tangled complex / intricate / complicated
4. expiation view / viewpoint / point of view
5. to tackle unlucky and unhappy
6. hapless efforts / pains / hard work
7. labours fated / destined
8. doomed invented / untrue
9. fictitious uncontrollable / rebellious / wild
10. unruly although / though
11. albeit to unite / join / combine
12. to merge to pay attention listen to / notice
13. to heed invented / untrue
14. to abandon to create / make up / invent
1. Many children are victims of wars. (formal)

2. When is the government going the problem of
unemployment?
3. Who this phrase?
4. He has a fairly positive on life.

5. There seemed to be no way out in web of diplomacy.
the
6. What he did was the of his father’s sins. (formal)
7. Retirement is the time to enjoy the fruits of your .
8. Your project was to failure.
9. The persons and events portrayed in this production are
.
10. He was expelled from school because of his behaviour.
11. He tried hard, without success. (formal)
12. The two countries into one.
13. No one my warning.
14. She was by her parents when she was five years old.
IV Read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D)

best fits each space.
Lovers of Zeus
A striking aspect of Greek mythology is the 1) conflict
between the two chief deities, Hera, an earth goddess, and her husband,
Zeus,
2) power on Olympus. One of the most 3)
gods in mythology, Zeus loved 4) women and he 5)
them in as many forms, sometimes as a bull, as a satyr, as
a swan, sometimes as a mortal man, and even in the form of a golden
shower. Hera was notoriously jealous and vengeful, 6) without mercy
his lovers and their 7) . The antagonism between the two
could be viewed as a clash between different religious traditions or local cults,
each cult recognizing a different lover who was often 8) as
the ancestor of a 9) family.
1. a) martial b) maritime c) marital d) matriarchal
2. a) supreme b) superb c) superior d) ultimate
3. a) amicable b) amiable c) amorous d) infatuated
4. a) countable b) uncountable c) countless d) numeral
5. a) courted b) attracted c) dated d) wedded
6. a) pursuing b) persuading c) persecuting d) proceeding
7. a) offshoot b) offspring c) predecessor d) ancestor
8. a) watched b) noticed c) observed d) regarded
9. a) ruling b) reigning c) governing d) dominating
The next stages had to await the process of mummification. Then the
body was brought to the necropolis where its tomb had been prepared.
Within the confines, ritual visits were enacted, to Sais and to Euro, with
offerings made. Then the final offerings were made, and purifications
performed with incense. A symbolic drama accompanied the drawing of
the coffin into the tomb, with one priest striving to pull the coffin back
towards life while another pulled it towards its tomb. This procedure was
watched over by the tekenu, a human form wrapped in an animal skin, a
protective spirit of the necropolis, as the coffin was drawn into the tomb,
at whose entrance the funeral feast was laid out. The articles to serve the
spirit of the dead were placed in position, and finally the coffin went in,
with a statue of the deceased, representing him as a pilgrim to Abydos,
burial place of Osiris. The rites of protection were enunciated, and then
the chamber was sealed.
Geddes and Grosset. (1997). Ancient Egypt – Myth and Legend. London:
Gresham Publishing Company.
noun verb adjective
funerary
perpetuate
cohesion
elaborate
decay
ascension
assimilation
evolve
approximate
administer
purification
enunciate
II Match the words on the left with the synonymous words on

the right and use them in the sentences below.
unfathomable incomprehensible / immeasurable
dismemberment embedded / inbuilt / rooted
accretion disintegration / mutilation
retinue favourable / promising
ingrained accumulation / mass
auspicious entourage / attendants
1. Mind trainers are now as much a part of a tennis star’s

as the body trainers.
2. For some reason the gate hung open.
3. From habit he paused to straighten up the bed.
4. His career as an actor had an start.
5. The bodies were in various states of decay and .
6. The larger the animal, the greater the of poison
in the fat.
III Use each word of the easily confusable pair in a sentence

to illustrate the difference between them.
substantial / substantive
1.
2.
IV Translate or explain the meaning of the following terms:

• hecatomb –
• vestibule –
• sanctum –
• portcullises –
• antechamber –
• cenotaphs –
• effigy –
V Fill in the gaps in with the words supplied below (before
each paragraph).
a) solid, steadily, substantial, eventually, sufficient, storey, elaborate,
to seal, ‘bench’, archaeologists
Mastaba is a structure of brick, later of stone, with decorative niches,
to indicate and a tomb. The name is from Arabic
word, meaning , which was how mastabas seemed to
the Arab workers employed by nineteenth century
. The original mastabas, in the First Dynasty were
. In the Second (and later) Dynasties they became
larger and more , with a room or rooms inside, and
they were a whole group of intersecting rooms above
a underground plan. By the late Second Dynasty,
mastabas were of size to prompt the notion of the
step pyramid, with the mastaba as its base .
experiences more numerous and subtle than he could understand; to his

power of analysis they were altogether unyielding; and yet his
unrestrained imagination demanded a working theory of some kind,
and he got one, grounded in ignorance and fear. An earthquake is a
phenomenon calculated to strike terror into the heart of all but the
strongest man; no wonder then that the primitive mind invented all sorts
of ideas about spirits of the underworld, and ascribed to gloomy caverns
the possession of dragons and other fearsome enemies of the race. The
thunder, the lightning and the tempest; the blight which spoiled the
sources of food; the sudden attack of mysterious sickness, and a hundred
other fatalities were to him more than merely natural forces busily
employed in working out their natural destiny; they were Powers to be
propitiated. That is the third note of the superstitious mind; its effort
to propitiate intelligent and semi-intelligent forces by suitable beliefs,
rites, ceremonies, and penances. Where ignorance and fear beget a sense
of danger, knowledge, even defective knowledge, is always equal to the
task of inventing a way of escape. But if these be the prime origins of
superstition, what are the secondary origins? If “the belief in the existence
and proximity of a world of spirits, and a fear of such spirits, is the only
solution of all the curious religions, customs, ceremonies, and
superstitions of pagan life,” what are the other causes which modified
these primitive guesses at the riddle of existence? The answer is twofold:
(1) The old causes have never ceased to be operative, though the manner
of expression has changed; and (2) The new causes were the advent of
world religions, of social transformations, and of political separation.
Knowlson. T.S. (2006). The Origins of Popular Superstitions and Customs.
Kessinger Publishing.
noun verb adjective
origin
explain
obtain
equal
persist
divine
ignorance
ally
unrestrained
proximity
II Match the words on the left with the synonymous words

or explanations on the right and use them in the sentences
below (change the word form if necessary).
to pry cause of trouble
clairvoyant to interfere/be inquisitive
chary psychic/far-sighted/intuitive
bogey cautious
riddle puzzle/enigma
anon arrival/beginning
advent immediately/shortly
1. You did not have to be a to see that the war
would go on.
2. Age is another for actresses.
3. You shall see him .
4. Stop into other people’s affairs.
5. I am rather of making too many idiotic mistakes.
6. The of war led to a greater austerity.
7. Who will solve the of the birth of the Universe?
excess / access
1.
2.
contention / content(s) (n) / content (adj.)
1.
2.
3.
IV Fill in the main forms of the following verbs:

infinitive past tense past participle
molten
bent
seek
strike
founded
found
grounded
grind
beget
Wars (battles, revolutions, propaganda) | 169
The Greeks resisted tenaciously. But the weight of numbers forced

them back to the inner wall. In front of it was another ditch, which had
been deepened in places to provide earth for reinforcing the stockade.
Many of the Greeks were forced back into these holes and could not
easily clamber out, with the great inner wall rising behind them. The
Turks who were now on top of the stockade fired down on them and
massacred them. Soon many of the Janissaries reached the inner wall
and climbed up it unopposed. Suddenly someone looked up and saw
Turkish flags flying from the Tower above the Kerkoporta. The cry went
up: “The city is taken.”
Runciman, S. (1965). The Fall of Constantinople, 1453. Cambridge: CUP.
noun verb adjective
prophecy
infidel
tenacity
panic
chastise
repulse
exhaust
conclude
II Match the words on the left to the synonymous words or groups of

words on the right.
1. to hinder to hesitate / waver
2. copiously to assemble / gather
3. to falter abundantly
4. to beckon to die
5. booty to impede / hamper
6. to slay loot / spoils
7. to perish to hide / disguise / mask
8. to hurl to hammer / hit (with great force)
9. to rally tired
10. weary fling
11. respite short and firm
12. to pound to murder
13. stout to signal (by moving one’s hand)
14. to veil relief/rest
V Translate the following terms related to weapons and think

of more:
cannons, scimitars, maces, thongsslings, bows, muskets, missiles,
arrows, javelins ...
VI Phrasal Verbs. Use the correct preposition with the verbs to bring
and to cut.
1. The administration helped bring a peaceful settlement.
2. Bring your friend . We will be happy to meet him.
3. He brought two children alone.
4. She will bring the matter at the next meeting.
5. She has cut smoking.
6. Her parents thought she was cut being a schoolteacher.
7. All trees in my street were cut last year.
8. I began a reply, but he cut again.
9. She felt cut from the central life of the village.
10. They should not cut economic aid.
11. The pictures of animals were cut of magazines.
12. She had all her hair cut like a boy.
VII Retell the text (The Fall of the Constantinople) according to

the following narrative outline*:
• beginning
– give important background information
– describe the setting
– begin to tell what happened
• middle
– tell what happens next
– describe the new setting
– introduce a conflict or a problem
– show the reaction of the participants in the conflict to the
situation
– build toward a climax, the point of highest interest
their convulsive struggles, burst through the wall of stone and dried clay
which formed part of the boundary of the plaza! It fell, leaving an
opening of more than a hundred paces, through which multitudes now
found their way into the country, still hotly pursued by the cavalry, who,
leaping the fallen rubbish, hung on the rear of the fugitives striking them
down in all directions.
Meanwhile the fight, or rather massacre, continued both around the
Inca, whose person was the great object of the assault. [...]
The Indian monarch, stunned and bewildered, saw his faithful
subjects falling around him without fully comprehending his situation.
The litter on which he rode heaved to and fro, as the mighty press swayed
backwards and forwards [...]. But Pizarro, who was nearest the monarch,
called out, with stentorian voice, "Let no one who values his life strike at
the Inca", and, stretching out his arm to shield him, received a wound
on the hand from one of his own men – the only wound received by a
Spaniard in the action. The struggle now became fiercer than ever round
the royal litter. It reeled more and more, and at length ... it was
overturned. The Indian prince would have come with violence to the
ground had not his fall been broken by the efforts of Pizzaro and some of
the cavaliers, who caught him in their arms. The imperial borla was
instantly snatched from his temples by a soldier named Estate, and the
unhappy monarch, strongly secured, was removed to a neighboring
building, where he was carefully guarded.
All attempt at resistance now ceased. The fate of the Inca soon
spread over town and country. The charm which might have held the
Peruvians together was dissolved. Every man thought only of his own
safety.
Prescott, W. H. (2007). History of the Conquest of Peru. New York: Cosimo
Classics.
noun verb adjective
procession
profusion
composure
assailant
comprehend
subvert
suspend
dignified

explanations on the right and use them in the sentences
below.
treacherously disappointment / shock / consternation
attire deceitfully
sedate clothing / dress / outfit
lofty high / elevated / patronizing / dignified
dismay calm / dignified / composed
1. Should we trust the country that attacked us so ?
2. The approach, however, appears to have paid off.
3. The elegant square was shaded by palms.
4. He looked up at her in .
5. They were dressed in their finest .
III Explain and illustrate the different meanings of the following words:
litter
1.
2.
process / procession
1.
2.

• to stumble the rich empire
• to shout somebody
• to be accustomed command
• to pour the plaza
• to be taken surprise
• to be blinded the smoke
• to be seized panic
• vain
• length
• an attempt resistance
• short duration

A B
vast voice
inestimable guarded
immediate struggles
massive charge
fierce pressure
thick gold
convulsive gloom
terrible pursued
hotly comprehend
stentorian profit
fully attendance
carefully value
VI Fill in the main forms of the following verbs:

infinitive past tense past participle
wore
clad
borne
dealt
burst
hang
leap
strike
rode
spread
VII Describe the scene of the conflict by using as many sensory

details as possible. First fill the chart.
Subject: the scene of the conflict

sights sounds smells/tastes movements
I Match columns A and B to form collocations.

A B
complete split
unconditional sentence
to stage communist
convinced rallies
war suicide
permanent crimes
to commit surrender
prison defeat
II Use the right preposition.

• to be indicted (doing something)
• to be put trial
• to give way something
• to hold accountable (doing something)
• to be guilty (doing something)
• to be released (prison)
• to be sentenced (life imprisonment)
• to be accused (doing something)
• to be charged (murder)
III Underline the main ideas in the following article and write
a summary of about 100 words.
Publish and debunk this relic of history
Ben Macintyre
The Times
July 27, 2007
Seventy-four years ago this week, The Times started serialising

the worst book ever written. Adolf Hitler had dictated Mein Kampf in
Landsburg Prison in 1924, while incarcerated for his attempted putsch
against the German Government. The book would not be published in
Britain until October 1933, but this newspaper obtained the rights to run
exclusive extracts four months earlier.
The Times explained that it was publishing this vile, anti-Semitic
rant on the grounds that “readers will find it illuminating as a
psychological revelation [which] will show how Hitler came to hate the
Jews”. Even so,
and reinforce racial, ethnic, and nationalist regimes. To illustrate

the ethnicity/sexuality nexus and to show the utility of revealing
this intimate bond for understanding ethnic relations, I review
constructionist models of ethnicity and sexuality in the social
sciences and humanities, and I discuss ethnosexual boundary
processes in several historical and contemporary settings: the
sexual policing of nationalism, sexual aspects of US – American
Indian relations, and the sexualization of the black-white color
line.
Nagel, J. (2000). Ethnicity and Sexuality. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 2000. 26:107 – 33.
noun verb adjective
perverse
degrading
initiation
prescription
proscription
consensual
surveilled
penetrate
visible
shorn
sadism
treason
II Match the words on the left with the synonymous words

or explanations on the right and use them in the sentences
below (change the word form if necessary).
nexus conduct / behaviour
congested connection / link
to contort overfilled / jammed / packed
adjacent omnipresent / universal
ubiquitous neighbouring / adjoining / bordering
demeanour associate
bedfellow to distort / deform
1. Politics makes strange .
2. Her was calm and cheerful.
3. The buildings were but had separate doors.
4. We live in a society where the term ‘risk’ has become .
5. Some streets are with both cars and people.
6. His face as he screams out the lyrics.

7. The Prayer Book provided a flexible enough of
beliefs.

mutual / common / joint
1.
2.
3.
prescription / proscription / recipe
1.
2.
3.

A B
to do one’s duty
to have borders
to learn sex
to violate a lesson
to break an opportunity
to seize order
to reinstate rules
intimate connections

• to adhere something
• to deviate something
• to see something the photograph
• the adjacent page
• the importance of men and women the nation
• to be implicit (the meaning)
• to make oneself available someone else
• the core of something
• to pay attention something / someone

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Remembering the Past | 15

III Use each of the easily confusable words in a sentence to illustrate

to rise / to arise / to raise

IV Supply the appropriate preposition.

VI Find the antonyms of the following words:

5. I tried to call you this morning.

X Choose the best answer (A, B, C or D).

as laws of behavior, obtained by a combination of observation,

noun verb adjective

4. They have become cautious about taking

III Use each word of the easily confusable pairs in a sentence to

IV Find the antonyms of the following words:

VI Use the following verbs and phrases to define the areas of

1. He his experience as an actor to direct a film.

IV Match words from columns A and B to form collocations.

V Fill the blanks with the following words:

priestly chronicles, biographies); it is prone to quote proofs and evidence

I How would you pronounce the following names?

II Supply the missing forms of the following words (if the

III Find synonyms or explain the meaning of the following

relocate the school.

IV Use each of the easily confusable words in a sentence to illustrate

V Find the antonyms of the following words:

of reminiscence. The Vietnam War, for example, subjected to intense

I Underline key words in the text above.

II Use the following words in the sentences below:

III Find synonyms or explanations of the words from column A

V Add more verbs containing the prefixes over– and under– to

VI Use each of the easily confusable words in a sentence to illustrate

VII Use the appropriate relative pronouns in the following text.

Does History Repeat Itself?

VIII Find words in the text meaning the following:

IX Phrasal verb. Combine the verb to break with the

X Agreeing and disagreeing.

information about cultures other than our own? Knowing about

I Identify key ideas in the introductory text.

II Supply the missing forms of the following words (if the

noun verb adjective

III Find synonyms or explain the meaning of the following

IV Use each word of the easily confusable pairs in a sentence to

V Use the correct preposition.

formulated) in different guises since antiquity. (To be) the

4. Rocks can be classified their mode of origin.

money, child, family, consciousness, doubt, unemployment,

anger, crime, curtain, inflation, mountain, pressure, number,

Beginnings (from A History of Anthropology)

and Pheidias, Antiphon and Aristophanes, Democritus and Hippocrates,

I How would you pronounce the following names?

II Find synonyms for the following words and use them in

1. A number of world leaders have already denounced these

III Match words from columns A and B to form collocations.

IV Use data from the introductory text (Pericles) and supply

II Fill in the missing data in the chronology below.

III The adjectives in column A have been used in the text.

II Match the words on the left with the synonymous words or

III Use each word of the easily confusable pairs in a sentence to

IV Use the correct preposition.

V Match words from columns A and B to form collocations.

VI Describe Elizabeth I by portraying her psychological traits

The Trial and Execution of Charles I, January, 1649

1. The two nations were on the of war.

III Match words from columns A and B to form collocations.