MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE.....CHAPTER 3 rer ; —————— ween SCaMmIed with CamscanronVewne |. AVERAGE VELOCITY: 6 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE Distance and displacement Average velocity and average speed Instantaneous velocity and speed ‘Acceleration Equations for uniformly accelerated motion Relative velocity Distance or path length: It is the length of the actual path traversed by a body between its initial and final positions. It is a scalar quantity and it is always positive or zero. the direction from the initial position to the final Displacement: It is the shortest path measured position. It is a vector quantity. It can be positive , zero or negative. AVERAGE SPEED Itis the total distance travelled by the object divided by the total time taken to cover that distance. Average speed = Wialdistance travelled _ ax total time taken at INSTANTANEOUS SPEED The speed of an object at any particular instant of time is called the instantaneous speed. The limiting value of average speed when the time interval At approaches zero , gives the speed at instant t. Ax _ dx At dt ‘The speedometer of an automobil indicates its instantaneous speed at any instant. Itis the ratio of the total displacement to the time interval in which that displacement takes place. total displacement Average velocity 2 v total time taken The average velocity can be positive, negative or zero, depending upon the si6° oe displacement. POSITION -TIME GRAPH FOR AN OBJECT. ) at rest 2) Moving with positive velocity . ' + tw I t> + —> Slope of the line tang =2 = faelerarie velocity oO ~ Scanned witn Gamscanr5. b) Moving with negative velocity * ° t— : INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY: The velocity of an object at any particular instant of time is called the instantaneous velocity. The limiting value of average velocity when the time interval At approaches zero , gives the velocity at instant : ima = : Va” ae = ae The velocity of an object at any instant is given by the slope of the tangent at that point. AVERAGE ACCELERATION: i Itis defined as the change in velocity divided by the time interval v-% Av a mae ‘ VELOCITY - TIME GRAPH FOR a. Motion in positive direction with positive acceleration v t a = b. Motion in positive direction with negative acceleration t TH ae ¢. Motion in negative direction with negative a voy * at : 4. Motion of an object with negative acceleration that changes direction ath ‘On the velocity time graph, the average accelerati sf the line. ofthe tine ‘acceleration is the slope of dy _dv tang = 2% 2 ae ae = canned witn cvamscanrPOSITION ~TIME GRAPH FOR MOTON ‘A. WITH POSITIVE ACCELERTION a B. NEGATIVE ACCELERATION an st 7. INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION: The acceleration of an object at any particular instant of time is called the instantaneous acceleration. The limiting value of average acceleration when the time interval At approaches zero gives the acceleration at instant ¢. ima? 2” a=lim—=— ao" At dt The acceleration at an instant is the slope of the tangent to the v — f curve at that instant. 8. AREA UNDER THE v — ¢ CURVE: For an object moving with constant velocity u, the v — t curve isa straight line parallel to the time axis. \ Ns — ‘Area under the graph = area of the rectangle = ux ¢ = displacement of the object in this time interval. 9. KINEMATIC EQUATIONS FOR UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION. { Graphical method ) Consider an object moving with initial velocity u and uniform acceleration a. Let its final velocity be v after it travels a distance s in time ¢. scanned with Gam: canr° at=v-u veutat.. Distance travelled by the object in time ¢ yrea under the graph rea of rectangle ADEO + area of triangle ABD 1 suxttsxex(v—u) But we know v —u = at ® 1 = sat?... 5 =utt5at Distance travelled by the object in time t s = area under the graph = area of the trapezium OABE 1 a ee oe we scanned with Gamscarir