Name Muneeba Gul

Enroll no 929/35
Semester 7th
Department Cs & IT
Subject MIS(Management Information System)
Submitted To Sir Rahat Ullah
Assignment Types of information
system
 Information system:
Information system, an integrated set of
components for collecting, storing, and processing data and for
providing information, knowledge, and digital products.
corporations use information systems to process financial accounts, to
manage their human resources, and to reach their potential customers with
online promotions.

Types of Information Systems

1. Transaction Processing System (TPS):

A transaction refers to any event or activity that affects the organization.

Transaction processing systems are used to record day to day business

transactions of the organization. They are used by users at the operational
management level. 

Their objectives are to provide transaction in order to update records and

generate reports i.e to perform store keeping function

Example: Bill system, payroll system, Stock control system.

2. PROCESS CONTROL:
Process control is the ability to monitor and adjust a
process to give a desired output. It is used in industry to maintain quality
and improve performance.

An example of a simple process that is controlled is keeping the

temperature of a room at a certain temperature using a heater and a
thermostat. When the temperature of the room is too low, the thermostat
will turn on a heating source until the temperature reaches the desired
level at which point the heater is turned off. As the room cools, this
process repeats itself to keep the room at the desired set point. In this
example, the set point is the temperature setting on the thermostat and
the heater turns on and off to maintain temperature. 
 Management Information System (MIS):
Management Information Systems (MIS) are used by tactical managers to
monitor the organization’s current performance status. The output from a
transaction processing system is used as input to a management
information system.

For example, input from a point of sale system can be used to analyze
trends of products that are performing well and those that are not
performing well. This information can be used to make future inventory
orders i.e. increasing orders for well-performing products and reduce the
orders of products that are not performing well.

3. Management Support System:

Managers require precise information in a
specific format to undertake an organizational decision. A system which
facilitates an efficient decision making process for managers is called
management support system.
Management support systems are essentially categorized as management
information system, decision support system, expert system and
accounting information system.

4. Enterprise collaboration Systems:

This information management system allows management to control the

flow of information all around the organization. Electronic devices used by
managers to communicate with managers of other departments, their
employees, or even by employees to communicate with each other, are
part of the office automation information system.

The media devices comprise cell phones, landline phones, multimedia,

intranet, internet, email, voice mail, video conferencing and file sharing. A
human resource management system keeps the track of employees and
their recruitment. It also does the daily management of employees.
5. Expert system :

The expert system is designed in such a way that it takes and store the
knowledge of a human expert on a particular subject and use that
knowledge to assist people with lower expertise to make decisions.

Artificial intelligence is an important part of an expert system. Expert

system senses your actions on the basis of the actions you have taken in
past in similar situations and take decision on the basis of those logical
assumptions.

6. Knowledge Management Systems:

A knowledge management system stores and extracts information to help

users enhance their knowledge and optimize collaboration efforts to
complete tasks. Examples of documents found in a knowledge
management system include employee training materials, company
policies, and procedures, or answers to customer questions.

For example, a KMS may hold competitor data that helps a sales team
member optimize his/her strategy when pitching to a customer.

7. Strategic Information System

Strategic Information System is a management system that helps to set

goals and organize activities for an organization. It allows you to to
organize the information and ideas about the way your company works.

Strategic Information System is a system that provides the right information

to the right people at the right time. Strategic Information Systems can be
used by companies, governments, and individuals to make better decisions
in an increasingly fast-paced world. 

SIS is a system that allows you to track and store information about the
performance of your company, as well as the performance of individual
employees.
BMW Information System:

The Bayerische Motoren Werke Group or BMW Group is a

German multinational company with an information system that collects
data from within and outside the organization. This is so they can have
information on products, suppliers, and industry updates. The information
system helps BMW to create leading products in the vehicle industry worth
mentioning in various types of academic assignments. Also, it provides
infotainment in its system, shaping an elevated experience for its users as
their vehicles update.

 It provides reports and keeps track of the company's overall

performance to track and improve parts where the company lacks.
 It also has information on suppliers and even rival companies such as
Mercedes to compare its performance with the others.
 It uses all the information curated by the system to maintain and
develop products and monitor their details.

Information systems are combinations of hardware, software, and

telecommunications networks that people build and use to collect, create, and
distribute useful data, typically in organizational settings.

Information systems are interrelated components working together to collect,

process, store, and disseminate information to support decision making,
coordination, control, analysis, and viualization in an organization.”

The Components of Information Systems

Hardware

Information systems hardware is the part of an information system you can touch – the physical
components of the technology. Computers, keyboards, disk drives, iPads, and flash drives are all
examples of information systems hardware. 

Software
 Software is a set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do.
Software is not tangible – it cannot be touched. When programmers create software programs,
what they are really doing is simply typing out lists of instructions that tell the hardware what to
do. There are several categories of software, with the two main categories being operating-
system software, which makes the hardware usable, and application software, which does
something useful. Examples of operating systems include Microsoft Windows on a personal
computer and Google’s Android on a mobile phone. Examples of application software are
Microsoft Excel and Angry Birds. Software will be explored more thoroughly in chapter 3.

Data

The third component is data. You can think of data as a collection of

facts. For example, your street address, the city you live in, and your
phone number are all pieces of data. Like software, data is also
intangible. By themselves, pieces of data are not really very useful. But
aggregated, indexed, and organized together into a database, data can
become a powerful tool for businesses. In fact, all of the definitions
presented at the beginning of this chapter focused on how information
systems manage data. Organizations collect all kinds of data and use it to
make decisions. These decisions can then be analyzed as to their
effectiveness and the organization can be improved. 

Technology

Technology can be thought of as the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.
From the invention of the wheel to the harnessing of electricity for artificial lighting, technology
is a part of our lives in so many ways that we tend to take it for granted. As discussed before, the
first three components of information systems – hardware, software, and data – all fall under the
category of technology. Each of these will get its own chapter and a much lengthier discussion,
but we will take a moment here to introduce them so we can get a full understanding of what an
information system is.

What is e-Business
e-Business (sometimes eBusiness) is a term to indicate electronic
business, i.e. the using of information and communication
technologies (ICT) and the benefits of the Internet in a business.

Today, as corporations continuously rethink their businesses in terms of the

internet -- specifically, the internet's availability, reach and ever-changing
capabilities -- they are conducting e-business to buy parts and supplies from
other companies, collaborate on sales promotions, and conduct joint research.

The growth of e-business in recent decades has given rise to new business
requirements. On the customer front, consumers expect organizations to offer
self-service options for conducting transactions; they expect personalized
experiences; and they want speedy, secure interactions. On the regulatory
front, new laws and best practices for keeping electronic data secure have
been instated. As e-commerce accelerated, companies have adopted
stringent security protocols and tools, including encryption and digital
certificates, to protect against hackers, fraud and theft.

Uber and Lyft, both of which built businesses that match drivers with people
needing rides, are other examples. Uber Eats, Uber's food ordering and
delivery platform launched in 2014, is an example of how an e-business can
expand in the digital age.

Management Information System (MIS)

Management Information Systems (MIS) are used by tactical managers to
monitor the organization’s current performance status. The output from a
transaction processing system is used as input to a management information
system.

Usually, management information systems are used to produce

reports on a monthly, quarterly, or yearly basis. However, if managers
want to view the daily or hourly data, MIS enables them to do so. In
addition, they provide managers online access to the current
performance as well as past records of the organization.

Examples of management information systems include;

 Sales management systems – they get input from the point of sale
system
 Budgeting systems – gives an overview of how much money is spent
within the organization for the short and long terms.
 Human resource management system – overall welfare of the
employees, staff turnover, etc.

In a batch processing system, transactions are accumulated over a period of time and
processed as a single unit, or batch. For example, a store may update its sales records
every day after the store closes. Or, a payroll system may process all the time cards every
two weeks to determine employee earnings and produce paychecks. Whatever the time
period in a batch system, there is some time delay between the actual event and the
processing of the transaction to update the records of the organization.

In a real-time processing system, transactions are processed immediately as they occur

without any delay to accumulate transactions. Real-time processing is also referred to
as online transaction processing, or OLTP. In this case, the records in the system always
reflect the current status.
A good example of a real-time processing system would be airline ticket reservations. When
you book a ticket and select a seat, that booking is made right away, and nobody else can
get that same seat even a second later. Any changes you make to your reservation are also
updated in real time. Another example is the stock market. When you submit an order to
buy a stock, that order is processed immediately and not at the end of the day.
While real-time processing is often more efficient and in some cases necessary, batch
processing may be more effective. In the case of a payroll system, there is really no need to
keep track of how much an employee has earned every minute of the day and doing this
every two weeks is likely sufficient.

 Security

One of the main challenges IT has to face today is the safety or cybersecurity. The
amount of data, identities and personal information that we share, and with which we
interact daily, is so high that making it safe has become a challenge, given the very
high value of said assets and the potential damage of getting this wrong.