Table of Contents

I. HISTORY OF THE PROJECT...................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

b) TYPES OF MALLS....................................................................................................................................3

c) PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS.............................................................................................................6

d) SITE CONSIDERATIONS.........................................................................................................................7

II. SPACE REQUIREMENTS..............................................................................................................................7

a) ZONING......................................................................................................................................................7

b) FUNCTIONS.............................................................................................................................................. 7

c) STANDARDS............................................................................................................................................. 8

IV. APPLIED LAWS........................................................................................................................................... 11

a) NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES.......................................................................11

b) FIRE CODE.............................................................................................................................................. 31

c) BP344........................................................................................................................................................ 34

d) GREEN BUILDING CODE..................................................................................................................... 38

e) RA9003 - SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT..........................................................................................41

I. NATURE OF THE PROJECT

a) HISTORY OF THE PROJECT

A shopping mall also known as community mall can be said to be a

privately-owned public space. It is designed and constructed to profit financially the

investors concerned while at the same time it serves as a recreational and shopping

destination for the public. Malls are not only centers for shopping but highly

organized social spaces for entertainment, interaction, and other types of consumer

excitement (Frat and Ven kalesh 1993; Pine and Gilmore 1999). Stores, food courts,

restaurants, cinemas, children’s play areas, interactive entertainment, social use

areas, relaxation spaces, and promotional areas are now major components of any

mall (Terblanche 1999). A shopping center, shopping mall, or shopping plaza is the

modern adaptation of the historical marketplace. The mall is a collection of inde-

pendent retail stores, services, and a parking area, which is conceived, constructed,

and maintained by a separate management firm as a unit. They may also contain

restaurants, banks, theatres, professional offices, service stations, etc. As such, the

design principles applied should enhance its success. Community malls are known

to be convenient and closer to residential areas. They were built for people who live

in areas that are a bit awkward or that are a bit far from town (CBD). Community

malls also known as shopping complexes do not have a lot of retail stores as other

malls and the operating hours are from 8am to 8pm the latest. The whole point of

having community malls is to make life easier for consumers and for them to get

whatever they need for their households and they do not have to drive a long

distance to go buy their groceries and other household products. A community mall

1
is also closer to office parks and it is convenient for people who are working in that

area to go run a few errands and buy lunch or have business meetings at the

restaurants that are at the community mall. Everyone deserves to live in an area that

has all the right resources that are closer to home. People should not have to stress

about having to drive for hours to go buy bread or to go have a lovey family dinner

at their favorite restaurant. Some community malls have more restaurants and they

have an area for children to play while their parents are having a meeting, or they

are meeting up with friends. Community malls are safe and reliable people can feel

safe because there are car guards and security guards to guard your cars and to

make sure that you feel safe and secure. Community malls do not get packed and

there is enough space for you to move around and shop without having to stress

about the long queues at the supermarket. Even the queues at the community mall

banks are small and they move fast because not a lot of people go there so you do

not have to spend hours at a bank. The service is good, and the staffs do not work

under pressure. Generally, it is a mall situated in residential areas, especially in the

suburbs, contains all the shops and services that people need in their daily lives.

Today, community malls take up 11% of all retail markets which is almost the

same size as that of the hypermarket share. It is expected to overtake hypermarket

share in number of outlets by 2014 retail market report half year 2013 (Source:

Colliers Research) Due to city zoning restrictions, big retailers find it difficult to

open large shopping malls and hypermarkets in the city area. While increase in

housing projects, roads and shortcuts in these residential areas have boosted the

convenience behind going to these community malls hence, making it not only a

feasible choice for consumers but attractive for real estate developers who are

confident of their success. An added benefit for real estate developers investing in

2
community malls is that these malls are more cost-effective to maintain than big

retail outlets located in urban areas. Therefore, it is no brainer for more and more

real estate developers to penetrate and saturate this market.

b) TYPES OF MALLS

i. Neighborhood Center: This center is designed to provide convenience

shopping for the day-to-day needs of consumers in the immediate

neighborhood. A neighborhood center is typically a straight-line strip with

no enclosed walkway or mall area.

ii. Community Center: Community centers (or community malls) are larger

than neighborhood centers, and offer a wider range of goods. They usually

feature two anchor stores which are larger than that of a neighborhood

center's, e.g. a discount department store. They may also follow a strip

configuration, or may be L- or U-shaped. Community centers usually

feature a retail area of 100,000 to 350,000 square feet (9,300 to 33,000 m2)

and serve a primary area of 3 to 6 miles (4.8 to 9.7 km).

iii. Regional Center: This center sells a full variety of general merchandise,

mostly apparel. Its main attractions are its anchors; they are typically

enclosed malls.

iv. Superregional Center: This center is similar to the regional center, but it

is larger with more anchors and carries a deeper selection of merchandise.

Superregional centers draw from a larger population base. Typical

configuration is enclosed with multilevel.

3
General-Purpose Centers

Type Concept Typical GLA Typical # Typical Type of Anchors

Range (Sq. Ft.) of

Tenants

Neighborhood Convenience 30,000 - 125,000 5 - 20 Supermarket

Center

Community General 125,000 - 15 - 40 Discount department store;

Center merchandise; 400,000 supermarket; drug; home improvement;

convenience large specialty-discount; apparel

Regional Center General 400,000 - 40 - 80 Full-line department store; junior

merchandise; 800,000 department store; mass merchant;

fashion discount department store; fashion

apparel

Super-Regional Similar to regional 800,000+ N/A Full-line department store; junior

Center center but has department store; mass merchant;

more variety and fashion apparel

assortment

v. Fashion/Specialty Center: This center is composed of upscale national-chain

specialty stores with dining & entertainment in an outdoor setting. They may not

be anchored, but restaurants or entertainment provide the draw of anchors. A

sophisticated design emphasizes the rich decor and landscaping.

vi. Theme/Festival Center: The centers appeal to tourists; restaurants and

entertainment facilities may anchor. Anticipate seeing them in urban areas

adapted from older, possibly historic, buildings and part of mixed-use projects.

vii. Power Center: Several large anchors, including discount department stores,

4
 off-price stores, warehouse clubs or "category killers" (stores that offer huge

selection in particular merchandise categories at low prices) dominate. The

center consists of several freestanding anchors and only a few, small specialty

tenants.

viii. Outlet Center: Outlet centers consist of manufacturers' and retailers' outlet

stores selling their brands at a discount. They are found in rural or tourist

locations. Outlet center designs include enclosed malls, a "village" cluster or a

strip configuration.

Specialized-Purpose Centers

Type Concept Typical GLA # of Typical Type of Anchors

Range (Sq. Ft.) Anchor

Lifestyle Upscale stores with 150,000 - 0-2 Large format upscale specialty

dining & 500,000

entertainment

Power Center Category-dominant 250,000 - 3 or Category killers; home improvement;

anchors 600,000 more discount department store;

warehouse club; off-price

Theme/Festival Leisure, tourist, 80,000 - 250,000 N/A Restaurants, entertainment

Center retail and service-

oriented offerings

Outlet Center Manufacturers' and 50,000 - 400,000 N/A Manufacturers' and retailers' outlets

retailers' outlet

stores selling

brand-name goods

at a discount

5
c) PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS

The following planning considerations should be observed in order to achieve an

optimal environment in a community market.

i. Location - The mall's location is crucial for its success in relation to the overall

city/town development. It is highly important to determine whether the location

will support the mall or not. It is important to become familiar with the

competition in and around the locality. It clarifies what types of spaces should

be built in a mall, who should be invited to sell there, and what elements should

be added to make it a destination.

ii. Access and Visibility - To draw foot traffic, the mall must be located in a

convenient location. This necessitates thorough demographic analysis of the

catchment area as well as the intended target audience. Tenant signage must be

managed and constructed according to strict guidelines. Lighting plays an

important role in creating the mall's atmosphere, and natural light should be

considered while keeping in mind the need to monitor heat gain.

iii. Parking - An unhindered traffic circulation and efficient parking control with

sufficient parking facilities should be provided.

iv. Interiors - Malls are internalized, so it's crucial to pay attention to the overall

look and feel of the public spaces. Mall finishes should be low maintenance,

hard-wearing, and attractive. Shop fronts should be maximized to give greater

exposure to the product.

6
 v. Sustainability - Energy performance is a major consideration, and the

technologies available in terms of lighting, air conditioning, and ventilation will

reduce operating costs.

d) SITE CONSIDERATION

i. Topography - The land should be level with the rolling terrain, or as long a

there is no issue with clearing and grading in terms of undue cost and soil

erosion. The location should not be subject to floods.

ii. Soil-bearing capacity - To accommodate the building load, soil bearing capacity

must be sufficient.

iii. Orientation - Orientation and layout, circulation and parking lot layout,

landscaping, drainage preservation, and other site features should all be planned

with a single theme that unifies the entire development together.

iv. Landscaping and Buffering- A minimum of 5 m along the perimeter may be

provided for landscaping and buffering.

II. SPACE REQUIREMENTS

a) Zoning

Community malls are listed as Division E 2 (Business and Mercantile in

nature) under Rule VII of the Philippine National Building Code, which also

includes wholesale and retail stores, shopping centers, and supermarkets, wet and

dry markets, hotels, drinking and dining establishments with less than one hundred

(100) occupants, and so on. Malls fall under the zoning classification C-2.

b) Function C-2 (Commercial Two or Medium Commercial) is a form of

7
 commercial or occupancy at the municipal or city level, classified primarily

as a medium-rise building/structure for medium to high-intensity

commercial/trade, service, and business operations, such as three to five (3

to 5) storey shopping centers, medium to large office or mixed-

use/occupancy buildings/structures, and the like.

c) Standards

A. Retail Space

In addition to its appearance and attractiveness, a

successful retail shop is one that is mainly built to

merchandise. People are naturally drawn to look, window

shop, and then purchase. As a result, the architecture of the

storefront or facade must be appealing and elegant in order

to draw customers from the street or shopping malls. The aim

of merchandising psychology is to arouse curiosity and then fulfill it.

A.1 - Single Aisle Store

Retail shop size has no specific standard measurements. Whatever convenient to

both store operators and customers are considered approved and adopted. The size

of a shop with one customer aisle in a large city is normally 3.60 to 4.50 meters

wide by 20 to 30 meters long. Without a mezzanine, the height from floor to

ceiling is usually about 3.60 meters. If a mezzanine is required, the height above

the ground floor should not be less than 2.20 meters. If used only for service space,

a mezzanine floor ceiling may be as low as 1.95 meters, but for public occupancy

8
or use, the height should not be less than 2.10 meters. If there is a basement floor,

the clear height from floor to ceiling should be between 2.40 and 2.70 meters.

B. Bookshop

Bookshelves should be within a person's average reaching height, which is 180 to

200 centimeters. The width of the aisle should not be less than 90 cm. The width of

the main circulation aisles should not exceed 2.00 meters.

C. Jewelry Shop

Jewelry shop sells expensive luxury items, therefore it is

never self service. Wall displays are shallow. Display

counters are individual unit and well illuminated. After the

store closes, the jewels are contained in the vault.

D. Shoe Store

The salesperson must be able to reach open shelves in

the sales area without the use of a stool. The height of

concealed stock room shelving should be at least 3

meters. The location of the cashier's counter should be

carefully considered for ease of access and control.

Have a sufficient number of portable or fixed shoe level fitting mirrors as well as a

full length mirror. Comfortable chairs with a separation arm between customers are

needed. The sale area's floor should be carpeted as much as possible. Women's

shoe stores are usually plush, with a salon setting theme. Less exposed stocks

9
provides informal seating with love seats and groupings.

E. Barber Shop

The sizes and number of seats in

barber shops determine the area

and room clearances, as shown

in the picture.

F. Supermarket

A supermarket is usually 2,000 to 3,000 square meters in size. 75 to 80 percent of the

structure.

G. Parking.

Parking provision is needed for service vehicles, delivery vehicles and visitors. This

should include space for non-motorized transport, such as bicycles, motor bikes and ox carts.

In most primary retail markets the provision can be minimal, but in assembly markets greater

consideration must be given to providing organized parking areas.

10
III. APPLIED LAWS

APPLICABLE LAWS AND REGULATIONS

a) National Building Code of the Philippines

i. NBCP, P.D. NO 1096, § 704 : LOCATION OF

THE PROPERTY.

(a) General. No Building shall be constructed unless

it adjoins or has direct access to a public space yard

or street on at least one of its sides. For the purpose

of this Section, the center line of an adjoining street

or alley shall be considered an adjacent property line. Eaves over required windows shall not

be less than 750 millimeters from the side and rear property lines.

ii. NBCP, P.D. NO 1096, § 705 : ALLOWABLE FLOOR AREA.

The allowable floor areas for one-storey building and buildings over one-storey shall

not exceed the limits prescribed by the Secretary for each occupancy groups and/or types of

construction. For purposes of this Section, each portion of a building separation by one or

more area separation walls may be considered a separate building provided the area

separation walls meet the requirements prescribed therefor by the Secretary.

iii. NBCP, P.D. NO 1096, § 706 : ALLOWABLE FLOOR AREA INCREASES.

The floor areas hereinabove provided may be increased in certain specific instances

and under appropriate conditions, based on the existence of public space, streets or yards

11
extending along and adjoining two or more sides of the building or structure subject to the

approval of the Building Official.

iv. NBCP, P.D. NO 1096, § 707 : MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF BUILDINBGS

The maximum height and number

of storeys of every building shall

be dependent upon the character

of occupancy and the type of

construction as determined by the

Secreta ry considering population

density, building bulk, widths of streets and car parking requirements. The height

shall be measured from the highest adjoining sidewalkof groud surfac: Provided,

that the height measured from the highest adjoining sirface shall not exceed such

maximum height by more than 3.00 meters; Except, that towers, spires, and steepls,

erected as part of a building and not used for habitation or storage are limited as to

height only by structural design if completely of incombustible materials, or may

extend not to exceed 6.00 meters above the height limits for each occupancy group

of combustible materials.

v. NBCP, P.D. NO 1096, § 709 : REQUIREMENTS FOR OTHER GROUP

OCCUPANCIES.

Subject to the provisions of this Code, the Secretary shall promulgate rules

and regulations for each of the other Group Occupancies covering: allowable

12
construction, height, and area; location on property, exit facilities, light, ventilation,

and sanitation; enclosures of vertical openings; fire extinguishing systems; and

special hazards.

vi. NBCP, P.D. NO 1096, § 809: VENT SHAFTS

(a) Ventilation or vent shafts - shall have a horizontal cross~sectional area of

not ·less than 0.10 square meter for every meter of height of shaft but in

no case shall the area be less than 1.00 square meter. No vent shaft shall

have its least dimension less than 600 millimeters.

(b) Skylights - Unless open to the outer air at the top for its full area, vent

shaft shall be covered by a skylight having a net free area or fixed louver

openings equal to the maximum required shaft area.

(c) Air ducts shall open to a street. or court by a horizontal duct or intake at

point below the lowest window opening. Such duct or intake shall have

a minimum unobstructed cross-sectional area of not less than 0.30

square meter with a minimum dimension of 300 millimeters. The

openings to the duct or intake shall be not less than 300 millimeters

above the bottom of the shaft and the street surface or level of court, at

the respective ends of the duct or intake.

vii. NBCP, P.D. NO 1096, § 810: VENTILATION SKYLIGHTS

(a) Skylights shall have a glass area not less than that required for the

windows that are replaced. They shall be equipped with movable sashes or

louvers with an aggregate net free area not less than that required tor

13
 openable parts in the window that are replaced orprovided with approved

artificial ventilation of equivalent effectiveness.

viii. NBCP, P.D. NO 1096, § 811: ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION

(a) Rooms or spaces housing industrial or heating equipment shall be

provided with artificial means of ventilation to prevent excessive

accumulation of hot and/or polluted air.

(b) Whenever artificial ventilation is required, the equipment shall be

designed and constructed to meet the following minimum

requirements in air changes:

1. For rooms entirely above grade and used for office, clerical,

or administrative purposes, or as stores, sales rooms, restaurants,

markets, factories, workshops, or machinery rooms, not less than three

changes of air per hour shall be provided.

2. For rooms entirely above grade and used as bakeries, hotel or

restaurant kitchens, laundries other than accessory to dwellings, and boiler

rooms- not less than ten changes of air per hour shall be provided.

3. For auditorium and other rooms used for assembly purposes, with

seats or other accommodations - not less than 0.30 cubic meter of air per

minute shall be supplied for each person.

4. Forwards and dormitories of institutional buildings - not less than

0.45 cubic meter of air per minute shall be. supplied for each person

accommodated.

14
 5. For other rooms or spaces not specifically covered under this

Section of then Code, applicable provisions of the Philippine Mechanical

Engineering Code, shall be followed.

ix. NBCP, P.D. NO 1096, § 901 : GENERAL.

Subject to the provisions of Book II of the Civil Code of the Philippines on Property,

Ownership, and its Modification, all buildings hereafter erected, altered, remodeled,

relocated or repaired for human habitation shall be provided with adequate and potable water

supply, plumbing installation, and suitable wastewater treatment or disposal system, storm

water drainage, pest and vermin control, noise abatement device, and such other measures

required for the protection and promotion of health of persons occupying the premises and

other living nearby.

x. NBCP, P.D. NO 1096, § 902 : WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

a) Whenever available, the potable water requirements for a building used

for a human habitation shall be supplied from existing municipal or city

waterworks system.

(b) The quality of drinking water from meteoric, surface or underground

sources shall conform to the criteria set in the latest approved National

Standards for Drinking Water.

(c) The design, construction and operation of deepwells for the

abstraction of groundwater shall be subject to the provisions of the Water

Code of the Philippines.

15
 (d) The design, construction and operation of independent waterworks

systems of private housing subdivisions or industrial estates shan be

governed by existing laws relating to local waterworks system.

(e) The water piping installations inside buildings and premises shall

conform to the provisions of the National Plumbing Code of the

Philippines.

xi. NBCP, P.D. NO 1096, § 903 : WATER DISPOSAL SYSTEM

(a) Sanitary sewage from buiidings and neutralized or pre-treated industrial

wastewater shall be discharged directly into the nearest street sanitary

sewer main of existing municipal or city sanitary sewerage system in

accordance with the criteria set by the Code on Sanitation and the National

Pollution Control Commission.

(b) All buildings located in areas where there are no available sanitary

sewerage system shall dispose their sewage "Imhoff" or septic tank and

subsurface absorption field.

(c) Sanitary and industrial plumbing installations inside buildings and

premises shall conform to the provisions of the National Plumbing Code.

16
xii. NBCP, P.D. NO 1096, § 904 : STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM

(a) Rainwater drainage shall not discharge to the sanitary sewer

system.

(b) Adequate provisions shall be made to drain low areas in

buildings and their premises.

xiii. NBCP, P.D. NO 1096, § 905 : PEST AND VERMIN CONTROL

(a) All buildings with hollow and/or wood construction shall be provided

with rat proofing.

(b) Garbage bins and receptacJes shaH be provided with ready means for

cleaning and with positive protection against entry of pest and vermins.

(c) Dining rooms for public use without artificial ventilation shall be

properly screened.

xiv. NBCP, P.D. NO 1096, § 906: NOISE POLLUTION CONTROL.

Industrial establishments shall be provided with positive noise abatement

devices to tone down the noise level of equipment and machineries to acceptable

limits set down by the Department of Labor and the National Pollution Control

Commission.

xv. NBCP, P.D. NO 1096, § 1001 : GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

(a) No part of any building or structure or any of its appendages shall project

17
 beyond the property line of the building site, except as provided in this Code.

(b) The projection of any structure or appendage over a public property shall

be the d istance measured horizontally from the property line to the

outermost point of the projection.

xvi. NBCP, P.D. NO 1096, § 1002 : PROJECTION INTO ALLEYS ORSTREETS

(a) No part of any structure or its appendage shall project into any alley or street,

national road or public highway except as provided in this Code.

(b) Footings located at least 2.40 meters below grade along national roads or

public highway may project not more than 300 millimeters beyond the property

line.

(c) Foundations may be permitted to encroach into public sidewalk areas to a

width not exceeding 500 millimeters; provided, that the top of the said

foundations is not less than 600 millimeters below the established grade; and

provided further, that said projection does not obstruct any existing utility such

as power, communication, gas, water, or sewer lines, unless the owner

concerned shall pay the corresponding entities for the rerouting of the parts of

the affected utilities.

xvii. NBCP, P.D. NO 1096, § 1006 : MOVABLE AWNINGS OR HOODS

(a) Definition. An awning is a movable shelter supported entirely from an

exterior wall of a building and of a type which can be retracted, folded, or

collapse against the face of a supporting building.

(b) Clearance. The horizontal clearance between the awning and the curb line

18
 shall not be less than 300 millimeters. The vertical clearance between the

undermost surface of the awning and the pavement or ground line shall be

not less than 2.40 meters. Collapsible awnings shall be so designated that

they shall not block a required exit when collapsed or folded.

xviii. NBCP, P.D. NO 1096, § 1207 : STAIRS, EXITS, AND OCCUPANT LOADS

(a) General. The construction of stairs and exits shall conform to the

occupant load requirements of buildings, reviewing stands, bleachers,

and grandstands,

(1) Determination of Occupant Loads. The occupant load permitted in

any building or portion thereof shall be determined by dividing the

floor area assigned to that used by the unit area allowed per occupant

as determined by the Secretary.

(2) Exit Requirements. Exit requirements of a building or portion

thereof used for different purposes shall be determined by the

occupant load which gives the largest number of persons. No

obstruction shall be placed in the required width of an exit except

projections permitted by this Code.

(3) Posting of Room Capacity. Any room having an occupant load of

more than 50 where fixed seats are not installed, and which is used for

classroom, assembly, or similar purpose shall have the capacity of the

room posted in a conspicuous place near the main exit from the room.

19
 (4) Changes in Elevation. Except in Group A Occupancies, changes in

floor elevations of less than 300 millimeters along any exit serving a

tributary occupant load of10 or more shall be by means of ramps.

(b) Exits

(1) Number of Exits. Every building or usable portion thereof shall

have at least one exit. In all occupancies, floors above the first storey

having an occupant load of more than 10 shall not have less than two

exits. Each mezzanine floor used for other than storage purposes, if

greater in area than 185 square meters or more than 18.00 meters in

any dimension, shalt have at least two stairways to an adjacent floor.

Every storey or portion thereof, having an occupant load of 500 to

999 shall have at least three exits. Every storey or portion thereof

having an occupant toad of 1000 or more shall have at least four (4)

exits. The number of exits required from any storey of a building shall

be determined by using the occupant loads of floors which exit

through the level under consideration as follows: 60 percent of the

occupant load in the first adjacent storey above (and the first adjacent

storey below, when a storey below exits through the level under

consideration) and 25 percent of the occupant load in the storey

immediately beyond the first adjacent storey. The maximum number

of exits required for any storey shall be maintained until egress is

provided from the structures. For purposes of this Section basement or

cellars and occupied roofs shall be provided with exits as required for

20
storeys. Floors above the second storey, basements and cellars used

for other than service of the building shall have not less than two exits.

(2) Width. The total width of exits in meters shall not be less than the

total occupant load served divided by 165. Such width of exits shall

be divided approximately equally among the separate exits. The total

exit width required from any storey of a building shall be determined

by using the occupant load of that storey plus the percentage of the

occupant loads of floors which exits through the level under

consideration as follows: fifty (50) percent of the occupant load in the

first adjacent storey above (and the first adjacent storey below when a

storey below exits through the level under consideration) and twenty

five percent of the occupant load in the storey immediately beyond the

first adjacent storey. The maximum exit width from any storey of a

building shall be maintained.

(3) Arrangement of Exits. If only two exits are required, they shall be

placed a distance apart to not less than one-fifth of the perimeter of

the area served measured in a straight line between exits. Where three

or more exits are required, they shall be arranged a reasonable

distance apart so that if one becomes blocked the others will be

available.

(4) Distance to Exists. No point in a building without a sprinkler

system shall be more than 45.00 meters from an exterior exit door, a

horizontal exit, exit passageway, or an enclosed stairway, measured

along the line of travel. In a building equipped with a complete

21
 automatic fire extinguishing system the distance from exits may be

increased to 60.00 meters.

(c) Exit Signs and Illuminations

Exits shall be illuminated at any time the building is occupied with lights

having an intensity of not less than 10.7 lux at floor level: Except, that for Group A

Occupancies, the exit illumination shall be provided with separate circuits or

separated sources of power (but not necessarily separate from exit signs when these

are required for exit sign illumination).

(l) Aisles. Every portion of every building in which are installed seats, tables,

merchandise, equipment, or similar materials shall be provided with aisles

leading to an exit. ·

(2) Width. Every aisle shall be not less than 800 millimeters wide if serving

only one side, and not less than 1 meter wide if serving both sides. Such

minimum width shall be measured at the point farthest from an exit, cross aisle,

or foyer and shall be increased by 30 millimeters for every meter in length

towards the exit, cross aisle or foyer. Side aisles shall not be less than 1.10

meters in width.

(3) Exit Distance. In areas occupied by seats and in Groups Hand I

Occupancies without seats, the line of travel to an exit door by an aisle shall be

not more than 45.00 meters. With standard spacing, as specified in this Code,

aisles shall M so located that there will be not more than seven seats between

the wall and an aisle and not more than fourteen seats between aisles. The

number of seats between aisles may be increased to 30 where exist doors are

22
 provided along each side aisle of the row of seats at the rate of one pair of exit

doors for every five rows of seats, provided further that the distance between

seats back-to-back is at least one meter. Such exit doors shall ·provide a

minimum clear width of 1.70 meters.

(4) Cross Aisles. Aisles shall terminate in a cross aisle, foyer, or exit. The

width of the cross aisles shall be not less than the sum of the required width of

the widest aisle plus fifty percent of the total required width of the remaining

aisle leading thereto. In Groups C, H and E Occupancies, aisles shall not be

provided a dead end greater than 6.00 meters in length.

(5) Vomitories. Vomitories connecting the foyer or main exit with the cross

aisles shall have a total width not less than the sum of the required width of the

widest aisles leading thereto plus fifty percent of the total required width of the

remaining aisles leading there to.

(6) Slope. The slope portion of aisles shall not exceed a fall of 1 in 8.

xix. NBCP, P.D. NO 1096, § 1212 : FIRE-EXTINGUISHER SYSTEM

(a) Fire· Extinguishing Systems - Where required, standard automatic fire-

extinguishing systems shall be installed in the following places, and in the manner

provided in this Code.

(1) In every storey, basement or cellar with an area of 200 square meters or

more which is used for habitation, recreation, dining, study, or work, and

which has an occupant load of more than 20.

23
 (2) In all dressing rooms, rehearsal rooms, workshops or factories, and other

rooms with an occupant load of more than 10 or assembly halls under Group

H and J occupancies with occupant load of more than 500, and if the next

doors of said rooms are more than

30.00 meters from the nearest safe fire dispersal area of the building or

opening to an exit court or street. ·

(3) In all rooms used for storage or handling of photographic x-ray

nitrocellulose films and other inflammable articles.

(b) Dry Standpipes - Every building tour or more storeys in height shall be equipped

with one or more dry standpipes.

(1) Construction and Tests - Dry standpipes shall be of wrought Iron or galvanized

steel and together with fittings and connections shan be of sufficient strength to

withstand 20 kilograms per square centimeter of water pressure when ready for

service, without leaking at the joints, valves, or fittings. Tests shall be conducted by

the owner or the building contractor in tile presence of a representative of the

Building Official whenever deemed necessary for the purpose of certification of its

proper function.

(2) Size - Dry standpipes shall be of such size as to be capable of delivering

900 liters or water per minute from each of any three oudets simultaneously

under the pressure created by one fire engine or pumper based on the

standard equipment available.

(3) Number Required - Every building four or more storeys in height where

thearea of any floor above the third floor is 950 square meters or less, shall

24
be equipped with at least one dry standpipe and an additional standpipe shall

be installed for each additional 950 square meters or fraction thereof.

(4) Location - Standpipes shall be located within enclosed stairway landings

or near such stairways as possible or immediately inside of an exterior wall

and within 300 millimeters of an opening in a stairway enclosure of the

balcony or vestibule of a proof tower or an outside &X it stairway.

(5) Siamese Connections -Subject to the provisions of subparagraph (2} all

100 millimeters dry standpipes shall be equipped with a two-way Siamese

fire department connection. All 125-millimeter dry standpipes shall be

equipped with a three-way Siamese

fire department connection and 150 millimeters dry standpipes shall be

equipped with a four-way Siamese fire department connections. All Siamese

inlet connections shall be located on a street-front of the building and not

less than 300 millimeters nor more than 1.20 meters above the grade and

shall be equipped with a clapper-checks and substantial plugs. All Siamese

inlet connections shall be recessed in the wall or otherwise substantially

protected.

(6) Outlets - All dry standpipes shall extend from the ground floor to and

over 1M roof and shall be equipped with a 63 millimeters outlet not more

than 1.20 meters above the floor level at each storey. All dry standpipes shall

be equipped with a two-way 63 millimeters outlet above the roof. All outlets

shall be equipped with gate valves.

(7) Signs - An iron or bronze sign with raised letters at least 25 millimeters

high snail be rigidly attached to the building adjacent to all Siamese

25
 connections and such signs shall read: "CONNECTION TO DRY

STANDPIPE".

(c) Wet Standpipes - Every Group H and I Occupancy of any height, and every

Group C Occupancy of two more storeys in height, and every Group B, 0, E, F, and

G Occupancy of three or more storeys in height and every Group G and E

Occupancy over 1800 square meters in area shall be equipped with one or more

interior wet standpipes extending from the cellar or basemen.t into the topmost

storey: Provided, that Group H buildings having no stage and having a seating

capacity of less than 500 need not be equipped with interior wet standpipes.

(1) Construction - Interior wet standpipes shall be constructed of the same

materials as those required for dry standpipes.

(2) Size

(2.1) Interior wet standpipes shall have an internal diameter sufficient

to deliver 190 liters of water per minute under 2.0 kilograms per

square centimeter pressure at the hose connections. Buildings of

Group H and I Occupancy shall have wet standpipes systems capable

of delivering the required quantity and pressure from any two outlets

simultaneously; for all other occupancies only one outlet need be

figured to be opened at one time. In no case shall the internal

diameter of a wet standpipe be less than 50 millimeters, except when

the standpipe is attached to an automatic fire-extinguishing system.

(2.2) Any approved formula which determine pipe sizes on a pressure

drop basis my be used to determine pipe size for wet standpipe

26
 systems. The Building Official may require discharge capacity and

pressure tests on completed wet standpipe systems.

(3) Number required - The number of wet standpipes when required in this

Code shall be so determined that all portions of the building are within 6.00

meters of a nozzle attached to a hose 23.00 meters in length. ·

(4) Location - In Group H and I Occupancies, outlets shall be located as

follows: one on each side of the stage; one at the rear of the auditorium, and

one at the rear of the balcony. Where occupant loads are less than 500 the

above requirements may be waived: Provided, that portable fire-

extinguishers of appropriate capacity and type are installed within easy

access from the said locations. In Group B, C, O, E, F and G Occupancies,

the location) of all interior wet standpipes shall be in accordance with the

requirement for dry standpipes: Provided, that at least one standpipe is

Installed to cover not more than 650 square meters.

(5) Outlets. All interior wet standpipes shall be equipped with a 38 millimeter

valve in ·each storey, including the basement or cellar of the building. ·and

located not less than 300 miIIimeter nor more than 1.20 meters above the

floor. ·

(6) Threads. All those threads used in connection with the installation of

such standpipes, including valves and reducing fittings shall be uniform with

that prescribed by the Secretary.

(7) Water Supply. Afl interior wet standpipes shall be connected to a street

main not less than 100 millimeters in diameter, or when the water pressure is

27
insufficient, to a water tank of sufficient size as provided in subparagraph

(8). When more than one interior wet standpipe is required in the building,

such standpipe shaH be connected at their bases or at their tops by pipes of

equal size.

(8) Pressure and Gravity Tanks -Tanks shall have a capacity sufficient to

furnish at least 1,500 liters per minute for a period of not less than 10

minutes. Such tanks shall be located so as to provide not less than 2

kilograms per square centimeter pressure at the topmost base outlet for its

entire supply. Discharge pipes from pressure tanks shall extend 50

millimeters into and-above the bottom of such tanks. All tanks shall be tested

in place after installation and proved tight at a hydrostatic pressure fifty

percent in excess of the working pressure required. Where such tanks are

used for domestic purposes the supply pipe for such purposes shall be

located at or above the center line of such tanks. Incombustible supports

shall be provided for all such supply tanks and not fess than a 900

millimeters clearance shall be maintained over the top and under the bottom

of all pressure tanks. ·

(9) Fire pumps. Fire pumps shall have a capacity of not less than 1,000 liters

per minute with a pressure not less than 2 kilograms per square centimeter at

the topmost hose outlet. The source Of. supply for such pump shall be a

street water main of not less than 100 millimeters diameter or 8 well or

cistern containing 8 one-hour supply. Such pumps shalt be supplied with an

adequate source of power and shall be automatic in operation.

(10) Hose and Hose Reels - Each hose outlet of all interior wet standpipes

28
 shall be supplied with a hose not less than 38 millimeters in diameter. Such

hose shall be equipped with a suitable brass or bronze nozzle and shalt be

not over 23.00 meters in length. An approved standard form of wall hose

reel or rack shall be provided for the hose and shall be located so as to make

the hose readily accessible at all times and· shall be recessed in the walls or

protected by suitable cabinets.

(d) Basement Pipe Inlets - Basement pipe inlets shall be installed in ·the first floor

of every store, warehouse, or factory where there· are cellars or basements under

same: Except, where in such cellars or basements there is installed a fire-

extinguishing system as specified in this Code or where such cellars or basements

are used for banking purposes, safe deposit vaults, or similar uses.

(1) Material - All. basement pipe inlets shall be of cast iron, steel,

brass, bronze with lids of cast brass or bronze· and shall consist of a

sleeve not less than 200 millimeters in diameter through the floor

extending· to and flush with the ceiling below and with a top flange,

recessed with an inside shoulder, to receive the lid and flush with the

finished floor surface. The lid shall be a solid casting and shall have a

ring lif~ recessed. on the top thereof. so as to be- flushed. The lid

shall have the words "FOR FIRE DEPARTMENT ONLY, DO NOT

COVER UP'; cast on the top thereof. The lid shall be installed in such

a manner as to permit its removal readily from the inlet.

(2) Location. Basement pipe inlets shall be ·strategically located and

kept readily accessible at all times to the Fire Department.

29
(e) Approval - All fire-extinguishing systems, including automatic sprinklers, wet

lnd dry standpipes, automatic- chemical extinguishers, basement pipe -inte1S, and

the appurtenances thereto shall meet the approval of the Fire Department as to

installation end location and shall be subject to such periodic tests as it may require.

xx. NBCP, P.D. NO 1096, § 1302 : MECHANICAL REGULATIONS

All mechanical systems, equipment and installations mentioned in this Code shall

conform to the provisions of the Philippine Mechanical Engineering Code, as adopted by

the Board of Mechanical Engineering pursuant to Commonwealth Act No. 294 as

amended, otherwise known as the Mechanical Engineering Law.

xxi. NBCP, P.D. NO 1096, § 2001 : GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

(a) No sign or signboard shall be erected in such a manner as to

confuse or obstruct the view or interpretation of any official traffic

sign, signal, or device.

(b) No sign or signboard shall be constructed as to unduly obstruct the

natural view of the landscape, distract or obstruct the view of the

public as to constitute a traffic hazard, or otherwise defile, debase or

offend aesthetic and cultural values and traditions.

xxii. NBCP, P.D. NO 1096, § 2003 : DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

Sign structures shall be designed and constructed to resist all forces in accordance

with the National Structural Code for Buildings. For signs on buildings, the dead lateral

30
loads shall be transmitted through the structural frame of the building to the ground in sach a

manner u not to overstress any of the elements of the building. The weight of earth

superimposed over footings may be used in determi ning the dead load resisting moment.

Such earth shall be carefully placed and thoroughly compacted.

b.) FIRE CODE

The Fire Code of the Philipines of 2008, or Republic Act No. 9514, is, as

stated in Section II, the “policy of the State to ensure public safety, promote

economic development through the prevention and suppression of all kinds, of

destructive fires, and promote the professionalization of the fire service as a

profession”. To this end, all legislation, rules and regulations shall be implemented

by the State to ensure compliance with uniform fire prevention and safety measures

and to encourage transparency in the field of fire protection and prevention services.

Community malls are grouped under the mercantile occupancies in Div.3,

“Classification of Occupancy”. Mercantile occupancies include: malls;

supermarkets; department stores; shopping centers; flea markets; restaurants of less

than 50 persons capacity; public/private dry and wet markets; water refilling stations;

drugstores; hardwares/construction supplies; showrooms; and auction rooms. It is of

moderate hazard as classified under the “Classification of Hazards”. Community

mall are further classified under Class A in the subclassification of Mercantile

occupancies (“aII stores having aggregate gross area of two thousand seven

hundred eighty seven square meters (2,787 m2) or more, or utilizing more than

three (3) floor levels for sales purposes”)

31
For purposes of determining required exits, the occupant load of mercantile

buildings or parts of building used for mercantile purposes shall not be less

than the following:

a. Street floor, one (I) person for each two and eight-tenths square

meters (2.8 m2) gross floor area. In stores with no street floor as

defined in Division 2 of this Chapter, but with access directly from

the street by stairs or escalators, the principal floor at the point of

entrance to the store shall be considered the street floor. In stores

where due to difference in grade of streets on different sides, there are

two (2) or more floors directly accessible from the street (not

including alleys or similar back streets), each such floor shall be

considered a street floor for the purpose of determining occupant load.

b. Due to differences in grade of streets on different sides, two or

more floors directly accessible from streets (not including alleys or

similar back streets) exist; each such floor is permitted to be

considered a street floor. The occupant load factor is one person for

each 3.7 square meters of gross floor area of sales space.

c. Sales floors below the street floor: same as street floor.

d. Upper floors, used for sale: one (1) person for each five and six

tenths square meters (5.6 m2) gross floor area.

e. Floor or sections used only for offices, storage, shipping and not

open to the general public: one (1) person for each nine and three-

tenths (9.3) square meters gross floor area.

32
f. Floors or sections used for assembly purposes: occupant load

determined in accordance with Division 8 of this Chapter.

g. Covered Walls: one (1) person for each two and eight-tenths square

meters (2.8 m2) gross floor area. 2. Where any required egress

capacity from a balcony or mezzanine passes through the room below,

that required capacity. The exits of the street floor shall be adequate

for the occupant load of the street floor plus the 187 necessary

capacity of stairs and ramps discharging through the street floor.

Every commercial occupancy shall be illuminated by exit lights and

signs in pursuant to Section 10.2.5.11 and Section 10.2.5.12 of this

IRR. In any mercantile occupancy, exposed portions of structural

members complying with the requirements for heavy timber

construction may be permitted. Laminated wood shall be delaminate

under the influence of heat. All malls and other similar establishments

shall not be utilized as display centers for selling of firecrackers and

pyrotechnics unless done through media presentation or other means

without necessarily displaying the said firecrackers therein;

Community malls shall have approved, supervised automatic

sprinkler system protection shall be installed in accordance with

Section 10.2.6.5 of this IRR as it exceeds 1,115 m2 in gross area.

33
C.) BP344

1. DROPPED CURBS

1.1 Changes in level walkways should be by a

dropped curb.

1.2 Dropped curbs should be provided at

pedestrian crossings and at the end of

walkways of a private street or access road.

1.3 Dropped curbs at crossings have a width

corresponding to the width of the crossing;

otherwise, the minimum width is 0.90 m.

1.4 Dropped curbs shall be ramped towards

adjoining curbs with a gradient not more than

1:12.

1.5 Dropped curbs shall be sloped

towards the road with a maximum cross

gradient of 1:20 to prevent water from

collecting at the walkway.

1.6 The lowest point of a dropped curb should not exceed 25 mm from the

road or gutter.

34
2. CURB CUT-OUTS

2.1 Curb cut-outs should only be

allowed when it will not obstruct a

walkway or in any way lessen the

width of a walkway.

2.2 The minimum

width of a curb cut-out should be 0.90 M. 2.3 Curb cut-outs should have a gradient not more

than 1:12.

3. WALKWAYS AND PASSAGEWAYS

3.1 Walkways should be kept as level as

possible and provided with slip-resistant

material.

3.2 Whenever and wherever possible,

walkways should have a gradient no more than

1:20 or 5%. 3.3 Walkways should have a

maximum cross gradient of 1:100.

3.3. Walkways should have a minimum width of

1.20 meters.

35
4. PARKING AREAS

1.1 Parking spaces for the disabled

should allow enough space for a person

to transfer to a wheelchair from a

vehicle; Accessible parking slots should

have a minimum width of 3.70 m.;

1.2 A walkway from accessible spaces of 1.20

m. clear width shall be provided between

the front ends of parked cars;

1.3 Provide dropped curbs or curb cut-outs to the parking level where access walkways are

raised; 1.4 Pavement markings, signs or other means shall be provided to delineate parking

spaces for the handicapped; 1.5 Parking spaces for

the disabled should never be located at ramped or

sloping

5. ENTRANCES

Entrances should be accessible from arrival and

departure points to the One (1) entrance level

should be provided where elevators are

accessible; In case entrances are not on the

36
same level of the site arrival grade, ramps

should be provided as access to the entrance level;

Entrances with vestibules shall be provided a level area

with at least a 1.80 m. depth and a 1.50 m. width;

6. HANDRAILS

6.1 Handrails should be installed at both sides of

ramps and stairs and at the outer edges of

dropped curbs. Handrails at dropped curbs

should not be installed beyond the width of any

crossing so as not to obstruct pedestrian flow.

6.2 Handrails shall be installed at 0.90 m and

0.70 m above steps or ramps. Handrails for

protection at great heights may be installed at 1.0 m to 1.06 m.

6.3 A 0.30 m long extension of the handrail should be provided at the start and

end of ramps and stairs.

6.4 Handrails that require full grip should have a dimension of 30 mm to 50 mm.

6.5 Handrails attached to walls should have a clearance no less than 50 mm from

the wall. Handrails on ledges should have a clearance not less than 40 mm.

37
7. OPEN SPACES

7.1 Where open spaces are provided, the blind can

become particularly disoriented. Therefore, it is

extremely helpful if any walkway or paths can be given defined edges either by the use of

planters with dwarf walls, or a grass verge, or similar, which provides a texture different

from the path.

d.) GREEN BUILDING CODE

Section 10. Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency requires the adoption of efficient practices, designs, methods and

technologies that reduce energy consumption resulting in cost savings. 10.1 BUILDING

ENVELOPE

10.1 Air Tightness and Moisture Protection

a. General- As the humidity levels are very high in the Philippines, the unwanted

infiltration and humidity ingress into the spaces can cause additional load on the air

conditioning system and a detrimental impact on air quality. Buildings must be

planned and designed with specific details to ensure that air tightness is maximized.

Details should precisely include joints, service entry points, windows and doors. The

implementation of these measures requires only increased attention to the

construction details and it can be implemented at practically no cost.

38
Section 11. WATER EFFICIENCY

Water efficiency requires the adoption of efficient practices, plan, design, materials,

fixtures, equipment and methods that reduce water consumption resulting in cost savings.

11.1 WATER FIXTURES

a. General- Efficient water fixtures include faucets, showerheads and water closets that

use less water in order to perform the same function of cleaning as effectively as

standard models. Water efficiency is an important aspect, especially as fresh water

resources start getting depleted at a rate faster than they are replenished. Use of

efficient plumbing fixtures, sensors, auto control valves, aerators, flow control and

pressure-reducing devices, wherever possible, can result in significant reduction in

water consumption.

Section 12. MATERIAL SUSTAINABILITY

Material Sustainability governs all matters related to resource efficiency and material

selection and use with the least impact on the environment.

12.1 Non-Toxic Materials

a. General- Non-Toxic building materials refer to building materials

without hazardous or toxic chemicals that could cause Sick Building

Syndrome (SBS) and eventually lead to Building Related Illness (BRI).

Section 13. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Efficient waste management requires the adoption of efficient waste

management practices and use of eco-friendly materials.

39
 13.1 Material Recovery Facility (MRF)

a. General- MRF shall be provided for the collection and

segregation of solid waste materials

Section 14. SITE SUSTAINABILITY

Site sustainability requires the adoption of planning, design, construction and

operation practices that minimize the adverse impact of buildings on ecosystems and water

resources.

14.1 Site / Ground Preparation and Earthworks

a. General- Site clearing, grading and excavation shall be

planned at the start of construction to mitigate pollution caused

by erosion and sedimentation taking into consideration existing

endemic foliage as regulated by the DENR.

Section 15. INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

Indoor Environmental Quality requires the adoption of efficient design and operation

practices that take into consideration the building environment to improve occupant health,

productivity and safety.

15.1 Minimum Fresh Air Rates

a. General- The building indoor environment can contain more

contaminants many times over than the outside. Various studies have

shown that indoor air contaminants can cause health disorders, through

symptoms of SBS and BRI. The introduction and application of

40
 minimum fresh air rates will maintain acceptable indoor air quality thru

the constant replacement of indoor air in buildings

5. RA9003- Solid Waste Management

RA9003 declares that it is the policy of the State to adopt a systematic,

comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program which shall:

(a) Ensure the protection of the public health and environment;

(b) Utilize environmentally-sound methods that maximize the utilization of valuable

resources and encourage resource conservation and recovery;

(c) Set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance and volume reduction

through source reduction and waste minimization measures,

(d) Ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and

disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adoption of the best

environmental practice in ecological waste management excluding incineration;

(e) Promote national research and development programs for improved solid waste

management and resource conservation techniques, more effective institutional

arrangement and indigenous and improved methods of waste reduction, collection,

separation and recovery;

(f) Encourage greater private sector participation in solid waste management;

(g) Retain primary enforcement and responsibility of solid waste management with

local government units while establishing a cooperative effort among the national

government, other local government units, nongovernment organizations, and the

private sector;

41
(h) Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among waste generators through the

application of market-based instruments;

(i) Institutionalize public participation in the development and implementation of

national and local integrated, comprehensive, and ecological waste management

programs; and

(j) Strength the integration of ecological solid waste management and resource

conservation and recovery topics into the academic curricula of formal and non-

formal education in order to promote environmental awareness and action among

the citizenry.

42
REFERENCES

https://www.canvassco.com/post/2016/04/18/the-new-hype-on-

community-mall https://meyersdalmall.co.za/community-malls/

https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/mall-management/history-of-malls

management/87292#:~:text=The%20first%20shopping%20mall%20was,1980s%2

C%20 giant%20megamalls%20were%20developed.

http://mallarchitecture.weebly.com/types-of-shopping-malls.html

PDF Files

National Building Code of the Philippines

http://ray.dilg.gov.ph/files/national_building_code_of_the_philippines.pdf

Fire Code

https://car.bfp.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Fire-Code-of-the-

Philippines 2008-IRR.pdf

BP344

https://www.ncda.gov.ph/disability-laws/implementing-rules-and-

regulationsirr/ irr-of-bp-344/

Green Building Code

https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/DPWH/references/laws_codes_orde

rs/pgbc RA9003 - Solid Waste Management

https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2001/ra_9003_2001.html

43