Deceptions makes immoral or illegal is

when it is committed to take advantage of

other people or when it violates the law.
• Commonly, it is due to fear of detection that
one has committed something undesirable or
would like to preserve something valuable.
• people often tell the seemingly harmless
white lies" to avoid hurting the feelings of
another person or to avoid embarrassment.
I. Ancient Methods of Detecting Deception
II. Observation Method
III. Hypnotism
IV. Word Association Test
V. Narco-Hypnosis and Narcoanalysis (Truth
Serum)
VI. Intoxication
VII. Psychological Stress Evaluator
VIII. Polygraph Test Technique
When these methods were
applied, the intervention of
spirits and deities was
invoked to protect the
person supposedly telling
the truth. If the accused
got injured or failed the
test, then the
commensurate punishment
will be imposed.
 Red Hot Iron Ordeal
• Hill Tribe of North Bengal,
India
• Bar of red-hot-iron while
he walked nine marked
paces
• No burns appears on his
hands, he is adjudged
innocent
• Hanged promptly
 Ordeal by Balance
• Institute if Vishnu, India
• One end of the scale the
accused is placed and on
the other end is a
counterbalance
• Step out of the scale and
listen to a judge deliver an
exhortation on balance and
get back in
• Lighter than before, he
should be acquitted
 Ordeal by Water
The water was symbolic of the
flood of the Old Testament
where it showed that water
washed sins from the face of the
Earth, allowing only the
righteous minority to survive.
 Boiling Water Ordeal
• Laws of Althestan, first king of
England
• Lifting stone out of a boiling
water, with the hand inserted
as deep as the wrist
• Burn was bandage for three
days before the fateful
examination
 Cold Water Ordeal
• Usual mode of trial for person
accused being a witch
• Accused’s feet and hand will be
tied and lowered to the cold
water by rope
• This rope is tied around the
defendant’s waist.
• If both knot and accused dipped
beneath the surface of the water,
the accused is proven innocent
• If the knot is dry or if the water
refused to received him, the
defendant was guilty.
 Ordeal by Rice Chewing
• Eats a Sathee rice with the face
to the east and then spits upon
a pea leaf
• If saliva is mixed with blood or
the corner of the mouth swells
or he trembles, he is declared
to be a liar
• Indian practiced this ordeal
 Trial by Combat
• The aggrieved party claimed
the right to fight the alleged
offender or to pay a champion
to fight for him
• Victor is said to win not
because of his strength but
because of supernatural powers
that had intervened on the side
of the right
 Test of the Eucharist
• Applied chiefly among the
clergy and monks
• When they took the host, it
was believed that God would
smite the guilty with sickness
or death
• Others believed, if the accused
is innocent when given a
poisonous drink for him to
take in, the Angel Gabriel will
descend from heaven to
prevent the innocent form
taking in the poisonous drinks.
 Ordeal of the Bier
• Ancient belief that the slain
dead could point out their killer
• When the murderer is near; he
(corpse) began to bleed again.
 Ordeal of the Needle
• A red-hot needle was made to
pierce the lower lip of the
alleged criminal
• If blood flowed from the
wound, he was deemed guilty,
but if none, he is innocent
 Ordeal by Heat
• The accused will walked
barefoot over red-hot
coals, or made to walk
through fire
• If he was unharmed, he
was considered innocent
 Ordeal of the Tiger
• Practiced in Siam
• The accused and the accuser
are place inside a cage of a
tiger, if the tiger spares one of
them, he is considered innocent
A subject under stress on account of the stimulation
of the sympathetic nervous system may exhibit
changes which may be used as a potential clue of
deception. One or more combination of these signs
are not conclusive or reliable proof of the guilt of
the subject, their presences infers further
investigation to ascertain the truth of the
impression.
A deceptive subject can learn to control the muscles
of his face and body; and may present a poker face
in an attitudinal innocence. The spoken words and
facial expressions of the subject should be the focus
of observation when interrogating a suspect.

Verbal Clues
Non-Verbal Clues
Words that are spoken
Speed of delivery of the words
Tone of voice
Tense of the language

Truthful people tend to be direct

Untruthful people tend to be cautious
about their answers
Truthful people answers immediately after
the question is asked
Untruthful people takes their time in
giving a response
Delaying tactic: “who me?”, “why
would I do that?”
Another means for the deceiver to gain
time to frame his or her answer.
Question may be repeated word per
word, or the respondent may frame the
answer with a request to repeat the
question
“Are you asking me if I took the bribe?”
Untruthful person often speaks in
disjointed or curtailed sentences
“I…I can’t think…”
Many liars will speak half-truth as well
and qualifiers
“…to the best of my memory” or “…If I
recall correctly”
Anger is a common response to an unjust
accusation, as well as answering the
statement with abrupt “No”
A deceptive persons sometimes tends to
be overly polite
Lying persons will frequently utter oaths
“I swear to God I didn’t do it”
“I swear on my father’s grave”
“Hope to die”
Most truthful persons do not need to
swear or affirm
Truthful subjects have no trouble denying
the allegation in precise terms
“Perhaps the amount was P100,
000.00”
False ones will have problems with the
used of words
Untruthful suspects also tend to deny
specific instances
“I did not take P5,000.00 in kickbacks”
Contradicting testimonies made by the
witness
If Pedro says that he meet Juan for
drinks, and then later denies the same
statement, there can be two
explanations: he was mistaken, or he
was lying.
Body movements
Gestures
Facial expressions
Body postures
Positioning and movements used to
explain chosen words
Often performed deliberately
Expressions made by the body, whose
meanings are clearly understood.
Shaking and nodding of the head
Shrugging the shoulders
Universal “thumbs up sign”
Touching one’s self
Grooming one’s hair
Picking imaginary fur from a coat
Props
Cigarettes
Pencils
Body movement, fidgeting arise with stress
Increase in breathing rate or volume may
be a sign of deception

Too much sweating could very well indicate

an involuntary reflex in deception
A dry mouth frequently accompanies deep
emotion
Often the subject is not aware of increased
effort at swallowing
Swallowing might indicate deception
Other muscles are not easy to control, but
people can control specific facial muscles
To force a smile is easy, but even
beginners will notice something is wrong
about it
Eyes express more emotion as any other
part of the anatomy
Blinking
Pupil dilation
Tears
Face can have two messages: (1) what the
liar is trying to show or (2) what he or she
is trying to hide
Reddening or blushing of the face can
show strong emotion but is not a reliable
sign of deception