MySQL - Crash Course (PDFDrive)

<Insert Picture Here>
MySQL: Crash Course

Keith Larson
keith.larson@oracle.com
MySQL Community Manager
http://sqlhjalp.com/pdf/MySQL_crashcourse_2012.pdf
Safe Harbor Statement
The following is intended to outline our general product

direction. It is intended for information purposes only,
and may not be incorporated into any contract. It is not a
commitment to deliver any material, code, or
functionality, and should not be relied upon in making
purchasing decisions.
The development, release, and timing of any features or

functionality described for Oracle’s products remains at
the sole discretion of Oracle.
Who am I and who are you?
Keith Larson
MySQL Community Manager
http://www.sqlhjalp.com/
Started with MySQL during the dot.com days.

Primary real world work was with a MySQL InnoDB replicated chain environment that
easily held over 4 billion rows of user data.
Numerous other sites developed on LAMP stack over the last 13 years.
Who are you?

DBAs?
Developers?
Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 3

Session Agenda
• Oracle's Investment into MySQL

• A high-level overview
• Familiarize with the key concepts
• MySQL Editions

Pronunciation
The official way to pronounce “MySQL” is

“My Ess Que Ell”
but we do not mind if you pronounce it as

“my sequel”
It was named after Monty's Daughter Maria.

What is Sakila?
Sakila is the official name of the MySQL dolphin (the logo).
The name comes from a competition to What do you think of when you think of a dolphin?
name
the dolphin. The winning name was 
Fast
submitted by

Love-able
Ambrose Twebaze, an Open Source
software 
Agile
developer from Swaziland, Africa. 
Intelligent

Social
According to Ambrose, the name Sakila 
Everyone loves a dolphin
has its roots in SiSwati, the local language
of Swaziland.
Sakila is also the name of a town in

Arusha,Tanzania, near Ambrose's country
of origin, Uganda.
https://wikis.oracle.com/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=27394602

A little background
MySQL AB founded 1995 by Michael Widenius, David Axmark, and
Allan Larsson
Initial release : 23 May 1995
Marten Mickos was CEO January 2001 to February 2008
2005 - Oracle Acquires Innobase (founded by Heikki Tuuri)

A little background
Acquired by SUN Microsystems in 2008 for 1B USD

Acquired by Oracle in 2009
Dual licensing: GPL v.2 + commercial
Easy of use: the 15 minute rule has been cut down to 3 mins on
windows
“M” in “LAMP” stack
Marten Mickos CEO MySQL AB Jonathan Schwartz CEO SUN Larry Ellison CEO Oracle
http://www.mysql.com/news-and-events/sun-to-acquire-mysql.html

Session Agenda
• Oracle's Investment into MySQL

>70% of Oracle Shops run MySQL

Fast

Agile

Ease of use

Scalable

Enterprise Ready

Continuous Innovation with more product
releases than ever before
• MySQL Database
• MySQL Database 5.5 5.6
• MySQL Enterprise Backup 3.5 • MySQL Cluster 7.2
• MySQL Enterprise Monitor 2.3 DMR*
• MySQL Cluster Manager 1.1 and MySQL Labs!
All GA!
(“early and often”)
• MySQL Workbench 5.2
GA!
•MySQL Enterprise Monitor 2.2
•MySQL Cluster 7.1
• MySQL Cluster Manager 1.0
A Better MySQL
All GA!
*Development Milestone Release

Q2 CY2010 Q3 CY2010 Q4 CY2010 Q1 CY2011 Q2 CY2011

MySQL On the Cover
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/issue-archive/2011/11-jan/index-191276.html

Industry Leading Customers
Web OEM / ISV’s
SaaS, Cloud Telecommunications Enterprise 2.0
Rely on MySQL

Session Agenda
• A high-level overview

MySQL Terminology
• Database ( Files ) • Database Server Instance

• Database Instance ( memory)memory
• Database Server Instance
• Schema • Database
• User • User
• Table Space • Table Space
• Storage Engine

MySQL Logs
Error Log
– log-error
Binary Log
– Log-bin custom set via my.cnf
Slow Query Log
– Log-slow-queries
– Slow-query-time
– log-queries-not-using-indexes
General Log
– Log
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/server-logs.html

MySQL Logs
SHOW VARIABLES like '%log%';
+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| back_log | 50 |
| binlog_cache_size | 32768 |
| binlog_checksum | NONE |
| binlog_direct_non_transactional_updates | OFF |
| binlog_format | MIXED |
| binlog_row_image | FULL |
| binlog_rows_query_log_events | OFF |
| binlog_stmt_cache_size | 32768 |
| expire_logs_days |0 |
| general_log | OFF |
| general_log_file | /var/lib/mysql/kdlarson-pc.log |
…...

MySQL Query Analyzer
• Centralized monitoring of queries

without Slow Query Log, SHOW
PROCESSLIST;
• Enabled via MySQL Connectors
• Aggregated view of query execution
counts, time, and rows
• Visual “grab and go” correlation with
Monitor graphs
• Traces query executions back to
source code
Saves you time parsing atomic

executions from logs. Finds
problems you cannot find yourself.

Oracle Database Architecture
http://carlos.syr.edu/oracle-database-architecture/

MySQL Database Architecture

MySQL Server
Standalone (mysqld)
UNIX daemon
Windows service
Regular process on UNIX or Windows
Embedded (libmysqld)
Shared / Dynamic library

MySQL Server Components
Plugin 1 Plugin 2 Plugin 3

The Core
Plugins
Core
SQL-query processing, … Storage Engines
Full-text search
plugins
InnoDB MyISAM Audit plugins
Authentication
InnoDB InnoDB MyISAM plugins
DB1 DB2 DB3
…

MySQL Storage Engines
The Storage Engine (SE) defines data

storage and retrieval
Every regular table belongs to some SE
Most notable Storage Engines: CREATE TABLE `City` (
ÌD` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
InnoDB (default since 5.5) `Name` char(35) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`CountryCode` char(3) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
– fully transactional SE `District` char(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`Population` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
PRIMARY KEY (ÌD`),
MyISAM (default prior to 5.5) KEY `CountryCode` (`CountryCode`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1
– NON-transactional SE
Default Storage Engine used it not
defined

Select a specialized storage engine for a particular application
need.
InnoDB: a high-reliability and high-performance storage engine
for MySQL designed for transaction processing. It follows the
ACID model. Row-level locking and Oracle-style consistent
reads increase multi-user concurrency and performance
MyISAM: -oldest storage engine has many features
that have been developed over years.
Memory: creates tables with contents that are stored in memory.
MySQL Cluster offers the same features as the MEMORY
engine with higher performance levels, and provides
additional features

CSV: data file is a plain text file
ARCHIVE: is used for storing large amounts of data without

indexes in a very small footprint.
BLACKHOLE:accepts data but throws

it away and does not store it but the
binary log is enabled.

MySQL Partitioning
Open Source
Limitations Relating to Storage Engines
Horizontal partitioning
(distribute rows, not columns) CREATE TABLE members (
firstname VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
lastname VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
Partitioning functions: username VARCHAR(16) NOT NULL,
email VARCHAR(35),
The modulus )
joined DATE NOT NULL
Range PARTITION BY RANGE( YEAR(joined) ) (

PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (1960),
Internal hashing function PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (1980),
Linear hashing function PARTITION p4 VALUES LESS THAN
MAXVALUE
);
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/partitioning-overview.html
http://dev.mysql.com/tech-resources/articles/mysql_55_partitioning.html

MySQL Replication

MySQL Replication Overview
Top used Feature in MySQL
Used for Scalability and HA
Write to one master
Read from many slaves, easily add more as
needed
Perfect for read/write intensive apps
Asynchronous as standard
Semi-Synchronous support added in MySQL 5.5
Each slave adds minimal load on master
Replication formats:
Statement-based replication (SBR): propagate
SQL statements
Row-based replication (RBR): propagate row
changes
Mixed-based replication: SBR or RBR depending
on the query
http://sqlhjalp.com/pdf/2012_Scale_Replication.pdf

MySQL Replication Topologies
sqlhjalp.com/pdf/2012_Scale_Replication.pdf available for review

Replication Threads
Binlog dump thread
Slave I/O thread
Slave SQL thread
Replication Files
relay log
master info log
relay log info log



MySQL Replication
Oracle Integrations:
Golden Gate

Heterogeneous Replication between
MySQL, Oracle

MySQL specific optimizations

Hybrid web, enterprise applications
(Sabre Holdings)

Offload, scale query activity to MySQL
read-only slaves

Real-time access to web-based
analytics, reporting

Migration path from/to MySQL from
other databases with minimal downtime

MySQL Cluster
Not on a cluster but MySQL Cluster
Different source tree, different versioning (7.x)
Developed from Erickson
In-memory, shared-nothing architecture
“Synchronous, multi-master replication”
Availability
99.999% (<5 min downtime / year)
Performance
Response Time 2-5 millisecond (with synchronous replication and access via NDB
API
Throughput of 10,000+ replicated transactions/sec on a 2 Node Cluster, with 1 CPU
Per Node (minimal configuration)
Throughput of 100,000 replicated transactions/sec on 4 Node Cluster, with 2 CPU
Per Node (low-end configuration)
Failover
Sub-second failover enables you to deliver service without interruption
http://www.mysql.com/products/cluster/

MySQL Cluster
Node Failure Detection & Self-Healing Recovery
http://www.mysql.com/products/cluster/

MySQL Backup
The way depends on the application
Possible solutions:
Replication?
mysqldump
MySQL Enterprise Backup
Best solution is using all three.

# mysqldump -p --all-databases --master-data=1 >
/tmp/example_dump.sql
Not an online solution. Can/will lock tables.
http://www.amazon.com/Effective-MySQL-Backup-Recovery-Oracle/dp/0071788573


Online Backup for InnoDB

Support for MyISAM (Read-only)

High Performance Backup & Restore

Compressed Backup

Full Backup

Incremental Backup

Partial Backups

Point in Time Recovery

Unlimited Database Size

Cross-Platform

Windows, Linux, Unix
Ensures quick, online backup and recovery of your MySQL apps.

Usage:
ibbackup [--incremental lsn] [--sleep ms] [--suspend-at-end] [--compress [level]] [--include regexp] my.cnf backup-
my.cnf
or
ibbackup --apply-log [--use-memory mb] [--uncompress] backup-my.cnf
or
ibbackup --apply-log --incremental [--use-memory mb] [--uncompress] incremental-backup-my.cnf full-backup-my.cnf
The backup program does NOT make a backup of the .frm files of the tables,
and it does not make backups of MyISAM tables. To back up these items, either:
- Use the mysqlbackup program.
- Make backups of the .frm files with the Unix 'tar' or the Windows WinZip or an equivalent tool both BEFORE and
AFTER ibbackup finishes its work,and also store the MySQL binlog segment that is generated between the
moment
you copy the .frm files to a backup and the moment ibbackup finishes its work.
For extra safety, also use:
mysqldump -l -d yourdatabasename
to dump the table CREATE statements in a human-readable form before
ibbackup finishes its work.

Session Agenda
• Familiarize with the key concepts

MySQL Concepts
MySQL products support unicode.

Full Unicode 5.0 is supported for data, and for metadata we
support only characters for Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP).
Database or schema in Oracle world.
Current database (per connection)
Database – a set of files in “the data directory”
System database (mysql)
Virtual databases:
INFORMATION_SCHEMA
PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA

MySQL Privileges
User: username@hostname
Precisely: ‘user-name-mask’@’host-name-mask’
Host name – client host name (“from” host name)
User name mask:
can be empty (anonymous user) – all users
Host name mask:
can be empty – all host names (%)
can have ‘%’ (e.g.: %.foo.com)

MySQL Privileges
Connecting as foo from localhost…

Should be foo@%, right ?
The most specific values are used
BUT: host name matching is done before user name
+-----------+-------------------+
| Host | User |
+-----------+-------------------+ mysql -u foo -h localhost -p
| localhost | | ‘’@localhost will be chosen !
| localhost | bar |
|% | foo |
| localhost | root |
+-----------+-------------------+

MySQL Privileges -- Root
$ mysql -u root
ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using
password: NO)
$ mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
$ mysqladmin -u root -p password <passwordhere>
mysql> UPDATE mysql.user

SET Password=PASSWORD('<passwordhere>')
WHERE User='root';
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

MySQL Privileges
Do not know the root password?
Stop the service: # /etc/init.d/mysql stop
Restart with skip grand: # mysqld_safe --skip-grant-tables &
Connect as root: # mysql -u root
Set new password :
use mysql;
mysql> update user set password=PASSWORD("NEW-ROOT-
PASSWORD") where User='root';
mysql> flush privileges;
mysql> quit
Stop the service: # /etc/init.d/mysql stop
Start the service: # /etc/init.d/mysql start
Log in as root with password. # mysql -u root -p
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/resetting-permissions.html

MySQL Privileges -- users
mysql> CREATE USER 'monty'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'some_pass';

mysql> GRANT ALTER, CREATE VIEW, CREATE, DELETE, DROP,
GRANT OPTION, INDEX, INSERT, SELECT, SHOW VIEW, TRIGGER,
UPDATE ON *.* TO 'monty'@'localhost'
WITH GRANT OPTION;
mysql> CREATE USER 'monty'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'some_pass';

mysql> GRANT ALTER, CREATE VIEW, CREATE, DELETE, DROP,
GRANT OPTION, INDEX, INSERT, SELECT, SHOW VIEW, TRIGGER,
UPDATE ON *.* TO 'monty'@'%'
WITH GRANT OPTION;
mysql> flush privileges ;
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/grant.html

MySQL Super User Accounts
mysql> CREATE USER 'admin'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'admin_pass';

GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'admin'@'localhost';
mysql> flush privileges ;
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/grant.html

MySQL Show Commands
SHOW CREATE TABLE tbl_name

SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE proc_name
SHOW CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name
SHOW CREATE VIEW view_name
SHOW PROCEDURE CODE proc_name
SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS [like_or_where]
SHOW [FULL] PROCESSLIST
SHOW GRANTS [FOR user]
SHOW WARNINGS [LIMIT [offset,] row_count]
SHOW {DATABASES | SCHEMAS} [LIKE 'pattern' | WHERE expr]
SHOW OPEN TABLES [{FROM | IN} db_name] [LIKE 'pattern' | WHERE expr]
SHOW BINARY LOGS
SHOW MASTER LOGS
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/show.html

MySQL Show Processlist
Use SHOW processlist to find out what is going on:
+----+-------+-----------+----+---------+------+--------------+-------------------------------------+
| Id | User | Host | db | Command | Time | State | Info |
+----+-------+-----------+----+---------+------+--------------+-------------------------------------+
| 6 | monty | localhost | bp | Query | 15 | Sending data | select * from station,station as s1 |
| 8 | monty | localhost | | Query | 0 | | show processlist |
+----+-------+-----------+----+---------+------+--------------+-------------------------------------+
Use KILL in mysql or mysqladmin to kill off runaway threads.
How to find out how MySQL solves a query
Run the following commands and try to understand the output:
* SHOW VARIABLES;
* SHOW COLUMNS FROM ...\G
* EXPLAIN SELECT ...\G
* FLUSH STATUS;
* SELECT ...;
* SHOW STATUS;

MySQL Databases/Schema
A few ways to see what databases you have on your system:
– cd /var/lib/mysql
• Review the directories
– Log in to MySQL server
• Show databases
– mysql -u root -p
» Enter password:
– show databases;
– +--------------------+
– | Database |
– +--------------------+
– | information_schema |
– | db_example |
– | employees |
– | exampledb |
– | mysql |
– | orig |
– | performance_schema |
– +--------------------+

MySQL Table Space
mysql> use world; ---- DATABASE / SCHEMA
mysql> show tables; ---- TABLE SPACE

+-----------------+
| Tables_in_world |
+-----------------+
| City |
| Country |
| CountryLanguage |
+-----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MySQL Table Space
mysql> show create table City;
CREATE TABLE `City` (

ÌD` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`Name` char(35) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`CountryCode` char(3) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`District` char(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`Population` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
PRIMARY KEY (ÌD`),
KEY `CountryCode` (`CountryCode`),
CONSTRAINT `city_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`CountryCode`) REFERENCES
`Country` (`Code`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=1 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1

MySQL Table Space
mysql > desc City;

+-------------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| ID | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| Name | char(35) | NO | | | |
| CountryCode | char(3) | NO | MUL | | |
| District | char(20) | NO | | | |
| Population | int(11) | NO | |0 | |
+-------------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

MySQL Datatypes
TEXT TYPES
CHAR( ) A fixed section from 0 to 255 characters long.
VARCHAR( )A variable section from 0 to 255 characters long.
TINYTEXT A string with a maximum length of 255 characters.
TEXT A string with a maximum length of 65535 characters.
BLOB A string with a maximum length of 65535 characters.
MEDIUMTEXT A string with a maximum length of 16777215 characters.
MEDIUMBLOB A string with a maximum length of 16777215 characters.
LONGTEXT A string with a maximum length of 4294967295 characters.
LONGBLOB A string with a maximum length of 4294967295 characters.
CREATE TABLE èxample_table` (
...
`value` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
...
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/data-types.html

MySQL Datatypes
NUMBER TYPES
TINYINT( ) -128 to 127 normal 0 to 255 UNSIGNED.
SMALLINT( ) -32768 to 32767 normal 0 to 65535 UNSIGNED.
MEDIUMINT( )-8388608 to 8388607 normal 0 to 16777215 UNSIGNED.
INT( ) -2147483648 to 2147483647 normal 0 to 4294967295 UNSIGNED.
BIGINT( ) -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807 normal
0 to 18446744073709551615 UNSIGNED.
FLOAT A small number with a floating decimal point.
DOUBLE( , ) A large number with a floating decimal point.
DECIMAL( , ) A DOUBLE stored as a string , allowing for a fixed decimal point.
Create Table: CREATE TABLE èxample_table` (
èxample_table_id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
.....or
èxample_table_id` bigint(12) unsigned NOT NULL auto_increment

MySQL Datatypes
DATE TYPES
DATE YYYY-MM-DD.
DATETIME YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS.
TIMESTAMP YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.
TIME HH:MM:SS.
Create Table: CREATE TABLE èxample_table` (

èxample_table_id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
ùser_id` int(9) unsigned DEFAULT NULL,
`date_recorded` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (èxample_table_id`),
UNIQUE KEY ùser_id` (ùser_id`),
KEY `date_recorded` (`date_recorded`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB

MySQL Datatypes
MISC TYPES
ENUM ( ) Short for ENUMERATION which means that each column may
have one of a specified possible values.
SET Similar to ENUM except each column may have more than one of the
specified possible values.
…..
`transfer_method` enum('OFF','EMAIL','FTP','BATCH POST','FTP-SSL','REAL
TIME POST','CUSTOM') default NULL,
….

MySQL Indexes
URLS to help for later:
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/mysql-indexes.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/show-index.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/create-index.html
http://learnmysql.blogspot.com/2010/11/mysql-query-and-index-tuning.html
http://www.slideshare.net/manikandakumar/mysql-query-and-index-tuning
http://www.slideshare.net/osscube/indexing-the-mysql-index-key-to-performance-tuning
http://effectivemysql.com/downloads/ImprovingPerformanceWithBetterIndexes-OOW-2011.pdf
http://prajwal-tuladhar.net.np/2009/09/23/474/things-you-should-know-about-mysql-index/
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/innodb-monitors.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/innodb-parameters.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/innodb-buffer-pool.html
http://www.mysqlperformanceblog.com/2006/07/17/show-innodb-status-walk-through/
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/server-parameters.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/server-system-variables.html#sysvar_key_buffer_size
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/server-system-variables.html#sysvar_table_open_cache
http://www.mysqlperformanceblog.com/2007/11/01/innodb-performance-optimization-basics/
http://www.mysqlperformanceblog.com/2007/11/03/choosing-innodb_buffer_pool_size/
Index Cards' "DNA" By ayalan

http://prajwal-tuladhar.net.np/2009/09/23/474/things-you-should-know-about-mysql-index/

MySQL Index options
MySQL startup options
When tuning a MySQL server, the two most important variables to configure
are key_buffer_size and table_open_cache.
The buffer pool is for caching data and indexes in memory so set the
following to < 80% of the machine physical memory.
Important options are:

innodb_buffer_pool_size < 80% of memory. # default value is 8M
innodb_log_file_size=2G. #dependent on recovery speed required.
innodb_log_buffer_size=4M
innodb_thread_concurrency=8 # Default
innodb_flush_method=O_DIRECT # double buffering and swap are bad
# innodb_file_per_table #depends on how many tables used. Get the big picture 1 st.

MySQL Indexes (keys)
When MySQL uses indexes
Using >, >=, =, <, <=, IF NULL and BETWEEN on a key.
o SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE key_part1=1 and key_part2 > 5;
o SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE key_part1 IS NULL;
* When you use a LIKE that doesn't start with a wildcard.
o SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE key_part1 LIKE 'jani%'
* Retrieving rows from other tables when performing joins.
o SELECT * from t1,t2 where t1.col=t2.key_part
* Find the MAX() or MIN() value for a specific index.
o SELECT MIN(key_part2),MAX(key_part2) FROM table_name where
key_part1=10
* ORDER BY or GROUP BY on a prefix of a key.
o SELECT * FROM foo ORDER BY key_part1,key_part2,key_part3
* When all columns used in the query are part of one key.
o SELECT key_part3 FROM table_name WHERE key_part1=1

When MySQL doesn't use an index
* Indexes are NOT used if MySQL can calculate that it will probably be faster to
scan the whole table.
For example if key_part1 is evenly distributed between 1 and 100, it's not good to use
an index in the following query:
o SELECT * FROM table_name where key_part1 > 1 and key_part1 < 90
* If you are using HEAP tables and you don't search on all key parts with =
* When you use ORDER BY on a HEAP table
* If you are not using the first key part
o SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE key_part2=1
* If you are using LIKE that starts with a wildcard
o SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE key_part1 LIKE '%jani%'
* When you search on one index and do an ORDER BY on another
o SELECT * from table_name WHERE key_part1 = # ORDER BY key2

Optimizing tables
Use NOT NULL for columns which will not store null values. This is particularly
important for columns which you index.
è_id` bigint(12) unsigned NOT NULL
Don't create indexes you are not going to use.
Use the fact that MySQL can search on a prefix of an index; If you have and INDEX
(a,b), you don't need an index on (a).
UNIQUE KEY ùq_id` (ù_id`,`q_id`),

KEY `q_id` (`q_id`),
Instead of creating an index on long CHAR/VARCHAR column, index just a prefix of

the column to save space.
CREATE TABLE `table_name` (
`hostname` char(255) NOT NULL,
KEY `hostname` (`hostname`(10))
) ENGINE=InnoDB

MySQL Index – Use Explain!
Use EXPLAIN on every query that you think is too slow!
mysql> explain select t3.DateOfAction, t1.TransactionID

-> from t1 join t2 join t3
-> where t2.ID = t1.TransactionID and t3.ID = t2.GroupID
-> order by t3.DateOfAction, t1.TransactionID;
+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+------------------+------+---------------------------------+
| table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+------------------+------+---------------------------------+
| t1 | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 11 | Using temporary; Using filesort |
| t2 | ref | ID | ID | 4 | t1.TransactionID | 13 | |
| t3 | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | t2.GroupID | 1| |
+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+------------------+------+---------------------------------+
Types ALL and range signal a potential problem.

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT C.Name , T.Name FROM world.City C INNER JOIN

world.Country T ON C.CountryCode = T.Code;
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------------+---------+--------------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------------+---------+--------------+------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE |T | ALL | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | 264 |
|
| 1 | SIMPLE |C | ref | CountryCode | CountryCode | 3 | world.T.Code | 8|
|
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------------+---------+--------------+------+-------+

More Urls for you to use later about Explain
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/explain.html
http://effectivemysql.com/downloads/ExplainingTheMySQLEXPLAIN-OOW-2011.pdf
http://prajwal-tuladhar.net.np/2009/09/26/481/know-more-about-mysql-explain/
http://www.slideshare.net/ligaya/explain

MySQL Stored Routines
The CREATE ROUTINE , ALTER ROUTINE , EXECUTE privilege is needed for stored
routines.
mysql> delimiter //
mysql> CREATE PROCEDURE simpleproc (OUT param1 INT)
BEGIN
SELECT COUNT(*) INTO param1 FROM t;
END//
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> delimiter ;
mysql> CALL simpleproc(@a);
mysql> SELECT @a;
+------+
| @a |
+------+
|3 |
+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/stored-routines.html

MySQL Triggers
CREATE TABLE test1(a1 INT);
CREATE TABLE test2(a2 INT);
CREATE TABLE test3(a3 INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY);
CREATE TABLE test4(
a4 INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
b4 INT DEFAULT 0
);
delimiter |
CREATE TRIGGER testref BEFORE INSERT ON test1
FOR EACH ROW BEGIN
INSERT INTO test2 SET a2 = NEW.a1;
DELETE FROM test3 WHERE a3 = NEW.a1;
UPDATE test4 SET b4 = b4 + 1 WHERE a4 = NEW.a1;
END; |
delimiter ;
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/create-trigger.html

MySQL Triggers
mysql> INSERT INTO test3 (a3)
VALUES (NULL), (NULL), (NULL), (NULL), (NULL), (NULL), (NULL), (NULL), (NULL), (NULL);
Records: 10 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> INSERT INTO test4 (a4) VALUES (0), (0), (0), (0), (0), (0), (0), (0), (0), (0);
INSERT INTO test1 VALUES (1), (3), (1), (7), (1), (8), (4), (4);
## Warnings: 1
Statement is unsafe because it invokes a trigger or a stored function that inserts into an
AUTO_INCREMENT column. Inserted values cannot be logged correctly.
set BINLOG_FORMAT = MIXED;

MySQL Triggers
mysql> SELECT * FROM test4;

mysql> SELECT * FROM test1; mysql> SELECT * FROM test2; mysql> SELECT * FROM test3;
+----+------+
+------+ +------+ +----+
| a1 | | a4 | b4 |
| a2 | | a3 |
+------+ +----+------+
+------+ +----+
| 1| | 1| 3|
| 1| | 2|
| 3| | 2| 0|
| 3| | 5|
| 1| | 3| 1|
| 1| | 6|
| 7| | 4| 2|
| 7| | 9|
| 1| | 5| 0|
| 1| | 10 |
| 8| | 6| 0|
| 8| +----+
| 4| | 7| 1|
| 4| 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
| 4| | 8| 1|
| 4|
+------+ | 9| 0|
8 rows in set (0.00 sec) +------+
| 10 | 0 |
8 rows in set (0.00 s
+----+------+

MySQL Views
> CREATE VIEW `world`.`city_view` AS
SELECT C.Name as cityname , T.Name as countryname
FROM world.City C
INNER JOIN world.Country T ON C.CountryCode = T.Code;
SELECT cityname , countryname from city_view where countryname = "Zimbabwe";
+--------------+-------------+
| cityname | countryname |
+--------------+-------------+
| Harare | Zimbabwe |
| Bulawayo | Zimbabwe |
| Chitungwiza | Zimbabwe |
| Mount Darwin | Zimbabwe |
| Mutare | Zimbabwe |
| Gweru | Zimbabwe |
+--------------+-------------+
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/views.html

MySQL Transactions
To disable autocommit mode, use the following statement:
mysql> show variables like '%autocommit%';
+---------------+-------+
+---------------+-------+
| autocommit | ON |
+---------------+-------+
mysql> SET autocommit=0;
mysql> show variables like '%autocommit%';
+---------------+-------+
+---------------+-------+
| autocommit | OFF |
+---------------+-------+
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/commit.html

MySQL Transactions
To disable autocommit mode for a single series of statements

use the START TRANSACTION statement:
START TRANSACTION;
SELECT @A:=SUM(salary) FROM table1 WHERE type=1;
UPDATE table2 SET summary=@A WHERE type=1;
COMMIT;
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/commit.html

Session Agenda
• MySQL Editions

MySQL Versions
Workbench – visual database design application that can be used to efficiently design,
manage and document database schemata
Connectors – ODBC, Java, .Net, MXJ, C/C++, DBI, Ruby, Python, etc.
Community: -- http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/
Freely downloadable version of the world's most popular open source database.
It is available under the GPL license and is supported by a huge and active
community of open source developers.
Enterprise: -- eDelivery.com (Free for 30 days)
Paid subscription includes support and the following
• MySQL Enterprise Backup
• MySQL Enterprise Security
– External Authentication
• MySQL Enterprise Scalability
– Thread Pool
• MySQL Enterprise High Availability
– Oracle VM Template
– Windows Clustering
• MySQL Enterprise Monitor
Free for 30 day evaluation

MySQL
Download
Choosing the version
5.1 – previous GA version
5.5 – the latest GA version
5.6 – development release
Choosing the edition
Community Edition (Community Server)
Enterprise Editions (even MySQL Classic and MySQL
Standard)
Source or Binary
MySQL Configuration
Highly configurable
Command line options
Configuration files (plain-text, INI-like files with groups)
Several configuration files (/etc, $HOME, …)
The last value takes precedence
Default configuration are examples and might be not so good for
Performance, ...
One example: SQL MODE Recommended value:

Very important variable STRICT_ALL_TABLES |
NO_ZERO_DATE |
Affects data consistency!
NO_ZERO_IN_DATE |
It might be remembered … NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION |
… or it might be not NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER |
Thus: set it once for all IGNORE_SPACE |
ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO

MySQL
Post-installation steps: Security
Secure the installation

Don’t run under ‘root’
Have separate directories (configuration, data, binary
logs, …)
Change ‘root’ password
Remove default accounts

MySQL Support
How can I get help ?
• Reach out to the community

– Irc on freenode
– Forums.mysql.com
• Oracle Support
• Certifications

MySQL Support
Oracle Premier Support for MySQL
• 24 X 7 Problem Resolution
Services
• Unlimited Support Incidents
• Knowledge Base
• Maintenance Releases, Bug
fixes, Patches, Updates
• MySQL Consultative Support
• Staffed by experienced,
seasoned MySQL Engineers
MySQL Enterprise Edition
Most secure, scalable MySQL Database, Online Backup,
Development/Monitoring Tools, backed by Oracle Premier
Lifetime Support
Oracle Product Oracle Premier

Certifications/Integrations Support
MySQL Enterprise MySQL Enterprise

Backup Monitor/Query Analyzer
MySQL Enterprise MySQL Enterprise

Security Scalability
MySQL Enterprise
High Availability MySQL Workbench

MySQL Resources
mysql.com

TCO calculator: http://www.mysql.com/tcosavings/

White Papers: http://www.mysql.com/why-mysql/white-papers/

Customer use cases and success stories:
http://www.mysql.com/why-mysql/case-studies/
dev.mysql.com

Downloads: http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/

Documentation: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/

Forums: http://forums.mysql.com/

PlanetMySQL: http://planet.mysql.com

List of resources (books) : http://dev.mysql.com/resources/
MySQL Resources
eDelivery.com

Download and evaluate all MySQL products
Wiki:
https://wikis.oracle.com/display/mysql/Home
http://forge.mysql.com/wiki/Main_Page – Older Not used as much --
50 things to know before migrating Oracle to MySQL

It is a little old but worth the read
www.xaprb.com/blog/2009/03/13/50-things-to-know-before-migrating-oracle-to-mysql/

External Image Credits
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WmD-
U4CwYwc/TwJIc4qp_hI/AAAAAAAAADY/Bj2_8cQFXOw/s1600/First_things_first_.jpg
http://www.techcn.com.cn/index.php?doc-view-131262.html
http://jeremylq.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/davidaxmark-larrysyacht-2005-08-15-l.jpg
http://blogs.oracle.com/barton808/entry/mysql_conf08_marten_mickos_tells
http://www.bytebot.net/blog/archives/2008/04/14/mysql-community-dinner-a-great-success
http://www.fayerwayer.com/2010/05/larry-ellison-critica-fuertemente-a-jonathan-schwartz/
http://www.devside.net/server/webdeveloper
http://www.curtoons.com/superman-logo/
http://systems.takizo.com/2009/08/23/how-to-remove-mysql-binary-log/
http://carlos.syr.edu/oracle-database-architecture/
http://images-4.findicons.com/files/icons/977/rrze/720/database_mysql.png
http://bhaveshvala.wordpress.com/2009/09/15/mysqls-blackhole-storage-engine/
http://www.erm.ecs.soton.ac.uk/theme3/managing_your_references.html

<Insert Picture Here>
Thanks for attending!
http://sqlhjalp.com/pdf/MySQL_crashcourse_2012.pdf

MySQL - Crash Course (PDFDrive)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

MySQL - Crash Course (PDFDrive)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

<Insert Picture Here>

MySQL: Crash Course

The following is intended to outline our general product

The development, release, and timing of any features or

Started with MySQL during the dot.com days.

Who are you?

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 3

• Oracle's Investment into MySQL

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 4

The official way to pronounce “MySQL” is

but we do not mind if you pronounce it as

It was named after Monty's Daughter Maria.

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 6

Sakila is also the name of a town in

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 7

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 8

Acquired by SUN Microsystems in 2008 for 1B USD

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 9

• Oracle's Investment into MySQL

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 10

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 11

*Development Milestone Release

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 12

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 13

Web OEM / ISV’s

SaaS, Cloud Telecommunications Enterprise 2.0

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 14

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 15

• Database ( Files ) • Database Server Instance

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 16

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 17

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 18

• Centralized monitoring of queries

Saves you time parsing atomic

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 19

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 20

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 21

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 22

Plugin 1 Plugin 2 Plugin 3

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 23

The Storage Engine (SE) defines data

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 24

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 25

ARCHIVE: is used for storing large amounts of data without

BLACKHOLE:accepts data but throws

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 26

Range PARTITION BY RANGE( YEAR(joined) ) (

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 27

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 28

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 29

sqlhjalp.com/pdf/2012_Scale_Replication.pdf available for review

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 30

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 31

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 32

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 33

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 34

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 35

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 36

The way depends on the application

Best solution is using all three.

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 37

Ensures quick, online backup and recovery of your MySQL apps.

Copyright Oracle Corporation 2012 38