eae + Types offenses (Converging and di cave stim of m8 Vpemet ah atten: Geet crv rai ot ere, pncl fo lla and Fr | te p Riction rays, location of images from ray diagram for various postions of = small linear object Pe ances a itis face Sin convention an es nr roles we Pe | | not required. (of formula not required), Seale drawing or graphical representation of ray diagrams ee tis ct) ne ranean sn in sn mi appli of ons, iisghification from ray diagram only (formula and aumesical problems wot included) (A) LENS AND REFRACTION OF LIGHT Tt 5.1 LENS We are all familiar with the use of lenses in spectacles, camera, ete. A lens is a transparent refracting medium bounded by either two spherical surfaces, for one spherical surface and the other surface plane. ‘Note : A plane surface can be treated as a spherical surface of infinite radius of curvature. Kind of lenses : Lenses are of nwo kinds ; (1) convex or converging lens, and (2) concave or diverging lens. (1) Convex or converging lens ‘Acconvex lens may be of the following three kinds {@) bi-convex oF double-convex or equi-convex Gi) plano-conyex, and (iii) concavo-convex Fig. 5:1 shows the shape of different kinds of ‘convex lenses, BECONVEX — PLAN.convex Fig. 510 A biconvex lens has box A convex lens is thick in its middle and plano-convex en th its surfia 5 Conve: tin athe papery. In ter wor les which other sure comes ono" Dl and bulges out in the middle, is a convex Tes: A light Tens bas one sur beam converges on passing through such a lens, concave such, ten ‘30 it is also called a converging lens. 103 Bis sna te ome Cet ies oh tie(2) Concave on diverging 1" fens is thick at} in other words e middle iS the light 73 diverging lens: ‘A concave I ‘and thin in. the middle ‘which is bent inwards in th Tens. Such a lens diverges on it, $0 it is also called & may be of the followin three ‘A concave lens kinds : (i) biconcave or double-concave oF eqi-concaves central portion Gi) plano-concave, and pe treated as a" be considere (iii) convexo-concave. ifferent kinds of slab at the cen'*? ani Fig, 5.2 shows the shape of di Oe concave lenses rit as shown in Fig. 54. acd jowal io bof th flown Dvhic potas PANOCONCAVE CONVEXO- Brom ence Fig. 5.2 Concare lenses (a) Convex lens of pi ‘ Fi. $4A lens being made up of ret pre oi couctve ten has bow is suttaces teem ee os y Brom rays Bas Goneave, a plano-concave lens has one of if A convex lens in i bn surfaces plane and the other surface concave, with ea ee Bs ele hai is ache pe Soncave and te ole sre comex sich tht Fi one ee ee middle a8 compared 10 iS its upper ee other hand, 2:69 part has a prism with its b too etter ii downwards as shown in Fig. 5.4(b). \; : Both the concavo-convex and the exo-concaye lenses have one surtz ve ace a er aes ee Convergent action of a convex lens tel inde aS et to Let us consider the refracti “aa lens is thicker in the middle and has | °f light A, B ne cand ing action on a light beam, while a | 'SPestively in ite ave lens is thinner in the middle rging action on a light beam. iso gaa slab passes, es the ray B normally j tundeviated. ThusSpor paqnaeal Fea ani . 7 o | \ OP TIOAL PS QRNnt ie fa) Conver Hert Tens, C, oie : For a convex chante 1 and C, 8 tothe elt Se fx 0 pumeave Wet Ci Pos left of ad C, is to the right of surface 7ser) 10 a point F, Therefore onverging action on the ot Fig. 55 Convergent action of comves lens Divergent action of a concave lens {In Fig, 56, the prism in the upper part of the ‘concave lens bends the incident ray A upwards b¢ towards its base, while the prism in the lower part fof the concave Tens bends the incident ray € downwards ie. towards its base. The central pat which is a parallel sided glass sla th pormally incident ray B undeviated. T ‘of prisms forming a concave lens di ‘spreads) the parallel rays as if they are coming from a common point F situated on the side of rays incident on the lens. Therefore, « ‘has a diverging action on the lincident light ray passe us, the set oncave lens ns 8 Cc “Fig. 56 Divergent action of a concare lens 53 TECHNICAL TERMS RELATED TO / LENS: entre of curvature + A fens has two 1) Cotes. Bach surface of the lens is a pat i The centre of the sphere, wire par isthe lens surface, i elled th cone “op eurvanure of that surface of the lens Since Jens has two spherical surfaces, s0 thee cs of curvature of a lens 2 pri 37. and C, are respectively aay “curvature of the two surfaces of surf | whit i) Concave Ore, principal and optical ee face 2 of surface 7 | je to the right qe - ee js to the le we ler for a conc 1 and Cy the right of surface 2 s 0 the z Radins of curvature i The radius of the sphere is callee fa surface of the lens. are the respective 1 and 2 off fhe convex:lensiIf the lensvis thin, then pc, - OC, and PC, = OC,, Similarly, in Fie! 5.700), P,C, and P,C, are the radii of curvature of the two surfaces 1 and 2 of the concave lens respectively. Ifthe lens is thin, then P,C, = OC, and PC, = OC,. The point O is called the optical centre and is taken at the middle of the thickness of the lens. Thus, for a thin len, the radius of curvature of a surface of lens is equal to the distance of the centre of curva of hat srface from the optical centre For a eau-omves x equ-coneave lens, the ature of both the surfaces are equal (ie. OC, = 0C,). 1 Fig 37°00 nd (as oe in equi-concave since th fa Fig. 570) PC, and PC, radii of curvature of the two surfaces are not equi-conyex and radii of curva ‘wo surfaces OC, oan” = OC; and OC, are not equal Fs rincipal axis the I he line iti : Joining the two surfaces ofthe letter the centre of fens: ‘ since the central portion of 8 thie I considered to be a parallel sided gla ick lens can be ss. slab, slightly displaced eigen direction PQ and emerEss © the emergent ray i ths parle! (0 the incident ry. FY 4 rays of light ‘hrough the surface of the lens, Bree vincipal axis of the lens Reg is (@) Concave lens fote + In Fig 58, the lateral shift of th ray has been shown quite large, but actually i is very small, Generally the lens is thin, so the lateral s . shift is small enough and it can be ignored. Therefore, a vay of light directed towards the optical centre i an be considered to pass through wviated and undisplaced as shown in Conver lens Fig. 5.9 (6) Concave tens ptcal centre (thin lens) intre of @ thin le lens is the poir = Point : @ lens such that @ tay 0 Ow ts pase ndea (0) Concare lens Fit: 51 Second foces and focal length the principal axis ¢ the. focus) |'Brough a convex lens. if Jlight is incident obi Parallel to the pri |R0t converge atcoaveiges at sorte point B in the seeond focal plane of the lens as shown in Fig. 5.12. The point] |B ison he second fl a we tnrough the optical centre © of the Tens, {meet the fos plane ‘Simiary, if parallel earn of fight is incident bfiquely on. a concave lens, after refraction " yo diverge from a point B in the second { erincirat ax eae yea by concer es DG Moe focal tenes of a ens depends 09 the pro factors "he refractive index of the material of lens) Fetative to is surrounding medium. Jf @ Tons is placed in water instead of air (ke if 4 decreases), its focal length increases. (ii) The radii of curvature of the two surfaces of the leas. A thick lens has less focal length than @ thin lens of the same material. 6) If @ part of the lens is covered, its focal remains unchanged, only the amount of| cring the lens decreases due to which the of the image formed by the lens but the position, size and nature of the xed by it do not change. Thea oe and thin at} middle a nee hery. its percha at verges the | 2. It diverges the inci rays away from the Principal axis, 3. Tt has virtual focus, 6.4 REFRACTION OF LIGHT TH i EQuI-cONVE LENS AND. CONCAVE .e refraction of @ fan equi-COnVer.| eo faces o atthe ao ses a ay of it suffers refractio aan equi-concav’ wl int ray AB suffers refraction at the from air 10 gas NjB at the point B falls on the surface suffers refraction from glass qway from the normal N,C at the p mess out os CD. This, He ZA of lig ‘at both the surfaces of the lens in direction and hence ti by the lens is the sum of two surfaces of the lens. NS. 8 an\® |an (a) Convex lens Fig. 5.14 Refraction through a lens It is clear from Fig. 5.14, that ao bends the ray of light towards its converges the light, while a concave a ray of light towards its edges (oF middle) ie. it diverges the light. [Note : For ray diagrams the lens to'be thin and for sp net show the bending of ray of of the two surfaces of the lens We shall show the net bending 5 drawing a straight vertical line the optical centre, ill1. What is Tens”? 3, Name the two kinds of lens, Draw diagrams to illustrate them, state difference between a convex and a concave Jens in their (a) appearence, and (b) action on the incident light. Which lens is converging : (i) an ‘equiconcave lens or an equiconvex lens. (ii) a concavo-convex lens or sa convexo-concave lens ? (i) an equiconvex lens (ii) a concavo-convex lens Out, of the two lenses, one concave and the other ex. state which one will show divergent action Tight beam. Draw diagrams to illustrate you ‘by @idiagram the refraction of two light rays t paralle! to the principal axis ona convex ‘eating it as a combination of a glass slab [two triangular glass prisms. by a diagram, the refraction of nwo light rays P to the principal axis on a concave ‘it as a combination of a glass slab -alass prisms. 15, Draw a diagram to represent the second focus of a concave lens, Draw a diagram to represent the second focus of a convex lens, A ray of light, after refraction through a concave ens emerges parallel to the principal axis. (a) Draw ray diagram to show the incident ray and its corresponding emergent ray. (b) The incident ray when produced meets the principal axis at a point F. Name the point F. Ans. (a) See Fig. 5.10 (b); (b) first focus. A ray of light after refraction through a convex lens emerges parallel to the principal axis. (a) Draw a ray diagram to show it, (b) The incident ray passes through a point F on the principal axis. Name the point F. Ans. (a) See Fig. 5.10 (a); (b) first focus. A beam of light incident on a convex lens parallel to its principal axis converges at a point F on the Principal axis..Name the point F. Draw a ray diagram to show it 16, 17. ‘Ans. Second focus, Fig. 5.11 (a) A beam of light incident on a'thin concave lens Parallel to its principal axis diverges and appears to come from a point F on the Principal axis. Name Point F. Draw a ray diagram to show it Ans. Second focus, Fis 21. Define the term focal length of a lens. a ‘What do you mean by focal Plane of a lens 7 . State the ‘condition for each of the ‘ing < (@) a lens has both its focal ener oS * 5.11 (b), 24. A parallel oblique beam Tens, i) conc ave le 10 sho *(ii) What is the tine XX’ called ? ii) Complete the ray diagram and show the path of the incident ray AB after passing through the lens, Gy) The final emergent ray will either meet XX’ at 4 point or appear to come from a point on XX": Label the point as F. What is this point called.’ 26. The diagram alongside shows a lens as combination of a glass slab and ‘two prisms, (i) Name the lens formed by the ‘combination, Gi) What is the line XX" called ? (Gi) Complete the path of the incident ray AB after ‘passing through the lens n ray either meets XX" at a © come from a point on XX’, fas F. What is this point called ? 7 (a) and (b), F, and F, are positions © foci of thin lenses. Draw the path | by the light ray AB after it emerges from each Pig 5.16 FS PRINGIPAL AXIS, (b) Fig. S17 ‘ig. 5.18 (a) and (b), F, and F, i ‘ , F, and F, are the two foci n lenses and AB is the incident ray. Complete diagram to show the path of the ion through each lens, an o Hig SAB. 29, Complete the following sentences ¢ (a) It half part of a convex lens is length hunge, brit the of the image « (b) A convex lens is pliced in Water ts foe will : a (c) The focal length of a thin € a . than that of a thick: Ans. (a) does not, decreases (b) MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE 1. Atay of light after refraction through a Jens¢ parallel to the principal axis of the lens. The is ( ay passes through : 5 (a) its optical centre (b) its first focus (©) its second focus lil (d) the centre of curvature of the first su Ans. (b) A ray of light incident on a lens ps Principal axis, after refraction: passe ‘appears to come from: (a) its first focus (b) its optical centre (c) its second focus (@) the centre of curvatuaxis after refraction respectively: to the principal (OR CONSTRUCTION) parallel sg s2ica) and ©) Y DIAGRAMS ‘as shown in Fi r : : size tind nature of the image oF SS iby a lens, can be determined by rv ‘or this, we need to farting from the same ghosen are those for f, (@ Convex lens (b) Concave lens Fig, 5.21 A ray ‘either incident from rst focus becomes parallel 0 centre ‘From a point of the object, al i infinite number of rays travel in all possible directions, but we choose only two convenient rays out of the above mentioned three Tay® from that point on the object: The point where’ the ray tneet (or appear to meet) after refraction from the feng is the image of that point of the object. The image is obtained in a similar manner for each int of the object and all these image points gether then form the full image of the object. ind of images ; The images can be of nwo (1) real, and (2) virtual. See eatin zon ugh a lens actually ee De eee is real. If a screen Se eat at 1¢ image is obtained Seite with respect to the or directed towards the ine principal axis though an If the rays from a poi ‘ Point of an fin through a lens do not + at a point, but they appear to pou the image is virtual. A : Point will not show am ie: ah image cannot ie st). However, an eye kept F 8 "ays is able to see thisgight line AB on the P ithe vertical ned ven ft at the giver pond won el chosen (Fg: 52M Fig. S44 raw one ray of eh Ae point A of the ObiccE through the optical centre: O ‘without any deviation (Fig? 32 Draw second ray of light AD top point A of the object principal axis PQ up to refraction, this ray pas’ pas ead OMe focus Fy wough O, For i, as DA’ Fig, show the ight ays to bend ie ie second ray, the rc WW a ray AD’ from Me « ope seat W a ray AD’ from | fF, and FOR the Maal ania Passing thro {on the principal axis pq "YY wpe teee a peaomes Parallel to the Ag, 527, POint A of tis obpespendicular A’B’ from A’ on the fine PQ. the image A’B’ of the object AB Fig. 5.28 Three construction rays in a-conver lens Measure the height A°B” and the distance OB’ of the image and then convert it on the chosen scale to get the actual height or size of the image and position or distance of the from the The same procedure is adopted to draw a ray hiagram for a concave lens. In a concave lens, the ocus F, is on the right of the optical centre O ind the focus F, is on its left, In Fig. 5.29, the lay of light AO incident at the optical centre ‘asses undeviated as AOX, the ray of light AD ncident parallel to the principal axis appears to hiverge as DY from F, after refraction and the Lay AD’ directed towards the focus F, becomes parallel to the principal axis as D’Z after cfraction. The refracted rays DY and D’Z when produced backwards, meet at A’. Thus, A’ is the irtual image of the point A of the object. For the bbject AB, the virtual image is A’B’. Fig. 5.29 Three construction rays in a concave lens, .7 CHARACTERISTICS AND LOCATION OF IMAGES FOR A CONVEX LENS Now we shall consider ray diagrams for formation of images by a convex lens (focal ngth = f) for different positions of an object. Let denote the distance of the object from the lens. ase (i) : When the object is at infinity (ie., u = ©) In Fig. 5.30, the rays coming from an object at Infinity, are parallel to each other and they are incident pn the convex lens parallel to the principal axis of the tons, which after tefraction pass through the second focus F, of the lens, Thus a real, inverted and diminished (almost to a point) image is formed at the secotid focus on the other side of the lens. Fig. £30 Tmage formation by a conver lens for ‘an object at infinity If the object AB Is at a far distance (u >> f) + ‘The light rays reaching the lens from a point of the ject will be parallel to each other, but will be incident obliquely on the fens, However, light rays coming from different points of the object will be incident at different angles on the fens. In Fig, 5.31, the object AB is not shown. The rays from the top point A of the object are “obliquely incident on the convex lens. ‘The incident ray passing through the optical centre O travels undeviated through the lens, as OA’. Another ray from the same point A of the object, incident on the lens through the first focus F,, after refraction becomes parallel to the principal axis as DA’. The two refracted rays OA’ and DA’ meet at a point A’, Thus A’ is the real image of the object point A which will lie in the focal plane of the lens passing through the second focus F,. Similarly, for the bottom point B of the object lying on the principal axis, the image will be B’ at F,. Thus BYA’ is the real, inverted and highly diminished image of the object AB formed in the second focal plane of the tens. a Fig, 5,31 Image formation by a conyex lens ‘for a very distant object Characteristics and location of the image formed: The image is at the focus (or in the focal plane) on the other side of the lens, It is (@) real, (b) inverted, and (@) highly diminished. Application : In this manner, a convex lens is used cither as a buming glass (Fig. 5.30) or @ camera lens (Fig. 531), To use the convex lens as a buming glass, the rays of light from the sun (at infinity) are brought - 2) > 2 Si 131s beyond 2; thes > 39 pall The her mye DA ns DA Ime & poi A iat Af the beet. Similary Bi the im . This, NR ished mage of the Characteristies and location of the Image formed The image is between F of the lens I is and 2F; 0m the ober side (@) rea, (b) inverted, and (6) diminished Application 4 con photograph Case (i) ; When the object is at in Fig 5 es = 2h AB is an object placed on the principal i convex lens at a distance equal to twice the of the lens Le, a 2F;, From the point A of the object, the fay AD ineidest parallel to the Principal axis afer refraction through the: fens, passes hits second focus Fs DA’. The other ray AO incident through the optical centre O of the Jen, travels undevited as OA’. The two refracted rays DA’ and OA’ a point A’ which is the real mage of the point A of the object. Similarly forthe point B of the objet, the image is at B’. Thus, A’B’ is. the re and invened Chacacterter ad Weston of te ange Sormat The ne ch Sl Allenton iv): When the object ie betmeen F, aa 3 fis feue®p In Figs 524, AB 0b 2 poet between Fy a ject. 5 ray AD isa othe pei fic retest Sms passes through is second focus F, ae DAY Ti other ray AO incident towards the optical cxste Gol todcvisted theovgh tee Jems = OA. Ta tefacted rays DAY and OA" rect st & poke A we is the real image of the post A of the cece. Si for the point B of the object. the image is ot 8 Tm. NE is the real, invert ject AB, ash of a conve. be From the point A of V ig 534 Image formation by é conse lems fat sn objectbeween Find 28, ‘Characteristics and location of the image formed The image is beyond 2F, on the oder side of te Jens. Its (a) real, (b) inverted, and (c) magaificd, Application In this manner, a convex lens i used i Here the magnified inset screen placed at a lange distance of! projector Tr), ina erect wnt magn AI which i formed 00 the Whew the abet Ht) Khan Sel pled ay any whee hy een, he gon sown at ee oe et geen ot 86 tha hye fos converge te ser titel nit Toon of pine a Fh yf th lnk an Die sigh, an OM nes tev The two ‘rll to eh onthe, Xt a point at faite-dlstanee, Por willbe. at 8? at nfinity- on the jul avin THON 4 aly enlarged figs AMY tn Characteristis and Jocaton of The. image. is on. the same side, and_ behind Wedoouieainn the object, iv a) vielily€b) erect or upright, and an elec ty (0) mga, Ccournsteritis and ation oF th tna thy dd lid Wo 8x Tens ie ne image & at Anfity Ue ALA very eee Je ofthe le, 1s (a) teal, inven Cecchi eesti highly gid pate = of anal pat Apliaton £0 ais anne @ eonyes lone wpe in erence &. From BBOYe,, WE otice shat. bork irometer vain a Palle jog aswell as virtual images are formed by a by pling the youre of light mH FSU convex ens depending. upon the position of the : ‘biect relative to the lens, "The size of she image Cos fi) + When the object bs between the lens and (magnified, diminished or same) also depends on focus (he, between O and F, ow - = pee ‘Thus the image is formed at a distance 5 em in front of the Tens. Las b) Fro 62> ora () From relation > ==. G = 5 ‘Thus the size of the image is half the size of the object. 1 Where must an object be placed in front of a convex lens of focal length 20 cm to obtain a realwhe il the a ipative for the real image); \ ah 30 em behind ee rect and three tlimes "i tengtts of th nv tive aince the image leg (a) the {iy the foe ma 3 (0 yen ive) 0 em: y 1 elation m= ») From 10) =~ 30cm, is formed at « distance 30 oF 0834 3x hus the bag mt of the 128 ee elation (b) From 15 em rus focal length of the Te EXERCISE-5(C) The foc In eich ease Ans the aining the meaning 0 Write the lens formula exp symbols used i ‘What do you understand by the or it for a lens, explain Wiite an expression £0 of the symbols used, What inf J, do you get from the tual, i) rector inverted, do you mation about the nature of image () real Ans. + sign ; viral and erect and ~ sign : real and inverted Define the team power of a lens. In What unit is it How isthe power ofa ens related to its focal length ? How does the power of 4 Jens change if its focal length is doubled ? Ans. Power gets halved. ) of power ofa lens related to iow is the sign (+ or ts divergent or conve ent and — for diy ns is negative, St vergent 10. The power of a le ate Whether itis UL. Which tens Ans, concave | ; more power lens Ans. A thick lens 126 a thick Jens or a thin | NUMERICALS | MULEIPLE CHOICE TYPE If the magnification produced by a lens is = 1. If the ma the correct statement is, wge is magnified we (b) the imageis (©) the {@) the mage real and diminsbed formed by cox Ans. (@) the image i real and formed by a cone 2, The gorrect lens formula is yt ta th I), ee Oe a Ol 1 L uty Ft DSi © 5 7 w 1 Ans. (6) 5 On reducing the focal length of a lens, its po {a) decreases (b) increases, (©) does not change (2) first increases then decreases, ‘The lens of power + 1.0 D is : (9) convex of focal length 1.0 em (0) convex of focal length 1-0 m (©) concave of focal length 1-0 om (4) concave of focal length 1-0 m, Ans. (b) convex of focal length] Ans, (b) in 1. (@) At-what Position a candle of length 3 ¢ Placed in front of a convex lens so that its ifrng 6 em be obtained on a srs paced | 9. A conven es 6008 inverted image of size sume Tetance 30.¢m behind the lens ? cayenne object which & placed at Giance ape foal length ofthe Jens im pasty? | Dem A of the Tens. Find Fs ce Grloem ||, Wine eee rane cave ens forms the ume ofa abet Hepat |) te Fea HE the le y cm in front of i ata distance 10 em way 60 cm behind the Yens &) 30.6 be he object. (a) What isthe nature of 1 A oe of aa ek |e ni ee ae eee image of 470 te ) Pt een ele | 8 ere Ne ree a distance 30 SD as Sanam | iy oa RELL enh of cal cae of eens oblet | @) manera TA Ey, snd om a uage of avin | 0) LE teas Aine, 12-5 min front ofthe len 5 cen font of the Tens, (B) 15 em (OeHaSN) sould an pet be placed tn oe of | le tower A a gay nd its focal lent | aoe re Pere the Kind of the ens! Ams. 50 em, COnYE% Expres the power (wir sign) ofa coneave IES © focal length 20 om Ans. —5D sera cal length of x conver fens 25 e- EXDESS its power with sin. ‘Ans. + 40D ‘Toe power of a lens is 20 D, Fin it fal Jen) and is kind ‘Ans 50 em, concave we Fadeuiicioa by 2 lnk & 3. Name Ge Tens rd sate how are « andy related? pou focal length 0-12 m to obtain a eal ope times the size ofthe object, on Ans. 0-16 m i front of fens vet object lies ata distance 1.0m from a sce las is used 0 form an image of oe reen paced at distance of 75 em 2 and: @) the focal length of the ens, | sen enicaon. Ans. (0) 18°75 cm (i) —3 «the image of an object placed s| _ form gem from it at a distance of 60 om ‘panda the focal length, (3) the jon, and (iii) the nature of image. as soot Gi) erect, virual and magnified ne image of an object placed at & sty from it on a seen placed at 8 ee cm on the ober side of iG) Name ie atte. (0) Find = @) the Focal lena of te aid i the magaifcation ofthe Image rs. (a) convex (b) (i) 30 em (i) = 2 wect i placed ata distance of 20 em i front reece lens of focal length 20 em. Find she postion of the mage, and | {oy the magnification of the image rns. (a) 10 cm in front of ens, (0) + 05 Ans. Convex fens, ¥ = —30 “The magnification by a tens is 405, Name the len? and sate how are u and 9 related ? ‘Ans. Concave lens, v= 050 17, A concave tem bax focal feng of 30 cm. Ft the postion and tagniicason (m ofthe Image SF eves piacxnin omyonuitan isan Of Sr ee state whether the image i real of itll Marys ea in font ofthe fens, virtual (= 40.5) tthe orion and magnification of the mas of En abject plied at distance of #0 em in For of a eavex tens of focal Teng 10-0.er. Ts the tmabe erect or inverted ? Ane at distance 40/cm i front of lens, m= +50 eet (D) MAGNIFYING GLASS AND. APPLICATION OF LENSES bia MAGNIFYING GLASS OR SIMPLE vision (D) for a normal eye ‘An object placed at MICROSCOPE Wraisiance of Jess thee 2c te NOs ae distinctly, Thus an eye sees an object distinctly ‘and at its maximum size when IC 1S placed at a distance D from it ¥ Principle : To observe @ tiny object distinctly, We prefer to place it as near [0 OOF eye as “sible, but human eye fas a limitation. Jn order see an object by the naked eyes itis nee sary The sizevof the imagen the retina is actually fo place it at least at a distance ‘of 25 cm from deternined by the angle subtended by the object line eye which is the least distance of ifistinct at the eye. Smaller the angle subtended by the peereiv yy)«other incident ray AO p ne image F, 0s DP, The ote , he image Fa Ma he optical centre © Bets Tetras thresh avian, The ovo retracted e/a oe Cay do not actualy meet, but they Sess Ley at it. To observe a small 00 ie aint A” when ihe ays AD : Hoke : vig the virtual image g © oeds an angle smaller than 1 atthe eye WHEN ackwards, Thus, A” age ee pjest. Similarly, for the point sends an anes of dint wshn FM ain Ao BE pict a he est ae of oan se vial a, Hae the exe ae hea re em Mc magn wk rt nae i ect i eee ase. ofr ape a ck aes forms ADS Ge ign on i the ef li les within fal IESE age bm Gt pote sown it FS 2 eh tnd behind the cbc, ata dance D sar lens, This magnified image 10 repre on the eye an angle great that 1 3 meetisnelly seen by the eye, Tht 32 the re, smaller is the size of tl not able to see an object tess than 1” object at the ey fon the retina. The eye is n ty if it subtends an angle object which front of our eye at such it principle of a simple micro lass or reading glass). 3) When ouf paving ¢ person 3 Construction : A simple microscope Is convex lens of short focal length mounted in & lens holder as shown in Fig. 5.55 hyperme FRAME LENS Fig. $56 Ray diagram for locaton of image cues ——— in amagniying class a olen short Si far awe Fig. 555 Magnifying glass (or imple mierscope) taviae Way of using the microscope : The lens is Magnifying powerM short placed near the eye and its distance from the aa ehh ole sepa Gbject is adjusted such that the image is formed where / is the focal length of the Tens object the least distance of distinct vision (= In sp behind the object at a distance D from the lens, a normal eye. pert where D is the least distance of distinct vision = 25 cm for a normal eye. ‘The magnifying power of the microse neart j ai be increased by using a lens of short focal cone Ray diagram and magnifying power (i.e,, shorter the focal length, more is th obje Ray diagram : In Fig 5.56, AB is a tiny object magnifying power). But it can not be incre ‘ (4) A (eg, a word of a print or a part of a watch etc.) indefinitely. fel in front of a convex lens, The position of the lens s pro is so adjusted that the object AB lies in between fis optical conte O and focus F, and the image is {hat of ee ea on ae ee formed at the least distance of distinet vision (D). ae ‘Atay of light AD rom the point A of the object, incident parallel to the principal axis, after fraction from the lens, passes through its focusi is used by Watch — makers t0 see small } screws of @ watch. In optical as a travelling microscope, agnifying glass is provided wotfeverniet sale $0 a8 10 rend the seale ‘ence it is also called the reading appLICATION OF LENSES os are used in & large number of optical vs Some common applications are given jective Tens of a telescope, camera, slide i is a convex lens which forms a snd inverted image of the object ens is also a convex lens, The eye ms the inverted image of the object cour retina ven our eyesight weakens, we use spectacles hher a convex or a concave lens, A iffering from long sightedness ot snciropia (ie. unable to see nearby ‘mjstinctly) wears. spectacles having a jens, while @ person suffering from edness or myopia (ie., unable tose «vay objects distinetly)’ wears spectacles » oncave lens, Some people are both and Jong sighted. They use: either ceparate spectacles for seeing EAE and far yects or use spectacles: with a Bifocal Tens: Trpectacles having a bifocal lens, the Tower part is a convex Tens which 1s used to see rearby objects, while the upper part is © lens which is used to see distant oncave objects. 4) A magnifying. glass is @ convely lens of short focal length fitted in-a steel (or plastie) frame ided with @ handle. \5) In the collimator of a spectroscope, Conv lens is used for obtaining a paral) bear of light. 6) A concavé lensis! used vas nORCeye Mento Galilean telescope to obtain the final erect image of the object (7) A single convex lens usually forms & coloured a blurred image due to chromate aberration Therefore, a combination of aral convex lenses is used to overcome such defect 5.16 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF FOCAL LENGTH OF A CONVEX LENS (1) _ Estimation of focal length by. the distant ‘object method Principle + A’ beam of parallel rays from & distant object incident on a convex tens Bets converged. in the focal plane of the lens Method : In an open space, against a white (or light coloured) wall, place a metre rule horizontally with its Oem end touching the wall ‘and its other end towards the illuminated object which is at a very large distance (such as a tree ‘or an electric pole etc.). Holding the given lens vertically on the metre rule, focus the object on the wall by moving the lens to and fro along the length of the metre rule (Fig. 5.57). Since the light rays incident from a distant object are nearly parallel, so the image of it formed on the wal is fiimost in the focal plane of the lens. The distance of the lens from the wall on the metre rule directly gives the approximate focal length of the tens, Fig, 5.57 shows the formation of the image ye FOCAL LENGTH ———* ‘ig, 537 Determination of focal enath of cones Jens by the distant object method oon the wall of a distant tree situated on the left Gf the Tens (which is not shown in the diagram), ‘The approximate focal length of the Tens in Fig. 5.57 is 48)cm, The ray diagram for itis shown in Fig. 5.58.— snree sitferent observations a tiv) Take free act tie and find they comoving Pe tng fe Fes hod eriment cal ive met! ; ae in also be perfor sonnel The above fonvex lens. and & plate Fi 85 papfacomes by sing rate vertical stands of A i oes fixed on separate on of exact focal fength by neh as shown (2) Determination bench Demian ar met ZTE 8 aay ena wera a FN (Keep te Ie oe camat Mi Adiust the height of eles Lon apne ons tsp es at me me ee ns L close to the plane: mi int of the object pin O sucht of the convex lens a pin, we can (i) Place kept on the horizontal su Tt geange the pin P horizontally: i = above the centre O so that its ti the lens L as shown in Fig. 5.59: p is vertically me claw IT ihase AY PW ye = | [/ ‘Fig, £59 Devermination of focal length of a convex lens by an auxillary plane mirror ig 569 Determination of focal tength of Ones ERE per method using an optical bench (ji) Move the object pin Q away from the ler Lon the optical bench till its inverted imag ee seen when viewed by keeping the eye behi object pin O at a distance of about 25 em = it (ii) Now adjust the position of the object © by gradual to and fro movement of it so the tip of the inverted image I coincides ¥ the tip of the object pin O. In this situation, 6 (ii) Adjust the height of the pin till it has no parallax with its inverted image as seen from a above the pin, To check for parallax, moving the eye sideways, both the tip of thi ; ‘eep the eye vertically above the tip of the object pin and the tip of its image will t a pin P at a distance nearly 25 em from it and+ move together. , move it sideways. If the tip of the pin and its 7 P image shift together, then there’ is no parallax. fy iNbte the rpasition thesia 3 iene the lens and the distance y of the pin from the Be al tenets Merce Oe ae ' BG using a metre rule and a plumb line. Se ce aa of alclate the average of the two distances, This @ ‘ In Fig. 5.60, x, = 30:0 om, x, (5,5) £=50:0= 30-0 = 300 cm, g¢ lens L, the rays of light starting ion, from the lens, become cipal axis and therefore they on the plane mirror M kept Due to normal incidence ( = 0") ior, angle of reflection r = 0° reflected back by the plane ame path and then they re-enter parallel beam. The lens converges s focal plane, thus forming the ove the object pin O. The image and of the same size as that ig. 5.61 shows the ray diagram. IL) is equal to the focal itor ay diagram for determination of of a convex lens by using pon and a plane mirror ofa glass 7 State its neo uses. | 1 labelled ray diagram to show the | on of an image by a magnifying glass. State | stics of the image. object placed in reference to the | f « magnifying glass, 50 2s to sce its 7 Where is the image obtained 7 expression for the magnifying power of a microscope. How can it be increased ? two applications each of a convex and a cave lens, Describe in brief how would you determine the *pproximate focal length of a convex lens. he diagram in Fig. 5.62 shows the experimental set 4p for determination of focal length of a lens using plane misror. 131 to the fers L affect the position of the image as long #5 a rays from the lens fall normally on the plane muon M. However the plane murror Mis Ke Note > The position of plane mirror reist e., the distance LM) does 90 the convex fens L so that the image | 5.17 TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN A CONVEX AND A CONCAVE LENS (1) By touching + If the lens is thick in the middle and thin at the edges. the lens is convex and if the lens is thin in the middle and thick at the edges, the lens is By seeing the image : (a) On keeping the Jens near 2 printed page, if letiers appear magnified, the tens is convex and if the letters appear diminished, the lens is (b) On seeing a distant object through the lens, if its inverted image is seen, the leas is convex and if an upright image is seen. the lens is concave. SHE ANN Fig. 562 (@) Draw neo rays from the point O of the object to show the formation of image I at O itself. (i) What is the size of the image 1? (ii) State two more characteristics of the image L iv) Name the distance of the object from the ‘optical centre of the lens.Hoe es) (mage saver and Jistant object, (b) & real and magnified imaee Ce) a vimana magnified emaee ¥ (4) vier aed dieninisted inane Fao. cc) viral an mpi The manip meageitying power OF © CORN of focal length $ cr : (a) 25 1 an be